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a As.
GRAMMAR
JAPANESE SPOKEN LANGUAGE,
W. GrKS TON,JAPANESE SECRETARY,
D. LIT.,
H. B. M.'s LEGATION, TOKIO, JAPAN.
FOURTH EDITION.
FOR SALE BY LANE, CRAWFORD & Co., PUBLISHERS. KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED.
THE HAKUBUNSHA.lon&on:
TRUBNER &
Co.,
LUDGATE HILL.
1888,
PREFACETO THE
FOURTH EDITION.THIS Edition has been thoroughly rewritten. It is much enlarged, and is almost completely a newexclusive attention has been paid in it to the dialect, which now bids fair to become the
also
work.
MoreTokio
language of the upper classes of Japan generally. At the suggestion of a friend, a literal interlineartranslation
No examples has been added. translation, however, has ordinarily been given of the Their meaning can be particles which occur in them.of the
found in the chapter on particles. The author takes this opportunity of acknowledging the assistance which he has derived from the writingsof
He
MR. E. M. SATOW and MR. B. H. CHAMBERLAIN. is also indebted for some hints to DR. IMBRIE'STOKIO, NOVEMBER, 1888.
Japanese Etymology.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.I.
II.
Syllabary Pronunciation. Parts of speech
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
i
5
III.
Noun. . . . . .. .
7. . . . . .. .
IV. Pronoun.
11. .
V. Numeral.
. .
. .
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
344293 108
VI. VerbVII. Adjective. VIII. Auxiliary words.. . . . . . . . . ..
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
.
. .
. .
. .
'
IX. Particles
118. .
X. Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions and Interjections. XI. English into Japanese. .. .. .. .. ..XII. Honorific andXIII. Syntax
157 ..161
Humble
forms.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
166
182. . . .
XIV. Time, money, weights and measures.
. .
. .
186. .
XV.XVI.
Errors in speaking Japanese. Extracts
. .
. .
. .
. .
191
192...... ..
Index...
..
..
..
..207
A GRAMMAROF
THE
JAPANESE SPOKEN LANGUAGE,CHAPTER
I.
THE SYLLABARY PRONUNCIATION.
i. IN Japanese, every syllable is supposed to end in a vowel, and generally does so, e.g. sa-yo de go-za-ri-ma-sii. The exceptions occur mostly in foreign words, or are owing
to
contractions.
There being nois
final
consonants, the
number
of syllables
the Japanese at and by another,of
necessarily small, and is reckoned by forty-seven according to one arrangement,at fifty.
There
are,
however, modificationsis
some
of them,
by which the number
increased to
seventy-five. There areletters
in
Japanese no means of writing separatesyllableis
as
in
European languages, and each
therefore represented by a single character, n final, which has a character to itself, being an exception. But n is
supposed to represent an older mu.
The
language arranged according to whator fifty sounds.
following table shows the syllables of the Japanese is called the Go-jiit-on,
JAPANESE SYLLABARY.
a
PRONUNCIATION.It will
3
be seen that there are ain the
and repetitions
above Table.
number of irregularities These are owing to the
circumstance that there are certain sounds which a Japanese For si, he says cannot, or at any rate, does not pronounce.shi, for Int,fu; foryi, wi, wit
on.
These
irregularities play
and we, i, i, u and ye, and so an important part in the cona in fat, father. ay in say. ee in meet. o in more.oo in fool.
jugation of verbs, and ought therefore to be carefully noted.2.
aei
is
pronounced,,
like
,, ,, ,,
o
,, ,,
uI and
jare
frequently almost inaudible.i,
In such cases they
have been written
u.
Thus,
shita, 'below,' is
pronounced
very nearly shta ; tatsx, 'a dragon,' almost tats. Longer double vowels are distinguished by a line drawn above themthus,i,
o, u.
Theit.
distinction between
i
and'
i,
6 and o,
u
and
n,
must be
carefully attended to, as the
meaning
often
depends uponwhile koshisoto, 'outside
Koshi
for instance
means;'
'the loins.'
means an ambassador,' Soto means 'suitable,' but
kuki, 'the atmosphere,' kuki, 'the stem of a
plant.'
The consonants are pronounced as in English, 3. except r, h, f, n, d, t, and g, which differ somewhat from the corresponding English sounds. The true pronunof these letters must be learnt from a Japanese, but the following hints may be found useful. R before i is the most difficult of Japanese sounds for aciation
European
to reproduce correctly.
It
is
then pronounced
except that the tip of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth farther back. Some Japanese make itnearly like d,r
Before other vowels the Japanese nearly j in this position. more resembles the English sound. There is never any-
thing in Japanese like the rough pronunciation given this
4letter in
PRONUNCIATION,
French and
Italian.
R is often omitted before
i
in the
words gozaiinasH, nusaimasu, for gozariinasu, nasariinasii. and / are considered the same letter in Japanese and The under lip their pronunciation is not very different.
H
does not touch the teeth in pronouncing /; ches them as in pronouncing n'h in which.
it
only approaIn the vulgar
Tokio
dialect the syllable hi
is
undistinguishable from ski.
is
In pronouncing the Japanese d and t the tip of the tongue pressed forward against the teeth instead of only touchingis
the o gum as in English. o
Little or no distinction most Japanese between dzu and zn. by G at the beginning of a word is pronounced
made
like the
English
^hard
;
in'
any other position like the
German
(not
the English) ng in finger.' In the syllable yc the y is inso,
most words
silent, or
nearly
and
is
often omitted in romanized Japanese.
In the case of double consonants, both
Thus
ainmci, 'a shampooer,''
must be sounded. must be pronounced differently'
from aina, a fisherwoman^4.
;'
katta,
bought,' from kata,
'
side.'
The
nigori.t
Thesoft
syllables ga, gi, 311, gc, go, za
j:,
zit, ze,
zo etc.,
begin with type the Japanese not as consonants and are considered by different syllables but simply as modifications of the syllablesprinted in
small
italic
in the
above
table, all
beginning with hard consonants in the lines immediately above them. This distinction is indicated in writing by a small mark, which is often omitted. Ka for instance witha diacritic markis
read ga,
shi,ji and so on.
The formation
of
compounds andit
derivatives
is
often ac-
companied by the modification of a hardthisis
into the correspond-
ing soft consonant, so that change, which, with thecalled in
is
important to take note ofit is
mark by which'
indicated,
Japanese nigori, or
impurity.'
CHAPTER
II.
PARTS OF SPEECH.
5.
The words Noun,''
'
Adjective' and
'
Verb' have two
meanings
in'
The terminflected
ordinary grammars of European languages. noun' is sometimes applied to a class of wordsaparticular
in
way, with
cases
and number,
and
it
also
means anything capableproposition.
of beingit
made
the
subject
of a
In other words
means, one
thing for etymological purposes and another in syntax, one thing in respect to changes within itself, another in its relations to other words.
significations of a similar kind.
'Verb' and 'Adjective' have double This mode of classifying
words according of inflection and
to
two
distinct principles viz. (i) the
form
(2) their syntactical relations, is not with-^ out inconvenience even in European grammars, where it has led to the introduction of the awkward term participle,''
word which is partly a verb and partly an But such forms are after all the exception in European languages, where it is the general rule that words which as regards their declension or conjugation
meaning
a
adjective or noun.
are nouns, adjectives or verbs are also nouns, adjectives or
verbs for purposes of syntax. In Japanese, however, this is by no means the case. Here it is rather the rule thanthe exception that a word with or even without a change of inflection can be converted at pleasure into a verb, an adIku, to go,' for instance, looking to its jective or a noun.'
conjugation sentences as sugu ni iku,
is
a verb, but
if'
we
consider
its
position in such
he goes at once,' iku ga yoroshi,
O'
PARTS OF'
Si'KliCH.
'
the going is good,' i.e. he had better go,' iku hito ga ant, a going person is,' i.e. there is somebody going,' it is'
only in thesentence,adjective.
first
case that
itit
in
the second
plays the part of a verb in the is a noun, and in the third an
The Japanese grammarians have avoidedby classifying words as na or'
this;
ambiguity
uninflected names,' words,' kotoba or hataraki-kotoba, 'words' or 'inflected words,' including the verb and adjective, and tcnin>ohai.e.
.or 'particles.'
But
this is not the place to attempt to intro-
duce a more
scientific
sufficient to retain the familiar
English terminology. It will be words, noun, verb and adjec-
tive, taking care to use them in such a way as to prevent confusion between these two significations.j
6.
The noun
is
uninflected.
All
Chinese words
in the
Japanese language are uninflected, and are therefore strictly speaking nouns, but most of them, by the help of Japanese terminations are made to do duty as verbs, adjectives, oradverbs.
Along with the noun or uninflected word are classed the pronoun and numeral adjective, which in Japanese have no inflection. They have some peculiarities however which
make
it
convenient to consider them separately.is
Prepositions and conjunctions are included mainly under the head of particles. Adverbs do not form a separate class of words. A particular form ofarticle.
There
no
the adjective does duty as an adverb, and other words which must be rendered as adverbs in English are in Japanese
nouns, or parts of verbs. The verb and adjective have a substantially similar mode of inflection in Japanese and should be considered as really forming only one part of speech.
CHAPTER
III.
THE NOUN.
In Japanese nouns have no inflections to distinguish 7. masculine from feminine or neuter, singular from plural, or
one case from another, but they are preceded or followed by particles which serve these and other purposes.8.
Gender.
With'
the exception
of a few'
common';
words such as musuko,
son
'
;
mttsiime,
daughteris
chichi,
'father;' haha, 'mother,' no distinction
ordinarily
madeeither
between the masculine and feminine.''
Thus'
ushi
is
bull
or
'
cow
'
;
muma
is
eitheris
'
horse
or
'
mare.'
Whenono ushiis
necessary, gender
for the masculine,'
me
or'
distinguished by prefixing o_ or Thus men for the feminine.a cow;' on dori,' a cock;'
a bull
'
;
me
ushi,
men
dori, 'a hen.'
These are
really
compound nouns.'
Such
phrases as otoko no ko, 'a male child;' onna no ko, 'a female'
child'
are
also in use,
otoko
meaning
man
'
and onna
woman.'
Number. As a general rule the plural is not dis9. tinguished from the singular, but a plural idea can be expressed whenever necessary by the addition of one of theparticles ra, gata,
domo,
tachi, or shin,
which
will be
found
more
particularly described in Chapter IX.
ft
NOUN.
Examples.Yakunin gata. Xinsoku domo.Officials.
Coolies.
Kodomo Kodomo
ra orshin.
Children.Cats.'
Neko domo.
Some nouns have a kind of plural formed by reduplication. But these forms correspond rather to the noun preceded by every than to the Thus shina is an article,' shina jiiia, all sorts of ordinary plural. articles tokoro a place,' kuni, a country,' kunigitni, every country tokoro dokoro, 'different places.' The first letter of the second half of these forms almost invariably takes the nigori. (See 4.)'' '' '
'
'
'
;
;
10. Case. j Properly speaking, Japanese nouns have: no cases, but a declension can be made out for them by the
help of certain particles, as follows
:
TORI, 'A BIRD.'
Nominative.Genitive.
Tori or tori ga, a bird. Tori no_or tori gcL, of a bird or aTori ni or toriyc,,
bird's.
Dative.
to a bird.
Accusative.Vocative.Ablative.
Tori or tori
700,
a bird.
Tori or
tori yOj
O
bird
!
Tori kara or toriyori, from a bird.Torini, at, to or in
Locative.
a bird.
Instrumental.
Tori dc, with or by means of a bird.
The
plural terminations:
come between thesewoshowed
particles
and
the noun, asOfficial
Yakmiin gatamiscmashita.
ni to
tnciijii
I
my
passport to the
passport
officials.
showed
Theparticles.j
student
is
referred
to
Chapter IX
for
an account of these
ii.
1st
Compound nonns. Compound nouns are formed From two nouns. Ex. Kazngnntimi a wind-mill,''
THE NOUN.from kazc,kobunc,''
9'
wind,' and kurunia,'
a wheel
;'
hanazono,'
'
a
flower-garden,' from liana,
a flower,' and
a boat,' from ko,
'
a child,'
'
func, 'a boat ;' ya, 'a house.'
Jioityn, 'a book-seller,'
a garden ;' soiio, something small,' and from lion, 'a book,' and
'From the stem of an adjective and a noun. Ex. Akagane, copper,' from aka, stem of akai, red,' and kane, metal ;' Nagasaki, long cape,' the name of a place, from
2nd
'
l
1
'
naga, stem ofnagai,
'
long,'
and saki
'
a cape.' verb.
yd'
From
a
noun and the stem of afrom mono,l' '
Ex.
Mono'
shiri,
a learned man,'
stem of shiru, 'to know'; jibiki. character,' and hiki, stem of hiku,ifth
a thing,' and shiri, a dictionary.' from/f, ato draw.'
From'
the
stem
of
a
verb
and
a
noun.'
Ex.
Urimnno, a thing for sale,' from uri, stem of uru, and mono,' a thing.'$th
to sell,'
From the stem of an adjective and the stem of a a man who swallows as Supensuni no maru-nomi, verb, Herbert Spencer whole,' where maru is the stem oimarni,' 1
round,' and nomi, the stem ofnoDitt, 'to swallow.'6th'
From two
verbal stems, as hikidaslri, 'a drawer,'
a pull-out ') from hiki, stem of hiku, 'to pull,' and (lit., daslii,' stem of dasu, 'to bring out ;' kigaye, 'a change of to wear,' and kaye, stem of clothing,' from hi, stem of Mm,' '
kciycru,
to change.'
letter of the second part of a compound noun takes the nigori. Thus the k of kane generally (See 4.) is changed into g in the compound akagane, the / of Junefirst
The
into b in kobnne.
The
final
vowel of the
first
part of a
compound
is
oftena.is
most common change being from e to modified, Thus from sake, 'Japanese rice-beer' and te, 'hand,'the
IO
THE NOUN.
formed sakate, 'drink money ;' from shiro, the stem of sJiiroi, white,' and kc, hair,' is formed shiraga, grey hairs.'' l '
(for
prefixes denoting gender and the honorific prefixes o, nil and which see Chap. XII) must be considered as forming compounds with the nouns to which they belong.
The
12.
Derivative nouns.
Abstract nouns are formed from' '
adjectives by adding sa to the stem, as takasatahai,'
height
from
high.'
It is
occasionally added to words of Chinese'
derivation asfubinsn,'
pitiableness.'
The
adjective follow-
ed by koto, thing,' is also used in a nearly similar significaIt denotes however tion, as in the following examples. rather the degree of a quality than the abstract qualityitself.
Takasaheight
wa
Iku-kcn
desu ka ?is?
How manyin height?
ken
is
it
how many ken
Takaikoto! do.no! high thing some how Ima no wakasa
Whatni.
a height!
Atof
your
young
time
present youthfulness at
life.
Many nounsbeleft
change of form, as nokori,'
are simply the stems of verbs without any remainder,' stem of nokoru, to' '
stem ofkakusu, 'to conceal ;' stem of watasu, to make to cross over.' watashi, ferry,' A few stems of adjectives are used in the same way, asover;' kakushi, 'pocket,'''
sJiiro,is
white,' a dog's
name, stem of shiroi,
'
white.'
There
here however a slight change of meaning, nokori, kaknsJii, watashi, and shiro having a more concrete signification
than the verbs or adjective from which they are taken. It will be seen later that for purposes of syntax, certain parts of the verb and adjective must be consideredas nouns.
CHAPTER
IV.
THE PRONOUN.
WatakZshi, 1 (plural watakushi domo, 'we'), is the ordinary word for the pronoun of the first person. Ore is less respectful, and is the word (plural orera) mostly used1
'
13.
by'
coolies, etc., to
each other.
To
inferiors
it
is
a some-
what haughty word.I'
Students and soldiers say bokn for'
ivaga hai for we '. Temaye is a humble word for',
I,'
much used by
the lowerIt is also
classes of Tokio in addressing their superiors.
used as a pronoun of the second person.their
Some
people usefirst
surname instead of the personal pronoun of the''
person.
Other words for
I
women),
ivashi
(very
are ivatashi (familiar), waiai (by familiar), wattchi (rustic), sessha'
(formal), oira (familiar), jibtin (properly
self).
Examples.WatakushiI
vaa
zeikan
no
I
am
a customhouse officer.
customhouse
yakunin de gozarimasu.officer
am
Ore moI
ikv.
I'll
go
too.
too will go
O(hon.)hi tori.
yama
no taisho
oreI
I'm the king of the castle,the children's game.)
(in
mountain of general
alone
12XtindaoreI
THE PRONOUN.avottcru
Whatof;
!
I
drunk
?
Not
a
bit
what
is
being drunk?
ti
(for yotte iru)
mono ka.thing
\VntukiishiI
wa
go(hon.]
tiny
.ereaning
=O u u-c
cr o
^ ~
.=
# 5
i= c
?
WO O w
Q
3
s
N
,
ocL T3
as
2^2o
ri
c3
1>
-T
t/2
>
~ C C O rt
eu
2
5
ua
C. -C
5
(72
O E aQ
c C O o otr.
o"rt
S
w-5
-
T^
s
-~
r^o:
2 4-
U
y
O
r3
rt
^
^IS.-
~
abovi
CO
;3 ^'i
jO"S'
this
is
the
posture
because
Korchodo osoroshikatta kotothis
Ij
never
was
so
frightened
much
afraid
was
thing
n
mv
j[fe nara ho ga ii. yoshita if it is have given up side is better(for sore
Sonna
that kind of
Sorethat
wa
so to.
thus'
Let that be so the subject.is
i.e.
to
change
Shite,
having made,'
understood at the end of the
last sentence.
22Sh
THE PRONOUN.shO sokora (or sokolra) dc thereabouts
Wait
a
little
thereabouts.
a
little
matte lire. waiting remain
Yo no naka no koto\vorld interior
u-a
minaall
Such
is
the
wav
of the world.
thing
sonna mono sa. such thing (emph. part.)
So dathatis
so yo.
Sotoki
it
would appear.I
appearancesonolinjimctefirst
Sore nlthat totrue
In addition to that,
then for
that timelearnt
the
first
time learnt the truth.
hontu no koto ico shitta. thingteas
Anata youkcrcdomobut
osshahnasusay
You
say so. Sir, but-
so
Sonnanisokoto
much
o nnji nasarn (hon.) anxious dois
There
is
no reason
for
your
being so anxious.
u-a gozaimasciiii.
thing
there
notira
Sahodo no koto dc
aru-
I
thought
it
would not so very
somuch of thingmainot beto
(pred.) will
much
signify.
omotta.
thoughtIf thatis
Sa mo nakcrcbaso evenif is
not even so
not
Soshitc (or so shite) tstiule thus having done opportunityinikan U'O sukoshi at orange a littleiii
And
won't
you
take
the a
katte
opportunity of few oranges?
buying
me
bought?
kite
kndasaiiiiascnit
ka?
come
give (neg.)
Ai wa itasanakatta did not meet sos
d,-su.is
It
seems they did not meet.does not seem likely to rain.
Ame garain
furlfall
s
moeven
nai.is
It
notIt
Fiifn nl
initte
seems they have become manwife.
husband and wife having become and
imremain
s
shite
you i> kaare?
how having done?I
koko here?
Ano-vatakusJn ka
is it you are here ? Eh I? (the use of ano ideates embarrassment.)
Howit
!
Ah
!
Is
here
Ano
Ikcda san.'i'
I
say
!
Mr. Ikeda.fall
BakufuShogunatenatte
anothat
y
in
Since the
of the Shogunate.
manner
kara.after
having become
Athat
in
hanasJii
It
is
seldom we hear a story
way
called
story
of that kind.
mcttani kikimasaiii. hear seldom
A
in
fuzctsnreport
ate
ni
One cannot depend onof that sort>
reports
dependence
i;ara>ini.
do not become
THE PRONOUN.22.
Ka,
'
that.'
The words
in this
column have the same meaning as the
corresponding words in the previous one but they are much less commonly used and only by educated people. They belong properly to the book language. Kano has some-
times the meaningIn
'
a certain.'is still in
some phrases kare
common
use.
Examples.Kare kore him noondesu.is
It
is
just
about noon.
Kare kore iwazunot saying
to ike.
gomakebe beaten
None of your objections, but be off with you.
Nanno(for
(for
nani no} kannoto
kare
MO)
He went on talking as much as to say that he was not going to be beaten.
oshimi wo itta. reluctance said
Hito
wa
kare kore tothis
wa
Though people do not makeany remarks.
that people iwanai keredomo. not say although
Nani ya ka ya.23.'
Anything whatever.
Da, 'who'.
Dare, who,' is the only word in this column, the places of the others being supplied by the derivatives of do 'which.'Dare da?
Who?
is it ?
who
goes there
?
Dare no mosen
Whosemoney ?
blanketdid
?
Dare
ni kane wo yatta ? to money gaveso iimashita ?
To whom
he
give
the
Dare ga
WhoomotwhileI
said so
?
whoDare ka
so*
said
whotara.I
to /sign of indi-\\rect clause./
wondered who
it
was.
thought
2624.
THE PRONOUN.Do, 'which.'isis' '
still
Dore, 'which.' An old form of dore is idzure which in use in the sense at all events,' at any rate.' Itlit.'
here put short for idzure ni mo,
in
whichever
(ca'se).'
Donata,is
(for
dono knta,
'
which
side'), is
used as a polite
substitute for dare, 'who.'
A
still
more'
respectful phrase
donata sama.
Fromdoka,of our' '
do,
'how,' are formed dozo,
somehow
or other,'
somehow,' both of which words have nearly the forceplease.'
ExamplesDore which masu?iv a
of dore, etc.
yoroshiu
gozariis
Which do you
prefer
?
good
Dono func ? Dono gurai yoroshiuwhat quantity good masu ?
Whichgozariis
ship
?
How much
do you require
?
Doka somehowmdsktmasti*
o (hon.)
negai
Please do,
I
beg of you.
beg
(humble word.)
Dohowis
in
hanashitalk
de(predicate)
What
is
it
all
about?
called
gozariinasu ka ??
Donata dc
gozainiasu, ?is
Who(polite.)I
is
there
?
whohow muchscnit.
Donnani ureshi ka shiremajoyful?
cannotI
tell
you
how
de-
cannot
lighted
am.
know Do howshlyu ?shall
Whatdesu,is
shall
I
do?
doka??
Dore ! dore ! kore which which this
Letit
me
see?
!
let
me
see
!
is
this
one
THE PRONOUN.Doannomotte.yosii state of affairs
27the state of
ka?
to
affairs
Wondering what was.
thinking
Ima nowidzure
kokoro-atari
wa
mind
hit'
is
nai ga, not
At presentviewbuti
I
have nobodyal j
in
atj ri
events
I
will
tadzunete mimashd. having inquired will see
make
nqu
es .
DO Do
nasaimasii ?
What
do you propose to do
?
howka
donasaimashita ka??
Is anything the matter with
you
?
somehow have doneSono shUgiinthat
wa Napoleon
Whichgeneral or
is
the
stronger
that
general to dochi ga tsuyu gozaimasu ? and which strong is
Napoleon?
Do
kangayete
mo.
Nooverit.
matter
how
I
think
how having thought even25.
Na, 'what.'
is
There Nani, 'what,' is used of inanimate objects only. no adjective form. Nani no, usually contracted into nanis
no or dono,
used instead.
is for na-zo-ye, zo being an emphatic and ye an exclamatory particle. See Chap. X. Nanihodo, contracted into nambo, is used by the Japanese of the central and western provinces instead of the familiar
Naze,
'
why,'
ikura,
'
how much,'
of Tokio.
ExamplesNanda(for
of nani etc.
nani de
am)
?
Whatmatter?
is
it ?
or
what?
is
the
Kono mono wa nanda ? this thing what isSonothatto in ?
Whatnan'
is
this
thing
gunmanman-of-war
wa
Whatca u e d?
is
that
man-of-war
what
called
28Nan: shi what doni
THE PRONOUN.kiln ?
to
have come
What have you come to do what has brought you here ? Whathere at once.
?
Nan! whatte
? sugiini
at
iniimawo hitonce horse having
(nonsense)! lead the horse
koi.
led
come(for
NannarabecauseivatakushiIit is
nani narcba)to
Well thendo,
!
as
I
have nothing
whathitna desu kara,leisure is because
mo
have you any objections
to
my accompanying
you
?
o(hon.)
iotno
'i-o
itashitc-
accompany having done?
moeven
yoroshiu gosaimasu ka
good
is
?
issho Nani shiro what do(imperative) togetherni iki
Suppose you go along with me.
nasal.(polite imperative)
go
Bimbu dapoor
nan'to
in
kokoroheart
Putting away the feeling that
I
what
called
was poor
or anything of that sort.
wo
haislnte.
giving up
Yubin-bato ni shi-kotnu to ka train that ? post-pigeon as nani to ka ittc.
Saying he was trainingcarrier
it
as a
pigeon or something
of
that sort.
something that
?
saying
Nan no gowhat
ydshiyG
desiiis
ka??
WhatIs
is
your business
?
(hon.) businessto
Nani
ka
wa
art-
there?
nothing
which
can
do mannertnasnmai ka ? not be
will
be done
Naze hayaku konai ? why quickly not come
WhyTo
don't you
come quickly ?
Naze
to iyeba.if
explain the reason why.
whyNani,
say
in
the combinationis
nan'desii
'what'
is
it'
and
constantly introduced by some speakers in a meaningless way, something like our don't you know.'similar phrases,
THE PRONOUN.26.
29the addition of the
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
By
particles ka, mo, demo, zo, interrogative
pronouns become
indefinite pronouns.
Dare
ka,
'
somebody.'
Example.Dare ka shitani mattebeloworu.
Somebody
is
waiting below,
waiting remainsis
Dare mo, 'anybody,'verb.
generally used with a negative
Examples.Dare moshiranii.
Nobody knows.iwanai not say
Dareyo.
yeto
moeven
You
don't
tell
anybody,
(imperative.)
(emph.
part.)'
Dare de mo means
any one whatever.'
Example.Dare de mo yoroshiu gozariis goodmasu.
Anybody whatever
will do.
Dore mo,used
'
any
one,' dore de
mo,
'
in a similar'
way
to dare
mo and
any one whatever,' afe dare de mo.
Nani
ka,
something,' anything.'
Examples.Kono hako no nakaboxka haliteiruni naniIs there
anything
in this
box
?
inside
ka
?
having entered
is ?
Kojikl ni nani kao yari nasare. do beggar to give
Give something to the beggar,
Nani mo,
'
anything at
all,' is
used with negative verbs.
30
THE PRONOUN.
Example.Nani mo gozarimasenu.Thereis
nothing at
all.
Nanl
dc mo,
'
anything whatever.'
Examples.Konotabcru. eats
mits-imc
wn
nanl dc
mo
Thiswhatever.
girl
eats
anything
g irl
Nani de mo
shitte
iru.
He knows
every thing.'
Nanl
zo, usually contracted into nanzo,'
something or
another,'
any.'
Example.Nanzo omoshiroidiverting
shinibun go-
Have you not somenewsto tell
diverting
news
me
p
zarimascnu kais
?
not
In thedefinite,
same wayas doko'
interrogative adverbs'
may becomedoko ka)'
in-
where,' dokka
(for
some-
where,' dokodemo
anywhere.'
Example.Doko ka de mi to.omoimasu.think
yd
ni
I
think
I
have
seen
(him)
seen manner
somew here.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. Jibun, self,' Jibuti no, one's own,' is the commonest reflexive pronoun in the Japanese spoken language. It is sometimes replaced by'
j
27.
'
Waga means jishin or onore. icaa ko, 'one's own child,'brothers and sisters,'
'
one's\i~aga
own
'
in
the phrases'one's
kiodai,
own
wnga
knni, 'one's
own
country,' and
perhaps some others.
THE PRONOUN.
Examplesyibuntetsudatte
of jibun etc.Becauseself,I
de
dekinaican't
kara because
can't doplease.
it
by my-
help
me
kudasare.giveIt is his
lending hand
ga waru.himselfis
own
fault.
badni
Tegamiletter
wa yduseItte
tatanai ; stands not
A
letter is of
no usehimself.
:
go and
talk to the
man
jishin ni
o hanashi nasare.
going
speaktokl
dodeatIt will
Go(hon.)
jibun no
do at your own time.
ownit is
time
yoroshiu gozarltnasu.
good
Yokei na o sewa needless (hon.) trouble
daoye.
:
I
don't
want your assistancefrom your
;
it is
brush the
flies
own head.
jibun no atama no hai
wo
head
flies
drive offItis
Samukute, jibun no te da ka hand is ? being cold ownnaii'da
so cold,
I
don't
knowhands
whether they areor
my own
ka wakaranu.is
what
is ?
not clear
what they
are.
siitcte, yibun no inochi wo life abandoning
Throwing awayhe aided others.
his
own
life,
hito
wo tasukemashita.aided
Observe the force of hito
in this sentence.
For each'
'
other,'
one another,' Japanese use the adverb'
tagai ni which
means
mutually.'
Examples.Tagaini mite
orimasMta.
They looked Theyassist
at
one another.
Tagai ni tasukcru.28.
each other.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
The
Japanese
language
has no relative pronouns. verb of the relative clausethe relative pronoun refers.
Tois
express the same idea, the put before the word to which
In the case of passive verbs a
32similar constructionis
THE PRONOUN.foundEnglish. Thus, for the may say, 'the murdered man,'in'
man who wassaretahlto.
murdered,'
we
which corresponds exactly
to the
Japanese phrase, koro-
Examples.Anaia gao uri nasattajukiscn.sell
The steamer which youThesailing vessel
sold,
did
steamer
hobune. Sakujitsu katta yesterday bought sailing-ship
which (we)fast,
bought yesterday.
Hayaku susnmnquick
fune.
Afast
ship
whichship.
sails
or
a
advance ship
sailing
Nihon.
J a ? antt
go languagehi to.
wakaranot
A man whostand j apanes e.
does not
under-
understand
man
Instead of korosh ita Into, 'the man ta hlto, 'the man who was killed,'
whoit
killed,'
korosare-
is
possible to say
koroshita tokoro no hito, korosarcta tokoro no Into, tokoro'place,' but this construction can hardly be said to belong to the colloquial language. Such phrases, however, as kiita tokoro niyotte, 'according to what I have heard,' are not unfrequent.
meaning
29.'
OTHER PRONOMINAL WORDSHltoon,'
:
Hito man'.It
is
used
in a similar
way'
to the'
German'
man, the French
and the Englishother people.'
one
or
people.'
may
also
mean
Examples.Hltopeopleikenai.
wo
bakafool
nl to
shite,
You shouldpeopi
not
make
fools of
making
e>
cannot go
Hlto ga
in
no
ni.
According to what people say.
say
in
THE PRONOUN.H',to no kodomo. children
33
Other people's children,
Mina,MinaKi ga
'all,'
is
used either alone or after a noun.They haveThetreesall
kareta.m'nia karcta.
withered.all
havein
withered.
MinaMinaall
de ikutsu ?
How manyirasshai-
all?
san
yokn
Youmerii
are
all
welcome, Gentle-
Mr.
well (hon.)come
mashlta.(past)
Ika (root)
'
how
'
is'
only found in a few combinations such
as iltani or ikaga,
how,' ikahodo,
'how much.'
Iku, 'what number,' appears in the following combinationsikutsu,
'how many,'objects,''
ikura,
'how much,' ikumai,cylindrical
'how many
flat
ikuhoHy'how many
objects,' ikitka,
manyitsuzo,
days, ikutari or ikunin, men,' and other similar phrases.'
how manyis
'how
7/57*,'
when,'itsu
found alone and
in
the'
combinations
at
some time
or another,' itsuka,
another,''
mo
or itsu
demo,
'at
on some day or any time at all,'
always.'
Rio-ho,
lit.
'both sides,'
is
used for 'both,' butdockira
mo
is
commoner.
CHAPTERNUMERALS.
V.
30.
The
Japanese
language
has
two
series
of
numerals, one consisting of original Japanese words, the other borrowed from the Chinese. The Japanese seriesextends no further thanthe
number
ten,
after
which
Chinese numerals only are used.List of
Numerals
:
JAPANESE.I
CHINESE.
NUMERALS.
35
Larger numbers are expressed by multiples of man. Ex. 150,000, jiu go man; a million, liiaku man. Consecutive
numerals follow the same order as
in
English.
Ex.
1868. sen hap piaku rokujiu Iiachi.
Rio
'
both
'
the phrase rid
sometimes used instead of ni san nin, two or three persons.'is'
'
two as
'
in
Nana1
jiu
is
sometimes
used
instead'
of shichi jiu,
seventy,' in
such phrases as nana jissen
seventy cents.'
The following rules are to be observed in the use 31. of numerals:
1.
The
underEx.
only cases in which the Chinese numerals eleven are employed are alone or before unor monosyllabic
compoundedjfiu
nouns of'
Chineseroku
origin.'
go
'
kin,
fifteen
catties
;
nin,
six
men;' hap
The
letter
piaku (for hachi hiaku), 'eight hundred.' changes which take place will be bestfrom the numerous
understoodelsewhere.2.
examples
in
32
and
The Japanese numerals whenan old possessive
prefixed to
nouns of
Japanese origin lose the final syllable tsu.
Tsu
is
really
particle.
Futa hako.
Examples. Two
boxes.parcels.
MlYo3.
tsutsumi.hiro.
Three
Four fathoms.
The
possessive particle no
is
sometimes introducedEx. FutatsU no mono,
between the numeral and the noun.'
two4.
things.'
The numeral
is
very often placed after the noun,
36
NUMERALS.
Examples.Yanmfittatsf:.
Two
mountains.
Miktin yotsK,
Four oranges.itself.
5.
The numeral may stand by
Example.Ikiitsu
am ?
How many
are there
?
Jin
ichi gozcirimasii.
There are eleven.
32.
AUXILIARY
NUMERALS.is
It
is
comparativelyto
seldom that the numeralnoun.in
joined
immediately
the
What mayTheycattle,'
use.
be called Auxiliary Numerals are much correspond to the English phrases, 'six
head ofshoes.'
'four brace
of
'
partridges,'
two pair of
Examples.Kamiichlmai.(for ichi soku).
One One
sheet of paper.pair of shoes.(//.
Hiikimono issoku
Akindo jin i:hi nin.
Eleven merchants chants eleven men).
mer-
Most of theseandfall
under Rule
auxiliary numerals, are of Chinese origin, A few i of the preceding section.fall
are Japanese words, and
under Rule 2 as knra hitoare
tomai, 'one godown.'
They commonly placed after the noun, but a construction similar to that described in Rule 3 is also admissible. Ex. Sanniit no akindo, three'
merchants.'
These numerals
are in daily use, and
a
knowledge of
some
of
them
is
absolutely necessary,
NUMERALS.
37
The most common
are
:
NUMERALS.FOR HOUSES. FOR SHIPS.GLASSES OF WINE, SHOES. CUPS OF TEA, ETC.
NUMERALS.33.
39
prefixing
ORDINAL NUMBERS. The ordinals are formed by the word dai or affixing ban to the ChineseI St.'
numerals.
2nd..
3rd.4th.
5th.
Dai ichi Dai ni Dai san Dai ski Dai go&c.
or
Ichi ban.
Ni,,
ban.ban.
SamYo Go
ban. ban.
,,
&=c.
ordinals precede the noun, the possessive particle no introduced between. being
The
Examples.Daiichi
no yakti.
The
first,
or highest office.ship.
Ni ban
nofitnc.
The second
Daiship.'
ichi, ichi
ban mean
'
literally
numberfiine,
one.''
Me
is
often added after ban, as ni ban
me no
the second
34.in the
FRACTIONS.of
following manner: ar-iooths(lit.
Fractional quantities are expressed is hiaku bun no ni
jiu
one hundred parts twenty one.) The and bu substituted for bun. commonly omitted, Thus for one third the speaker has a choice betweenichi,
no
is
'
'
sain
bun
no
ichi
and
samit
buis
ichi.
When
there
is
no denominator expressed, are meant.
understood that tenths
Examples.HachiShichite
bu.
Eight tenths.ni
bu,sam bu
wakehavin
Divide
it
into
seven
tenths
and three tenths.
o kurc.
divided
give
4o
NUMERALS.
Onefourth
halfare
is
han,
or
ham
bun.
One
third
and one
sometimes
milsii ichi
and yotsU
iclii.
These
forms have been sanctioned by usage, but as a general rule Japanese and Chinese numerals cannot be combined in this way.particular
35Sono.
Exampleskasa iva iktiraii-a
of
Numerals.
that umbrella
? He; how much
How muchOneisI
is
that umbrellaif
?
fifty
sen but
ippon
gojisscn de gozarififty
one piecemasu.
centso
three,
will
is
you buy make them one yen
ga
;
sambon
kai
twenty sen.
three pieces (hon.)
buyni
nasareba, ichi yen.if
nijissen
do
one
twenty cents to
itashimashu.will
maketstitsnini
Hlfoone
niin
hiakn
There are one hundredshirts, or
(dollars,in
package
hundred
other
flat
objects,)
mai
imasu. piece each having entered isdziitsu
haitte
each package.
Sorethat
wafuta
tsuki mayc no two month before
That
is
a
thing
of
two
months ago.
koto
da.is
thing
Minnaltogether
de
ikntsu ?
How many
altogether
?
how manyThere are seven.s
nani ka drawing something
Please
for
me,
and
the
o kure.
doing
give
termination tari originally had no alternative meaning, and in some of the above phrases the alternative force is not very evident.j
The
52.
THE CONCESSIVEislit.
PAST.
Kashltaredo, tabetaredo.
This formta to iyedo,
not'
commonlyadded to
still,
used, being replaced by kasJilthough one say that (he) lent,' or more by kashita keredo. Mo 'even' is often
much
all
these forms.
'Though'
is
the correct transit is
lation of the concessive terminations but
usually
more
convenient to render them in English by placing 'but', atthe beginning of the subsequent clause.
Example.Yohodo
much
inayc before
ni
Itanc
iao
I
lent
himbutvetit
moneyhe
a
longnot
money
time
ago>
has
kashita kercdo, niada kaycshilent returned although yetmascnii.
re t urnecj
not
Kashlte
moit
is
also
much used with
nearly the
same
meaning, but
is
of no special tense, and
may
be either
present, past or future.i
53.
DESIDERATIVE
ADJECTIVE.
Kashitai,
tabetai.
See Chap. VII.54.
THE POLITE FORM. Kashimasu,is
tabemasu.
Theuse,
conjugation of this form see Chap. XII.55.
given in
45.
For
its
THE- NEGATIVE
use as separate words.
BASE. Kasa, tabe are not in This form has no meaning by itself.
6256.tcibcnii.
THE VERB.
THE NEGATIVE PRESENTfinal
INDICATIVE.
Kasanu,
The
u of
this
formis
is
inaudible,at.
very distinct pronunciation
aimed
except when The Japanese
it in writing the spoken language. Instead of this form, the Tokio dialect generally prefers the Negative Adjective kasanai, tabenai. (See Chap. VII.)
themselves often omit
tive Present
Like the other tenses of the Indicative Mood, the Negamay be either a verb, an adjective or a noun.
(See remarks on the Past Tense.)
Examples.1.
As a Verb.dckintiis to,
.
Kane ga money
hoall
If
money
is
not
procured,
not
made
if
there will be duns_ii ._ all niiarl r< iludiLCis.
coming from
bu kara kakctori ga kuru d'ard. . .. ... r sides from dun come will
Shiran it.
I
don't know.
Are
kiri
(pron.
arckkiri)
I
have never seen him since,
that cut offaimascnii.
not meet(Thelast
example shews that this form
is
sometimes used where we have a
past tense.)
Sorathattc,!
!
ivaraioanu not laugh de
to
mushi-
There!afteri
have you not laughed
havingiva naiis
iav j ng sa ;d you
wou id
not
?
waratta
ka??
said
laughed (pred.)
not
(This example illustrates the principle that in Japanese there are no special forms for indirect narration. If a man says u'uniisnn"i 'I won't laugh' the same word warau-anti is used in repeating v.-hat he said, though in English we change 'will' into 'would.' For warawami as a future see the section on the Future Form).
2.
As an
Adjective.koto
Shiranu.
wa gozarimais
He
certainly knows.
not-knowscnu.
thing
notShiraniikoto
am
mono
Don't
tell
me you
don't know.
not-know thing existing thing ka ? (vulgarly moiika).is?
THE VERB.DekitiH not-can-dotoki
wa
shikata
If
it
can't be done, thereit.
is
no
time
do-manner
help for
ga
nai.is
not
Shiran ti hi to.
A man whom(also,
I
don't
know,
a
man who
does not know.)not
ivakaranu. Ycigo English words not-understandInto.
A man whos tand
does
under-
English.
manIchl
ncnyear
mo
tatanii
Before even a year had passed.
onenchi iii. within3.
even not-stand
As
a
Noun.is I don't know (a very humble form of expression used by people of the lower classes to their
Shirimasenii dc gozaimasu.
not-know
superiors).
Diimo ski ya shi nai kara do not because any how donigenii
dc
mois
You needn't run away, do anything to you.
I
won't
ii.
the not-running-away even
good.Correct(in
O(hon.)
ki
ni
iranii
wo
what
displeases
you
minddo
not-enter
me).
o naoshl nasare.
mend
A number
of
Compound Tensesetc., to the
are formed by adding
dc aro, de atta,
Negative Form (or the Neg.
Adj.) taken as a noun.
Examples.SkiranH not-knowingd'aro. will bed'attaro.
He He
probably does not know.
Kamawanu57.
probably did not care.
not-caring probably
was
THE NEGATIVE
PAST. Kasananda, tabenanda. This
form
usually replaced in the Tokio dialect by kasanakatta, tnbenakatta, the predicate form of the negative adjectivesis
64
THE VERB.
(kasanaku tabcnaku] combined with the past tense of ant, to be,' the u final being elided before the a of am.'
Kasanii (or kasanai] de attathe
may
also be used to express
same meaning.
Examples.Ikimasenanda.I
did not go.did not sellit
Sonnani yasiiku wa urananda so did-not-sell cheap(or uranakatta.}.
I
so cheap as that,
Hanashitalk
nl
ukaretefloated
on
ki ga mind
I
was so taken up by the conI
versat i on tna t
did not notice
it.
tsitkananda. not-stick
A
or the negative adjectivesuitable.
Japanese often uses the negative of the present tense where the past seems to us more
O
ide nasatta'
Thus, ka
in
answer
to the question,
Did you go
?
? the reply will very likely be, Ikimasenu,
for
I
did not go.'
is particularly true in the case of indirect clauses or where the Negative Past, if used, would be an adjective or a noun.
This
Examples.Chnmonorderiu
shita ka scnu ka to did ? do not ?
They weretion of
discussing the quesit
whether
had been order-
koto
wo
ha:iashlte
called thingotta.
e d or not. (Note that the Japanese prefers the Active to the Passive
talking
remainedKi'> made itoma to-day until leave nai mono.
construction).
wo
negatednot-
Those who have not resigneduptill
to . day
when
a
man
warenai toki wa tsubureru no can pay time smash up wa mochiron no koto desu. of course thing isMiunichitatsii
pay his debts that he should smash up.t
can
yo-ake
ni shutstart-
to-morrow day break atsnru
ytmi
chantoin perfectly
do ing shitakupreparationikcnai.
manner
must make everything ready so as to start at daybreak tomorrow.
You
quite
wo shinaku cha if not make
does not do3.
As
a Verb.soto
Dare ka somebody
outsidetaisu
de matsu. waits
Somebody
is
waiting outside.
Ka ga
oru.
There are a great many musquitoes.If today,it is
musquito many abideKonnichi narato-day(for
nareba),
in time.
ma
ni an.
space meets
74Yugo.
THE VERB.areba,if is te
wo
tataku.strike
If I
have anything
for
you
to
business
hands
do,
I
will clap
my hands.is
that the present
(Observe used here, not
the future, there being no doubt.)
Jinten
rl
nara,if it
kiizvazu
ni
If
it
were ten
rl,
I
could (or
dc
mo
were not eating iku ga, hlaku rl dcsu
would) go even without eating, but as j t ; s 1OO r ;_
"kara becausetakn ye agarn o to-day (hon.) house to go up nodes* ga, ashi ga itamimashlistc,
Konnlchi
I
day> but as(I.
-
would go to your house to\ have a bad leg am afraid sha n not be ablej.
leg
being pain-
ful (shall
(ikarcmasumai). not be able to go)
66.
THE NEGATIVE
IMPERATIVE.
Kasuna, tabcnina.
Examples.IkunaSore! !!
Shuchi suruna
Don't go ! Don't consent
!
wo
tabcruna
Don't eat that.
67.
THE NEGATIVE FUTURE.in the First,
Kasiimai, fabcmai.is
Thein the
termination mai of this tense
attached
to
the
Present Indicative
and
to the
Negative Base
Second conjugation.Adjective followed by aro, future offor this
The Negative'to be,'is
am,
sometimes used
form
as, sliirauak'ard,
'he probably does not know,' for sliiranai. Sliiranli daro, shiranai daro have also the same meaning.
For the true meaning of the Future see
5.
64.
ExamplesMir,nichi
of Negative Future.
madetill
iiaorima-
He
won't
be
better
by
to-
tomorrowtimai, will not
recover
morrow.
THE VERB.Hi torialonedcdfkitnai.will not be ableI
75will not
Alone he
be able.
Animal.
don't think there are any.is
Mcshirice
tabcmai. ico will not eat
HeIt
not likely to eat rice.
Ashitanimo naonimai mono tomorrow not recover thingdc
is
possible.
he
may
recover
even tomorrow
mo
nai. is not
even68.
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.Conditional Baseis
Kase, tabero.
Theexcept
in the First
not in use as a separate word, Conjugation, where it coincides with the
In the Second Conjugation ro, or in the Imperative. western dialect yo, is added to the root in order to form
the Imperative.
Instead
of the bare Imperative,it is
which
is
style of address,
generally preferable to use
a very rough some of the
minor honorifics, even when addressing servants.of to ivo shimero,it
Instead
is
better to say to(for
wo
shimete, to
wo
shimete o kure or to
wo shime na
shimc nasarc}.
Examples.Achithere
ike!
Get away!
!
goShut the door!
To wo shimerodoorshut
Kono hako wo akcrothis
!
Empty
this box.
Open
this box.
box
open
Waki ye yore !side
Go
to
one side
!
approachiro !
Shlta ni
down
remain
Squat down (as was formerly done by Japanese when a man of rank was passing).to
Ten no da bachi heaven punishment isakiratncro.
Make up your mind that punishment from heaven.
it is
a
make up your mind
76
THE VERB.Nani whatni shiro,
warm
koto
Anyhow
it is
a bad business.
make bad
thing
da.it is
Shikkari shiro. do firmlyOsok^arc hayak'are kuin ni be it late be it early arrest
Bear upsteady!
!
(to
a sick
person)
Helater.
will
be arrested sooner or
narimashd.willS
become
69.
THE CONDITIONAL FORM.
Kascbn, tabcrcba.
Properly speaking there is the same distinction between this form and the Hypothetical Form kascba, tabcba, that there is between the forms in tareba and taraba, i.e., the
former denotes a condition either realized, or looked upon as likely to be so, while the forms in aba represent a merehypothesis.in practice,
ButAll
this distinction is almost wholly neglectedin
and the forms
eba and aba are used indis-
the hypothetical forms, however, seem to criminately. be gradually falling out of use and are not much employed except in particular phrases. A distinction between these
forms
is
always observed by correct writers.'
Nareba, the conditional of narucontracted into nara.
to be
',
is
nearly always
ExamplesAsiiko there
of ConditionalisstwIfI
Forms.I
J*to
ikcba,if
go there,all
shalllife.
have no
go
one
life
annoyance
my
komaru kototrouble thing
nashi.is
notsnrcba,if
Waruibadmitkui
koto
thing
do
warni bad
If
you do
evil,
there
is
an
evil
reward.
ga
aru.is
rewardMiiscbaif tell
kaycttc
goto
on the contrary (hon.)U'O
thought that if I were to tell you, I should on the contraryI
kuroanxiety
kakcyu
omotta.
cause you anxiety.
hang
thought
THE VERB.Arcbaifil
77(not a confident hope)
to
omottc.
HopingWhilejustified
there areto
is
goodnaii1
thinkingto
there might be some.
Dorobuthief
ka?
ka?
hein
wouldcalling
have
beenthief,
somethingnoni.
him a
iyebaif
yoiis
or the like.
say
good while
70.
THE CONCESSIVE FORM.is
Kasedo, tabedo.
This Form
mostly superseded by the Present Indicative
followed by keredo or, more rarely, by to iyedo. Both these be used with any tense of the Indicative expressions may
Mood, thus producing a
series of Concessive Tenses.
They
may Form
also be added to adjectives.
Keredo
is
the Concessive
of keru,
which
is
probably the perfect tense of kuni
'to come,' and iyedo, the Concessive
Form
of in, 'to say,,
so that to iyedo
means
'
literally
Mo,
'
even,'
is
frequently added to
though one say that.' all the Concessive Forms.
Examples.narcdo Tenki weather though itKiisnriviois
samui. is cold
Though
fine, it is cold.
medicineoranai. recovers
nomcdo nathough drink not
Hecine.
will
not
recover,
even
though he do
(or does) take
medi .
Toninperson in question mushlta de mosaid
sayo thus
The man himself maylikely
have
said so,it.
but
I
very can
evensore that
arimashd will be
hardly believe
kcredomo, althoughchito
wa
domo somehow
shinjiraremascnu.
a
little
cannot believekeredomo, althoughI
TadzuncmasUitainquired
inquired, but there
was none.
gozaimascnu. is notKitetruto
Although he has come.
having comeiycdomo.
remains
though
78
THE VERB.
In p eaking Japanese, the student should not use the Conct.^ive Form standing by itself or the Form with toiycdo.I
They occur
so seldom that Mr. Satow's
Kwaiwa
Hen, believe, does not contain a single example of them. The Indicative Mood (or Attributive form of Adjectives)followed by kercdo or kcrcdomo the past participle followed byis
better, or
he
mayor
usethe
mo
(kashitcmo},
adverbial form of the adjective followed by temo (osoku temo).
DERIVATIVE VERBS..
71.
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
In English, there are seldom distinct words or forms for the transitive and intransitive applications of the same Thus the words ride, sink, break, bend and verbal root.
many
to circumstances.
others are either transitive or intransitive according In such cases, the Japanese languageroot.
has usually two distinct verbs containing the same
Noverbs,
rule can be given for
forming transitive or intransitive
but
some
of the:
more common modes of doing so
are exemplified belowIntransitive.
Transitive.to
Tatsustand.
(ist.
Conj.),
Tatcru (2nd. Conj.),set up.
to
Susninitto advance.
(ist.
(Conj.),
Susumcru (2nd.encourage.
Conj.), to
Yamucease.
(ist.
Conj.),
to
Yamerucease.
(2nd. Conj.), to
Iru enter
(ist
Conj.),
to
Ireru
(2nd.
Conj.),
to
-
putConj.),let
in.
to
Sagaru (ist come down.
Sagcru down.
(2nd. Conj.),
to
THE VERB.
79(ist
Waknboil.
(ist.
Conj.), to
Wakasu make boil.Chirnsuscatter.
Conj \ toConj.), to
Chiruscatter.
(ist
Conj.),
to
(ist.
Ncrnsleep.
(and.
Conj.), to
NckasuOrosulower.
(ist.
Conj.),
to
put to sleep.(ist.
Oriru (and; Conj.), todescend.
Conj.),
to
Derngoout.
(and.
Conj.),
to
Dasuout.
(ist.
Conj.), to put
Theforce,
Intransitive Verbs illustrated inclass.
the following ex-
amples form a separateof the
They have usually a potential but must not be confounded with the passive formsverbs.
same
Kireru (and. Conj.), tobe discontinuous.
Kirn
(ist. Conj.), to cut.
Ureru (and. Conj.), tobe saleable, tosell.
Urn
(ist.
Conj.), to
sell,
Miyeru (and. Conj.), to be visible, to be ableto see.
Mini (and
Conj.), to see.
Kikoyeru (and. Conj.),to be audible, to be able
Kikuhear,
(ist.
Conj.),
to
to hear.
Ikeru (and. Conj.), to be able to go.
Ikn
(ist Conj.), to go.
The Frenchthese verbstransitive
se couper,
se
curately to kireru, ureru.
The example
vendre correspond pretty acikeru shows that
may
be formed from intransitive as well as from
verbs.
Ikeru'
is
familiar to us in the negative'
adjective form ikenai, it is no go ', it won't do '. Note that while the termination eni may belong either to
the transitive or to the intransitive form, verbs ending in su
8oare transitive only.
THE VERB.Exception.as,'
sometimes
intransitive,',
Dasu in combination is nmc ga furi-dasJilta, it has'
come on
to rain
tobi-dashlta,
he rushed out
'.
In the examples given below, verbs containing the same root.
we have
pairs of transitive
Kcirn
(xst.
Conj.),
to
Kasit (ist. Conj.), to lend,
borrow.
Adzukaru
(ist. Conj.),
Adsukeru (2nd. Conj.)givein
to
to take charge of.
charge.(and.Conj.),
Kiru (and.wear.(2nd.see.
Conj.),
to
Kiscruclothe.
to
Conj.),
to
Misci'u
(2nd.
Conj.),
to
show.of Transitiveboiled
ExamplesYUhot water
and Intransitive Verbs.Is the hot
ga waita ka ??
water ready
?
He,yesit is
ima
ndkasfuMOsi de
Yes,
I
am just
getting
it
to boil.
now
make
boil
gozatmasu.
Hara gabelly
tail a.
He
got angry.
arose
Umi-taic no tamago. lay set up eggTatfiiai.
AI
new-laid egg.
cannot stand.
I
do not
set up.
cannot standBuchfin(see Ch. XII.)I;T
O
nckashUc having put
When
you have put young masyou can gotoo.
ter to bed,
kara,to
bed
after
omaye mo iictc too having you
mogoneto
yoroshi.is
bed even
good
Betsudanhodo
hiina
ga
torcru
particularly time
can takewill not be
thing
There probably won't be anywhich will occupy any
no kotothing
mo arimasumai.
amount
great time.
THE VERB.Sekcn yc world tonchi ni. withinshircnai
8lit
Before
becomes known
to
not become
known
tne wor id.
Kokoja hanascnaiherepart.)
yo.
We
can't talk here,
cannot talk (emph.
Hitori
moevennai.is
oneyatsufellow
man
hanaseru can talk
There
is
not a
single
fellow
worth taking to .
wa
notni o
Taisi)
very
much!
(hon.)
kawari change
Howarej
very
much changed you
nasatta nc
Dashintikc niabruptly
enoug h to be unrecognizable if one met you all of a sudden,
doneattara,if
ml-chigayern
gnrai
met see can mistake amount
da.it is
72.
CAUSATIVE VERBS.
Causative verbs are formed by adding seru to the Negative Base of verbs of the first conjugation, as tsukuru to make ',(
tsukuraseru
'
to cause to make.'
In verbs of the second con'
jugation saseru is added to the stem, as tabcru tabesaseru 'to cause to eat.'causatives of the irregular verbs Imru and kosaseru and saseru.All causative verbs
to eat,'
The
sum
are
belong to the second conjugation.
Instead of the causative verbs, such phrases as iku yd ni
sum,used.
'
go-manner-make'
i.e.
'
to
make him
to go,' are
much
Thein
transitive verbs in su (ist. conj.)
and the causativesthe
seru
are
constantlyat
confounded,
same
person
saying
for
example
one time kikashUe and
at another
kikasete.
THE VERB.
ExamplesTaihendreadfullynio (honorific)
of Causative Verbs.I have kept awful time.
you
waiting an
matase
mushita.to wait (respectful) ni manic
made
Mumahorse
beans
wo kuwaseta made eatkikasete
Didbeans?
you give
the
horse
his
ka?
Mo
ichido
Please
let
me
hear once more.
more once having made hearkiidasare.
give
Konothis
ko ni kega wo sasete child wound cause
It
won't do to cause any hurt to
this child.
sumanai.not finish
Jiutenshuchi
ni
shichi
hachieight
wa
I
have an idea that
it
is
sevenI
sevenitasaseru
or eight chances out of ten thatshall
kokoro deheart
make him
consent.
agreementgozarimasv.is
cause
Fusokuinsufficienttoraseytl.
nara,if is
motto
If
it is
not enough,
I
will give
more
you more.
will
make
take
Hont~>reality
no
okka mother
sail ni
He was
kind enough to cause
her to meet her real mother.
kudasatta. awascte having made meet he gave
A.
Musume
daughtertorasete
ni to
mttko
wo
husbandraku KOease
having made takeshi'>
A. My reason for giving my daughter a husband is not that I B. I intend to enjoy my ease.will not allow her to take (a hus-
to
in
wake de wareason
will nai.is
makeB.
called
band) on any account.
\VatakushiI
wa
do
not
how
shite
moeven
having donetorasenai.
do not make take
THE VERB.73. PASSIVEtial
83Passive or Poten-
OR POTENTIAL VERBS.
Verbs are formed by adding areru to the present indicative form of the active verbs, the final u of which iselided.
Thus:is
Mirarcru, to be seen,
formed from mint, to,,
see.kill.
Korosarcru, to be killed,
,,
korosu, to
Tadzuncrarcni, to be sought,
,,
tadzuncru, to seek.
The
passive forms of the irregular verbs suru, kuru are
serareru, korarem.
The Passive
verbs have also a Potential meaning.is
In the
case of Intransitive verbs, this
their ordinary signification?
although in such sentences as teislii ni shindremashlta she was died by her husband,' i.e. she was separated by'
'
death from her husband,'sive of
we have somethingless
like the pas-
an intransitive verb.is
The Passive Voicein
much
used in Japanese than
English.All passive verbs are of the and. conjugation.'
By,' after
a passive verb,
is
rendered in Japanese by ni.
Examples.yimminpeopleni
kimwareru. is hated
He
is
hated by his subjects, saved by a boatman,?
Sends ni tasukeraremashita. boatman was savedMiraremashlta ka?
He was
Could you see
Ikarcru dc aro ka ?
Will he be able to goI
?
Mairaremasenu.iwaremashita. scolding he was said
cannot come.got a scolding,
Kogoto
Heno wo
Tanji nomite.
korosarcru
On
witnessing Tanji's murder.
being killed
having seen
THE VERB.Hachijiu yeneightytaikinu-oto
in
calledtorareta.
THE VERB.
85
In the terminations of Transitive, Intransitive, Causative
and Passive Verbs,'to do,'
it
is
easy to distinguish the verbs
sum'
am'
'to be'
andis
em
'to get.'
The
termination
areru of Passive Verbs
nothing more than aru 'to be
and eru
to get,''
the literal
meaning of mirareru,easy to see
'
to
be
seen,' being
get-be-see.'
It is
why
the
same
form
may74.
also have a potential signification.
OTHER DERIVATIVE VERBS.
Verbs are formed from nouns by adding various terminations as:
Yadoru, to lodge,Tsukaniu, to grasp,Tsuncigu, totie,
from yado, a lodging. from tsuka, a hilt. from tsuna, a rope.from uta, song, poetry.
Utau, to sing,75.
Chinese and other uninflected words (which are really nouns) do duty as verbs with the help of the
Many
In most cases of this kind Japanese verb sum 'to do.' sum remains a distinct word, as shimpai sum to be'
anxious,' hai
sum
'
to abolish,' rioko
sum
'
to travel,' etc.
But with some words
sum
in
this
position suffers a con-
siderable change. The 5 takes the nigori, and becomes j, while the conjugation is assimilated to that of verbs of the second conjugation whose stem ends in i. Thus kin, a
Chinese word which means 'prohibition,' forms with suru a verb kinjirtt which is not conjugated like suru but likedekiru.76. Derivative verbs are
formed from adjectives byintransitive, to
addingstem.
mu
to
the stem.
These verbs areverbs
The corresponding
transitive
add
mem
the
86
THE VERB. Examples.Takamti,takai, high.to
become
high,
takamcru, to
make
high,
from
HiromK,hirui,
to
become wide, hlromcru,
to
spread abroad,
from
wide.noiocliii
Fujin
ico
I
think of raising the position
womantakamcyo make high
positiononion.
of %vomen .
think
The schemes of conjugation given on pp. 44 to 49 77. are intended to show the formation of the simple moodsand tenses of the verb, but there are many compound These are pressions in use as their equivalents.ex-
so
impossible to give them all, but the tables, which comprise a selection of the more following common, may be useful. The Auxiliary Verbs used in
numerous that
it
is
these combinations are treated of in Chapter VIII.
the
must not be supposed that the forms arranged under same heading are used altogether indiscriminately. There are distinctions between them, some of which areIt
pointed out inpractice.
these
pages and others
will be learnt
by
THE VERB.
CONJUGATIONKasit,to lend.
I.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
88
THE VERB.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
THE VERB.
8g
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
go
THE VERB.
79-
CONJUGATIONTaberu,to eat.
II.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
THE VERB.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
92
THE VERB.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
CHAPTER80.
VII.
THE ADJECTIVE.TheAdjectiveis
conjugated as follows:
HIROI WIDEStemPredicate, Adverb or Indefinite
Hiro
Wide
Form
Hiroku orhiro...hirokuhiroku hirokutete te
Wide; widelyif
wamo
being wide wide
even though wide
hiroku baor
hirokumbahiroku naihirok'atta
if itis
should be wide
not wide
was widewill be
hirok'aro
wide(before
Attributive
andHiroiHirokerebaHirokeredo
Verbal
Form
Wide
a
Conditional
noun); is wide If it be wide
ConcessiveAbstract
Thoughwide
it is
or be
Noun
Hirosathis conjugation
Widthwith the conjugation of verbs will The stem of the verb cor-
A
comparison of
show
that they are essentially
identical.
responds to the stem of the adjective, and the Indefinite Form to the Adverbial Form. The Negative Base is not in use in the case of theAdjective, fortical
Negative Forms or
for
the Future, but the Hypothe-
Form is hiroku ba where the Adverbial Form stands for the Neg. Base. The Present Indicative of the Verb corresponds to the Verbal Form of the Adjective, and the Conditional and Concessive Forms.
contain a Conditional Base viz. hirokere.
9481.
THE ADJECTIVE.
THE STEM.is
Hiro.in
The Stem
used
forming compounds.'
Thus from nagacape,' is derived' ;
the stem of nagai,
long,'
and1
saki,
'
a
Nagasaki (the literal signification of which is long cape ') from yo the stem of yoi, good, and sngiru, to exceed,' we have the compound yosugiru, 'to be toof
'
'
good
';
usuguroi'
dark-coloured,''
is
formed from usu stem
of nsui,
thin,'
and knroi,
black.'
Hadzukashi-so na kawo de. shameful appearance face withTegani-soniin
With a shamefaced expressiono f countenance.
keredo.
hand
light
say althoughortt.is
Though he manner.
talks in
an offhand
Hfcdzurashi-so ni mite curious looking
He is looking at a curious thing.(
it
as
if it
were
The stemthe phrase82.
occasionally standsni natta,it
makkuro
by itself as a noun, as in has become quite black.'
THE PREDICATE, ADVERB ORor hiro.to the
INDEFINITE FORM.
Hiroku
By adding kuused where
the verb 'to be
stem we get the predicate, or form comes between the adjective'
and the noun.
The same formhirois
is
also used as an adverb.*
The
contracted form
obtained by dropping the
k of hiroku and joining into one syllable the last vowel In this way, of the stem and the u of the termination.
hiroku becomes
first hiroii
and then hiro' ;
;
hayaku becomes
dense,' loses first successively hayail and hayo shigeku, its k and becomes shigeii, which is then contracted into
shigyo; furukit becomes furil. Adjectives whose adverbial form ends in iku lose the k but suffer no further change.
Thus yakamashiku,shiu.*
'
noisy,'
is
contracted
into yakamci-
As
in
German.
THE ADJECTIVE.
95
a predicate, the contracted form is better, but when used as an adverb, the uncontracted form is more usual,
As
especially in the
Tokio
dialect.
Examples.i.
As a
Predicate.
O(hon.)
hayu.early
Good morning. Good morning (moreIsn'tit
O(hon.)
hayu gozarimasii.early
polite).
areearly yet?
Madayet
hayu gozariniascnu ka?earlyis
not
?
Konothis
tniima via
goku fakOvery dear
This horse
is
very dear.
horse
gozarimasii.is
2.
As an Adverb.or hayo!
Hayaku Hayakuquickly
QuickI
!
o
ide
nasare
ComeIt is
quickly.
Come
early.
come
dowell made.it
Yoku
dekita.
Shiroku nurlmasMta.3.
He
painted
white.
As a Noun.He workedtill
Osoku made hataraita. late until worked
late.
Okunumerousshirasete.
no
Into
ni
man
Letting people in general know.
making known4.
As
Indefinite
Form.in
Ride.
Whenever
English two or more adjectives are'
joined by the conjunction and,' all but the last take in Japanese the adverbial or indefinite form. Compare therule
given for the use of the Indefinite
Form
of verbs
on
p. 52.
96
THE ADJECTIVE.
Examples.Kumocloudskitroku,
amc
hidoi.
Therainis
clouds are black and theviolent.
black
rain violent
Kamihead
no
kc ga ktirokit, me hair black eyes
A woman^j ue eveSi
with black hair and
ga
(lu'oi
onna.
blue
woman
UtsnknsJiiku chisai kodomo. little child pretty
A
pretty
little
child.
Oya mo naknparentssisters
not
kiudai brothers orto
a person who has neither parents nor brothers or sisters.is
He
momonopersonda,is
nal
iu
even not
called
no iva sono that having come out no niubu to niiyctc, soma woodcutter's wife seeming ..._ ,. ,. ,. tcshigoro wa mini shichi hachi,
Dete klta
The person who came forth was apparently the woodcutter's wife. She was twenty seven orfair
agede,iro
twenty seven eightshirokit,
twenty eight years of age, with complexion and a straight. '
liana suji
nose
and was a
st >' le
of
woman
complexion whitetori,
nose lineni
not often found in mountain huts.
yamaga
wa
was thorough mountain huts mare na onna de gozaimasu.rare
womanlast
is
The
sentence shows that in this construction the
adverbial forms of adjectives (shiroku) and the stems of In verbs (tori) are given the same syntactical value.
ordinary conversationpreferred.
some other construction
is
generally
83.
Adverb with'
te.
Hiroku
te.
Te
in this
combination
may
be taken as the equivalent
of atte,
being.'
Examples.Knraku, dark
miyemascnu being cannot see
te
It is
so dark
I
cannot
see.
THE ADJECTIVE.Samiikucoldte
97I
tamarimasenn. not endurete
It isit.
so cold
cannot endure
Isogashiku
tsui
go
I
busy
casually (hon.)
have some how or
have been so busy that I another notto see yoiu
busata wo itashimashita. did not giving news
comeIts
Shiroku being white
te
yoroshi.is
being white
is
an advant-
good
age.It is
Atsuku84.
te hiroi.
thick and wide.te
Adverb with
te
wa.
Hiroku
wa, commonly
contracted into hirokucha.
This form
is
a sort of Conditional
Mood.
It is in
very
common
use, especially with the Adverbial
Form
of the
Negative Adjective.
Examples.Hatsuka20thyori
osokulate
te
wa;
I
shall be
inconvenienced
if it
than
s
i
ater
t
h an the twentieth.
komaru. am inconveniencedUsukiichathinikcnai.It
won't do
for
it
to
be too
does not do
thin.I
NakHchaif
notnl
naranu. does not become
must have
it.
Sugicat
knwanakuchanot buying
Some must be bought
at once,
once
naritnasenu.
does not do
84.
Adverb withis
te
mo.
HirokuIt
te
mo.
Thistense.
a Concessive
Form.mo
belongs to no particular
Donnani
kitanakudirty
te
I
don't care
how
dirty
it
is.
how muchkamawanai.don't care
Abnnaku
te
mo
Kamaucare
Whogerous?
cares even
if
it
is
dan-
dangerous being even mono ka ?person?
98Usukuthinte
THE ADJECTIVE.modaijubusafe
dcsu.is
It is
quite safe,
though
it
is
thin.
85.
Adverb with
ba.
Hiroktiba or hirokumba.Hypothetical
BaForm
with the Adverb corresponds to theof the Verb, and likeit is
not
much'
used.
86. The Negative of Adjectives is formed with the help of the Negative Adjectives nai is not,' and the past and future by adding the past and future of aru to be,' to'
the Adverbial form.
Examples.Omoshirok' atta.It
was amusing.must belate,
Moalreadyred
osok
1
art.
It
late will be
Akaku nai nonot
via iranai.
don't
want
I don't not red.
want
any
that
are
87.
This form
THE ATTRIBUTIVE FORM. Hiroi. may be obtained by adding i to:;:
the root.ki,
It is
really, however, a contraction for an older form in being omitted.
the k
This form
is
used when the adjective immediately pre-
cedes the noun.
ExamplesYoihito,
of Attributive
Form.
Warni onna.Atsni kaml.
A good man. A bad woman.Thick paper.
Awoi kawo.Sainiti koto!
A
pale face.
How
cold
it
is
!
(lit.
the cold
thing!).
Fnkai toki wa func dc wataru. If it boat cross deep time a boa t*
is
deep,
I
shall
cross in
The
older form
is
the proverb tori naki sato no kumori,
not quite obsolete. It is retained for example in the bat of No-bird-town,' and in'
the termination bcki.
THE ADJECTIVE.
gg
Thetive.
particle
no
is
No
has
in this position'
often attached to this form of the adjecvery much the force of theone.'It is
English indefinite pronountraction forrate suit the
possibly here a conat
mono
l
thing.'
This derivation would
any
meaning.
Examples.Yoroshi no
wa
nai ka
?
Have you no good ones ?There are only white ones.
Shiroi no bakari aru.
Kuroi noblack
wa ikutsii arimasu ? how many
How manythereI?
black
ones
are
Akai no hitotsu mo gozarimaredSC1IU.
have not a single red one.
Kore wano dc
hiakiishij
no
wandbad
This
is
not the farmer's fault,
farmer
wa
nai.
Yorl-dotte
mo
ii
May
I
have pick and choice
?
choose having taken even good no desu ka ?is
?
Nolated'
ni following this
form of the adjective:
may
be trans-
while,' as in the examples
Sonothatsoto
mamastate
de
ii no good
ni,
naze
why
as they werC)
ye dashitaput-out
?
While they were well enough why did you put them out of doors ?
outside
Samui nocold
ni naze atatakai ki-
whyki
warm
Why
don't
you wear warm?
clothes in this cold weather
mono
nai ka ? clothes wear not
This form of the adjectiveas in the following examplesSuisourta
may:
stand by
itself
as a noun,
mo amai mosweethito desu.
shiri-nni-
Hefectly
is
a
man who knowsis
per-
know passedis
what
what
wish to do
to
.,
omottc itnasii. thinking remain
Theforej
it,
Desiderative Adjective may take either ga or as shown in the last example.
wo
be-
94.
NEGATIVE ADJECTIVES.
important class of adjectives is that which is formed from verbs by adding to the negative base the negativeadjective nni,.
An
(
not.
'
They
are formed from
all
verbs, with a very few excepto
tions, constantly used forms of the verb proper.
and are
replace
the
negative
The
contracted, and the Abstract
Predicate and Adverb of these adjectives Noun is not in use.
is
seldom
Examples.Wakaranai.it is
I
don't understand,
unintelligibleI
rkcnu-anai.
don't guaranteeI
it.
Shiranai hi to.
A mante
don't know.
Yakanaku. not roasting
mo yorosht.is
You need
not roast
it.
even
good
THE ADJECTIVE.Kaze ga nai kara, ho wo wind not because sailkakctcmo kakenakusette
I0 3the
It
is
all
hoist sail or not, as there
same whether you is no
mo
onaji
not set
same
wind.
koto da.
thing
is
Shiranakcwba, sensaku shimainquiryshr>.
If
he does not know,inquiries.
I
will
makeIt
Sonnakcrcba
koto ivo iwanaif not that sort of t'hingit no ni. good while
would have been bettersort.
if
he
had said nothing of the
say
Mono wo mo iwanaithing
de
Heword.
ran off without saying
a
without saying
mgcdashita. ran offI kanakiinot-gotc
wa
if
narimasenb. does not be-
I
must go.
comeIn the idiom exemplified in the last sentence, the .word
narimasenu
is
often omitted,
and
te
wa
contracted into
dm.
Examples.Kawanakucha.Te wo arawanakiicha.II
must buy.must wash
my
hands.
Konakucha naranu.
He must come.''
.95.''
Bcki.' '
This termination, which means'
ought,all
should,
may,
must
'
or
'
'
will,
is
indispensable in
forms of the written language, but, by a curious caprice, it has been almost entirely banished from the colloquial.
The uncontracted forms
beki (attributive), beku (adverb) and
beshi (adj. with substantive verb) are considered bookish and affected, while the contracted form bei is also con-
demned
as characterizing the rustic dialect of the east of
Japan. Byd, the contracted adverbial form, is seldom or never used except on the stage. In a few combinations,
104
THE ADJECTIVE.
however, beki, beku remain in use, as ko subeki hadzu da, thus ought to do necessity is,' i.e. this is how it ought if to be done, narubcku, as far as possible,' narubeku wa,lit' ''
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