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7/31/2019 99 ChemAware Chapter 04
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1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA57
WHAT IS AN ACCIDENT
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OBJECTIVE
CA58
Identify types of potential chemical accidents and
associated hazards
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Can be defined in several ways
an unplanned release of chemical warfare agent into
environment at levels which exceed those permitted by state
or federal regulations more conservative definition is any unplanned event that
could lead to the release of chemical warfare agent
AN ACCIDENT . . .
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Important to know amount of material accidentally
released
Amount of material released called source term
Source term and weather conditions at time of releasedetermine
how far downwind hazardous materials will travel
concentration of chemical warfare agent to which people
could be exposed
CA60
SIZE OF ACCIDENT
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PROXIMITY TO POTENTIALACCIDENT SITE
Also important to know how close people might be to
a potential accident site and their location with respect
to airborne agent plume
Illustrated CSEPP installation and community
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ACCIDENT LIKELIHOOD
Most likely accidents are small ones that do not pose a
threat except to someone in very close proximity to
accident
Large accidents (source terms large enough to pose athreat to community) have much lower probability of
occurring
Unlikely that an accident will cause injury or death to
anyone
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Engineers and scientists systematically studieddifferent ways accidents could occur and estimated
how likely events were that caused an accident
They estimated probabilities of many different
accidents and calculated number of fatalities that couldoccur for each accident
They calculated the consequences of each accident
Risk =Probability For
of X Consequences allAccident (Times) (Summed) Events
CA63
WHAT IS MEANT BY UNLIKELY?
Calculation of risk
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POTENTIAL ACCIDENT TYPESAND HAZARDS
If accident large enough to pose threat to public,
dominant hazard is from breathing air in which agent
exists as vapor
Paths for liquid chemical warfare agent to travel from
accident to off-site are limited and relatively easy to
block therefore people off-site unlikely to encounter
liquid agent
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THREE BASIC TYPES
OF POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS
1. Spill
2. Explosion
3. Fire
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SPILL
(not to scale)
Onto ground or other surfaces
Resulting puddle of agent (liquid deposition) can
evaporate into vapor and drift downwind
Example of a plume resulting from a spill
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(not to scale)
EXPLOSION
Causes droplets of agent to be formed
Larger, heavier droplets quickly fall to ground
(deposition)
Releases vapors and aerosols (smaller droplets andparticles) that can travel greater distances
Example of a plume resulting from an explosion
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DIFFERENCE BETWEENAEROSOLS AND VAPORS
Think of a chemical agent release
in terms of hair spray coming from
a spray can:
when spray is release, it is an aerosol larger particles and/or droplets are
deposited near point of release
particles quickly fall out of air onto
hair and skinperson across room can smell hair
spray from breathing vapors released
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It is very unlikely the public would be exposed to
droplets and aerosols
Particles will mostly fall out of plume (via deposition)
by time plume reaches installation boundary
WHAT IF AN ACCIDENT OCCURS?
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ACCIDENT CATEGORIES
Selection of protective action strategies contingent on
characteristics of accident
Accident categories are group of accident scenarios
bound together by common source terms andmeteorological conditions
Designed to support grouping of large number of
protective action strategies
Each installation has set of accident categories
CA72
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CHEMICAL EVENT EMERGENCYNOTIFICATION SYSTEM
Standard chemical accident notification
Provides a common language between installation and
off-site emergency responders Fosters clear understanding and ready reference for
emergency response actions
Off-site response consists of 4 levels
nonsurety (does not involve chemical warfare agents)
limited area, post-only, and community emergencies
(involve chemical warfare agents)
CA73
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NON-SURETY EMERGENCY
General interest to public
Poses no chemical surety hazard
Action: Notification to IRZ designated points of
contact
CA74
Illustrated CSEPP installation and community
Army Installation Boundary
Limited
Area
Boundary
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Illustrated CSEPP installation and community
Plume
Army Installation Boundary
Limited
Area
Boundary
LIMITED AREA EMERGENCY
Declared when predicted chemical agent no-effects
dosage does not extend beyond chemical limited area
Action: Notification of IRZ and State points-of-contact
IRZ emergency responseofficials may go to level
of readiness
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POST-ONLY EMERGENCY
CA76
Declared when predicted chemical agent no-effects
dosage extends beyond chemical limited boundary but
not installation boundary
Not expected to present danger to off-site public
Action: Notification of IRZ, PAZ,and State-designated
points-of-contact
IRZ response organizations
mobilize
precautionary protective
actions may be initiated
in nearby areas
Illustrated CSEPP installation and community
Plume
Army Installation Boundary
Limited
Area
Boundary
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COMMUNITY EMERGENCY
Declared when predicted chemical agent no-effects
dosage extends beyond installation boundary
Action: Notification of IRZ, PAZ, and
State-designatedpoints-of-contact
all emergency response
organizations mobilize
IRZ and affected PAZ areasimplement specified
protective actions
CA77
Illustrated CSEPP installation and community
Plume
Army Installation Boundary
Limited
Area
Boundary
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Armys detection capability consists of low-level and
gross-level detectors
Any vapor detection efforts off-site would be
conducted by Army survey teams using appropriateequipment
CA78
CHEMICAL WARFAREAGENT DETECTION
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