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8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Z
An Evaluation of Effect of Teaching-Aids used inTeaching of Hindi in Std VIII
A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Regn. No. Ed/007/011/2006-07
M M
M M
GuideDr. K. C. ParmarPrincipal / Professor
Hindi Shikshak Mahavidyalay
Gujarat Vidyapith,
Ahmedabad-14
ResearcherAshok M. ParmarAsst. Professor
Hindi Shikshak Mahavidyalay
Gujarat Vidyapith,
Ahmedabad-14
Dept. of EducationGanpat University, Ganpat Vidyanagar
Kherva-382711December 2010
em{YmWu H$m oZd{XZem{YmWu H$m oZd{XZem{YmWu H$m oZd{XZem{YmWu H$m oZd{XZem{YmWu H$m oZd{XZ
_{am oZd{XZ h¡ oH$ àñVwV _hmem{Y à]§Y _| oZoX©ï> oddaU Ed§ oZîH$f© _{a{
_m¡obH$ odMma h¡ $& Bg _hmem{Y à]§Y _| àñVwV odMmam| H$s [yU©V• oOå_{Xmar _{ar
ZroO h¡ $& g§X^©JV C[`m{J H{$ obE gyoMV g§X^© gmohË` H$m AmYma ob`m J`m
h¡ $&
oXZm§H$ •
ñWb • JU[V `woZdog©Q>r, I{adm
hñVmja •
em{YmWu H$m Zm_ • Aem{H$ [a_ma
h h
II
oZX}eH$ H$m à_mU[ÌoZX}eH$ H$m à_mU[ÌoZX}eH$ H$m à_mU[ÌoZX}eH$ H$m à_mU[ÌoZX}eH$ H$m à_mU[Ì
_¢ à_moUV H$a ahm hÿ± oH$ Aem{H$Hw$_ma _m{Vr^mB© [a_maAem{H$Hw$_ma _m{Vr^mB© [a_maAem{H$Hw$_ma _m{Vr^mB© [a_maAem{H$Hw$_ma _m{Vr^mB© [a_maAem{H$Hw$_ma _m{Vr^mB© [a_ma H{$ Ûmam àñVwV
em{Y à]§Y "8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Agadt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Agadt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Agadt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Agadt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga
H$m _yë`m §H$ZH$m _yë`m §H$ZH$m _yë`m §H$ZH$m _yë`m §H$ZH$m _yë`m §H$Z" CZH$m _m ¡obH$ Ed§ ñdV§Ì em{Y H$m`© h¡ $& àñVwV em{KH$m`©
[rEM.S>r. (oejmemó) H$s C[moY H{$ obE _{a{ oZX}eZ _| Amdí`H$ AÜ``Z H{$
obE odMma od_e© H$aH{$ oZð>m[yd©H$ Ed§ g§Vm{fOZH$ oH$`m h¡ $& aoOñQ>{eZ H«$_m§H$
(JU[V `woZdog©Q>r, I{adm, oO. _h{gmZm) • Ed/007/011/2006-07
oXZm§H$ •
ñWb • JU[V `woZdog©Q>r, I{adm
oZX}eH$ H{$ hñVmja •
oZX}eH$ H$m Zm_ •
h h
III
H¥$VkVm km[ZH¥$VkVm km[ZH¥$VkVm km[ZH¥$VkVm km[ZH¥$VkVm km[Z
em{YH$m`© _| Y¡`© AoV Amdí`H$ h¡ Am¡a Y¡`© g{ hr em{YH$m`© g§[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡ $& E{g{ Y¡`©
g{ _{a{ em{Y H$m`© _| oZa§Va oOZH$m _mJ©Xe©Z o_bm h¡ $& E{g{ _{a{ oZX}eH$ S>m°. H$mpÝVbmb gr.
[a_ma H$m _¢ öX` g{ Am^mar hÿ± $& oOÝhm|Z{ _{a{ Bg em{YH$m`© H$m{ A[Zm g_PH$a gh`m{J
oX`m h¡ $&
_{a{{ em{Y H$m`© _| Amdí`H$ g§JUoH$` H$m`© Ed§ oH$Vm]| C[bãY H$admB© E{g{ S>m°. _h{e
amdb Am¡a S>m°. oZb{e H$m[oS>`m, _h{ÝÐ [a_ma Am¡a S>m°. A_nae [arI H$m _¢ Am^mar hy± &
àXÎm AmH$bZ _| gh`m{Jr ode{fk, odÚmb`m| H{$ AmMm`© Am¡a N>mÌ-N>mÌmE±, oOgg{
_{am `h H$m`© [yU© hþAm h¡, CZ g^r H$m _¢ Am^mar hÿ± $&
em{Y H{$ g_` J¥hH$m`© _| ì`ñV _{ar OrdZ g§JrZr _rVb H$m _¢ F$Ur hy±, oOÝhm|Z{ A[Z{
J¥hH$m`© H$s ì`ñVVm H{$ gmW-gmW _{am CËgmh ]aH$ama aIm $& _{ar Xm{Zm| oMa§Ordr b¶S>oH$`m±
Fw$Vwb Am¡a MmhZm H$m _¢ F$Ur hÿ±, oOÝhm|Z{ A[Zr ]mbghO oH«$`mAm| H$m{ ZµOa A§XmO H$aH{$
_{a{ H$m`© H$m{ JoV Xr h¡ $& _¢ _{ar _mVwlr oXdmbr]hZ Am¡a o[VmOr _m{Vr^mB© H$m Am^mar hÿ±,
oOÝhm| Z{ oZð>m[yd©H$ Am¡a B_mZXmar g{ _wP_| H$m`© H$aZ{ H{$ g§ñH$mam| H$m qgMZ oH$`m h¡ $&
Bg em{Y H$m`© H$m{ H$åß`yQ>arH¥$V H$aH{$ oOÝhm|Z{ _{a{ CËgmh H$m{ ]¶T>m`m h¡ E{gr lr_Vr
M§oÐH$m]hZ [Q>{b H$m _| F$Ur hy± $& _{a{ em{YH$m`© _| àË`j Am¡a [am{j ê$[ g{ gh`m{J X{Z{ H{$
obE _{a{ o_Ì, ñdOZ ew^{ÀN>H$m| H$m _| F$Ur hÿ± $& _{am `h em{KH$m`© oejm OJV _| gh`m{Jr
ogÕ hm{Jm Vm{ _{am H$m`© g\$b hþAm h¡ Egr AZw^yoV g{ _wP{ àgÝZVm hm{Jr $&
oXZm§H$ •
ñWb • JU[V `woZdog©Q>r, I{adm
Aem{H$ [a_ma
h h
IV
V
AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`H« $_H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_
ndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMr [ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
1
2
Zm_H$aUZm_H$aUZm_H$aUZm_H$aUZm_H$aU
em{YmWu H$m oZd{XZ
oZX{©eH$ H$m à_mU[Ì
H¥$VkVm km[Z
VmobH$mgyMr
Ama{IgyMr
g_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aU
1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd
1.3 em{Y H$m _hÎd
1.4 g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU
1.5 em{Y H{$ CXX²{í`
1.6 em{Y H{$ Ma
1.7 em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE±
1.8 em{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z
1.9 em{Y H$m gr_m§H$Z
1.10 em{Y odoY
1.11 em{Y H$s C[`m{oJVm
1.12 AoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ
gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjmgå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjmgå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjmgå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjmgå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjm
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 oejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [yd©^yo_H$m •
2.2.1 oejU gm_J«r H$s g§H$ë[Zm •
2.2.2 oejU gm_J«r H$r ode{fVm •
I
II
III
IV
XII
XVI
1
2
3
4
6
8
8
10
11
12
12
12
13
14
15
16
16
19
odf`gyMrodf`gyMrodf`gyMrodf`gyMrodf`gyMr
VI
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
24
25
25
26
28
29
33
41
43
45
50
51
2.2.3 oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ
2.2.4 oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gå]ÝY _{§ gmdKmoZ`m±
2.2.4.1 oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ grIZ{ H{$
CXX²{í`m| H{$ AZwê$[ h¡ $&
2.2.4.2 N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$
obE V¡ ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
2.2.4.3 oejU-gm_J«r H$m{ oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s
`m{OZm ]ZmB© JB© h¡ $&
2.2.4.4 N>mÌm| H$s gh^mnJVm H$m Adga &
2.2.4.5 AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ &
2.2.4.6 [naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z $&
2.3 gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW© &
2.3.1 gå]pÝKV gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`©
2.3.2 gå]pÝYV gmohË`-g_rjm H$m AW© &
2.3.3 gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ AÜ``Z H$m _hÎd &
2.3.4 gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ CXX²{í` &
2.4 gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z &
2.5 gå]pÝYV em{Y H{$ gå]pÝYV [yd© em{Y H$m`© H$m AÜ``Z &
2.5.1 JwOamV _| hþE em{YH$m`© &
2.5.2 ^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{YH$m`© &
2.5.3 gå]pÝYV em{Y g{ gå]pÝYV odX{e _| hþE em{YH$m`© &
2.6 AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm &
2.7 [yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm &
2.8 àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË` &
2.9 g_m[Z
AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`H« $_H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_
ndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMr [ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`H« $_H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_
ndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMr [ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
3 52
53
53
53
53
54
58
58
61
62
62
62
63
64
64
65
65
65
66
67
68
70
70
71
em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm
3.0 àñVmdZm
3.1 em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm
3.1.1 g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z
3.1.1.1 g_oï>
3.1.1.2 Ý`mXe© M`Z
3.1.2 em{YodoY
3.1.2.1 à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY
3.1.2.2 à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$s ode{fVm Ed§
em{Y [naMbZ
3.1.2.2.1 ñdV§Ì Ma
3.1.2.2.2 AmolV Ma H$m oZarjU
3.1.2.2.3 AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU
3.1.2.2.4 Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm
3.1.2.2.5 ]mø d¡YVm
3.1.2.3 em{Y _| g_modï> Ma
3.1.2.4 àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ aMZm
3.1.2.5 àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm
3.1.3 C[H$aU oZ_m©U
3.1.3.1 bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm
3.1.3.2 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm
3.1.3.3 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm
3.1.4 àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU
3.2 BH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z
3.2.1 BH$mB© M`Z H$s odoY
VII
AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`H« $_H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_
ndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMr [ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
4
73
74
77
81
84
84
85
86
87
88
88
89
89
90
91
92
92
93
93
3.2.2 oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z
3.2.2.1 oejU gm_J«r H$m dJuH$aU
3.2.2.2 oejU gm_J«r _| g_modï> gm_J«r
H$m àH$ma, M`Z Ed§ aMZm $&
3.2.3 AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUr
3.2.4 AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| oejU gm_J«r H$m odoZ`m{J
3.3 g_m[Z
àXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aUàXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aUàXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aUàXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aUàXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aU
4.1 àñVmdZm
4.2 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M
4.2.1 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm
4.2.1.1 Hw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
H$s odídgZr`Vm
4.2.1.2 H$Ý`mAm| H${ J«y[ H${ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
H$s odídgZr`Vm
4.2.2 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm
4.2.2.1 Hw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
H$s d¡YVm
4.2.2.2 H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J«y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
H$s d¡YVm
4.2.3 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{
dmb{ Am±H$¶S>{ $&
4.3 à`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{¶S>m| H$m M`Z
4.3.1 ]woÕ _mZm§H$m| H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{¶S>m{ H$m M`Z $
4.3.2 bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s
gmW©H$Vm
VIII
AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`H« $_H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_
ndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMr [ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
93
95
97
99
101
102
104
107
107
111
4.3.2.1 ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$
Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ g_{b
Om{¶S>m| H$s gmW©H$Vm
4.3.2.2 ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$
Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$
g_{b Om{¶S>m| H$s gmW©H$Vm
4.3.2.3 J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$
Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ g_{b
Om{¶S>m| H$s gmW©H$Vm
4.3.2.4 J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$
Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$
g_{b Om{¶S>m| H$s gmW©H$Vm
4.3.3 àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m|
H$s Om±M
4.3.3.1 ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$
Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãY
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m [arjU
4.4 à`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$
àmßVm§H$m| H$m 't' [najU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$
4.5 à`m{J [ümV² ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV
J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m [arjU
4.5.1 ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam|
H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m AÜ``Z $
4.5.2 ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m {oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s
H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m [arjU
IX
AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`H« $_H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_
ndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMr [ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
115
118
122
122
125
128
131
134
136
136
4.5.3 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam|
H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z
4.5.4 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$r H$Ý`mAm|
H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z
4.6 à`m{J [ümV² OmoV Am¡a j{Ì H{$ AmYma [a N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z
4.6.1 ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV
J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m
VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $
4.6.2 ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a ehar
j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m{ H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $
4.6.3 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_ma
Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m| H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $
4.6.4 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a J«må`
j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z
4.7 à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm| j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m{ H$m oddaU $
4.8 à`m{J àümV² àmßV Am±H$¶S>m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm
4.8.1 ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m {oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$
odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$s
ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $
X
AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`AÜ`m`H« $_H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_
ndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMrndf`gyMr [ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
147
149
151
152
152
153
158
4.8.2 ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m {oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$
odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m|
H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $
4.8.3 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m {oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$
odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$s
ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $
4.8.4 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m {oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$
odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m|
H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $
4.9 à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $
4.10 g_m[Z
em{Y gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmdem{Y gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmdem{Y gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmdem{Y gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmdem{Y gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmd
5.1 àñVmdZm
5.2 gmam§e
5.3 oZîH$f©
5.4 e¡ojH$ \$obVmW©
5.5 em{Y H$m`© H{$ gwPmd
5.6 ^mdr em{Y H$s oXemE±
5.7 g_m[Z
g§X^©gyMr
[naoeï>
XI
5
VmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mH « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
oddaUoddaUoddaUoddaUoddaU [¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Ý`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV odÚmb`m| H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌ
A§oV_ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV N>mÌm| H${ odÚmb` H{$ j{ÌmZwgma
à`m{J[mÌ
àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm
bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s BH$mB©`m± Am¡a A§H$ ^mam§H$
ode{fkm| H{$ gwPmd Ed§ gwYma
8dt H$jm H$s BH$mB©`m| H$m M`Z
em{YH$m`© _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H$m g_yh _mÜ`_ H{$ AmYma [a
dJuH$aU
aMZm Ed§ C[`m{J H{$ AmYma [a oejU gm_J«r H$m dJuH$aU
à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z Ed§ oZ_m©U odoY
ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUr
J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUr
CÎma H$gm¡Q>r (x) Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$
àmßVm§H$ (y) H{$ gmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaU
CÎma H$gm¡Q>r (x) Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$
àmßVm§H$ (y) H{$ gmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaU
CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ g§_H$m| H$m
oddaU $
ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm|
H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a
_mZH$ odMbZ $
ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam|
H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm
ñVa $
57
58
61
67
69
73
74
75
78
82
83
90
91
92
94
95
VmobH$mgyMrVmobH$mgyMrVmobH$mgyMrVmobH$mgyMrVmobH$mgyMr
XII
VmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mH « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
oddaUoddaUoddaUoddaUoddaU [¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$
odMbZ
ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s
H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a
gmW©H$Vm ñVa
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$
odMbZ Xem©Z{dmbr VmnbH$m
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa
$Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s
H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU,
_Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa
ehar - J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$
bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$
AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $
ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[
H${ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU
Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $
ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m
_Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa
Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $
XIII
VmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mH « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
oddaUoddaUoddaUoddaUoddaU [¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
108
109
111
112
115
116
118
119
122
125
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmobH$m
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa
Xem©Vr VmobH$m
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmboH$m
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s
H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$
odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$
AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$
AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s
H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$
odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV
J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$
odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $
XIV
VmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mH « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
oddaUoddaUoddaUoddaUoddaU [¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
128
131
134
140
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s
H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$
odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$
Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ,
H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $
Xm{Zm| J« y[m| H{$ g^r N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m oddaU
Xem©Vr VmobH$m $
à`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$s
ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ Xem©Vr VmobH$m $
XV
H« $_H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_ Ama{I H$m oddaUAma{I H$m oddaUAma{I H$m oddaUAma{I H$m oddaUAma{I H$m oddaU [¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ehar àm`m{oJH$ Hw$_ma Am¡a ehar oZ`§oÌV Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I $
ehar àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a ehar oZ`§oÌV H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m{ § H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m{ § H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I
àm`m{oJH$ J«må` H$Ý`m Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«må` H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I $
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|
H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I $&
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$
Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I $&
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|
H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I $&
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ H$w_mam|
H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I $&
110
114
117
121
124
127
130
133
Ama{IgyMrAma{IgyMrAma{IgyMrAma{IgyMrAma{IgyMr
XVI
H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_ [naoeï> oddaU[naoeï> oddaU[naoeï> oddaU[naoeï> oddaU[naoeï> oddaU[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >
H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H$m MmQ> ©g
em{KH$m`© H$m àmê$[
bYw]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r
bpãY H$gm¡Q>r
gh`m{Jr àmWo_H$ Ed§ 8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejH$m| H$s gyMr
BH$mB© M`Z H{$ obE à`w·V _Vmdbr
H$gm¡Q>r oZ_m©U _| gh`m{Jr ode{fkm| H$s gyMr
CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
g_{b Om{ ¶S> {
M`oZV BH$mB©`m| H$s odf`dñVw
AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H{$ obE [mR> oZ`m{OZ
odf`m§J H{$ g§X^© _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r
oejU gm_J«r H{$ \$m{Q>m {J«m\$
AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H{$ \$m{Q>m {J«m\$
158
159
160
161
176
178
181
183
199
204
233
242
250
293
[naoeï>gyMr[naoeï>gyMr[naoeï>gyMr[naoeï>gyMr[naoeï>gyMr
XVII
AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` 1
g_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aU
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
àñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZm
oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎdoejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎdoejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎdoejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎdoejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd
em{Y H$m _hÎdem{Y H$m _hÎdem{Y H$m _hÎdem{Y H$m _hÎdem{Y H$m _hÎd
g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU
em{Y H{$ CXX²{í`em{Y H{$ CXX²{í`em{Y H{$ CXX²{í`em{Y H{$ CXX²{í`em{Y H{$ CXX²{í`
em{Y H{$ Maem{Y H{$ Maem{Y H{$ Maem{Y H{$ Maem{Y H{$ Ma
em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE±em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE±em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE±em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE±em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE±
em{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Zem{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Zem{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Zem{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Zem{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z
em{Y H$m gr_m§H$Zem{Y H$m gr_m§H$Zem{Y H$m gr_m§H$Zem{Y H$m gr_m§H$Zem{Y H$m gr_m§H$Z
em{Y odoYem{Y odoYem{Y odoYem{Y odoYem{Y odoY
em{Y H$s C[`m{oJVmem{Y H$s C[`m{oJVmem{Y H$s C[`m{oJVmem{Y H$s C[`m{oJVmem{Y H$s C[`m{oJVm
AoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZAoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZAoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZAoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZAoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ
2
AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` 1
g_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`mM`Z Ed§ [mna^mfrH$aU
1.1 àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •
E{gr H$B© dñVwE± h¢ oOZ_| J¥hC[`m{Jr MrO|, àoV_m, ]V©Z, oIbm¡Z{, J{hZ{ AmoX
H$m C[`m{J CgH{$ oZ_m©U Ed§ aMZm H{$ AmYma [a oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ CgH$m AW© Am¡a C[`m{J
_`m©oXV hm{ OmVm h¡ $& E{gr dñVwE± oejm H{$ j{Ì _| oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Zm_ g{
àMobV h¢ $& H$jm-H$j _| E{gr gm_J«r H$m{ à`w·V H$aZ{ [a Innovation hm{Vm h¡ &
>Innovation H$m AW© em{Y H$aZm Zht h¡, Ao[Vw Om{ Im{O hþB© h¡ Cg_| Hw$N> Z`m
Om{ ¶S>H$a Ed§ CgH{$ C[`m{J g§]§Yr [ÕoV _| [nadV©Z H$aH{$ CgH$m{ Z`m ê$[ àXmZ H$aZm
h¡ $& oejm H{$ j{Ì _| E{g{ AZ{H$ odf`m§J h¡ oOg_| AÜ`m[H$ Mmh{ Vm{ gm_mÝ` dñVwE±,
O¡g{ • ]V©Z, J{hZ{, oIbm¡Z{, [{[a H$qQ>½g, o\$ë_, DVD, Q> {[naH$mS> ©a, Vgdra,
ñdoZo_©V C[H$aUm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V H$a gH$Vm h¢ $&
H$m{R>mar Am`m{J (1964-66) H${ AZwgma –
" "AÜ`m[Z _| JwUmË_H$ odH$mg h{Vw àË`{H$ odÚmb` H$m{ ghm`H$ gm_J«r C[bãY
H$amZm Amdí`H$ h¡, Bgg{ dmñVd _| X{e H$s oejm _| H«$mpÝV bmZr Mmhr$&' '
gZ² 1986 H$r amï>r` oejm ZroV Z{ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$] Am¡a ode{f ê$[ g{ ]ZmB©
gm_J«r H$m AoYJ_-AÜ`m[Z H$m{ dmñVodH$ d à^mdembr ]ZmZ{ H{$ ]ma{ _| gwPm`m h¡ $&1
àmMrZ H$mb g{ Mbr Am`r oejm ZroV _| àdV©_mZ g_` Am¡a oejm H{$ j{Ì H$m{
X{IH$a Amdí`H$ ]Xbmd µOê$ar h¡ $& H{$db Mm°H$ Am¡a Q>m °H$ H$s oejm A] CXX² {í`
1 _YwgwXZ oÌ[mR>r, AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU.AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU.AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU.AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU.AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU. ZB© oXëbr• Am{_{Ym [pãbH{$eÝg
2006, [¥. 215-16.
3
àmoßV H$s àoH«$`m H{$ obE à^mdr Zht ahr, AV• dV©_mZ H$jm-H$j àoH«$`m H$m{ à^mdr
Ed§ gab ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE oejH$ H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H$hm± VH$ ghm` H$a gH$Vr h¡, BgH{$
obE àñVwV em{Y oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
1.2 oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd •oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd •oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd •oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd •oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd •
Om{ kmZ kmZ{pÝÐ`m| [a AmYmnaV hm{Vm h¡ dh XrY©Ordr hm{Vm h¡ VWm ñWm`r ahVm
h¡; oejU gm_J«r Bgr ogÕm§V [a AmYmnaV hm{Vr h¡, oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd g§j{[ _|
oZåZm§oH$V h¡ $& 2
2 H{$.gr. doeï>, oejU Ed§ em{Y Ao^`m{½`Vm.oejU Ed§ em{Y Ao^`m{½`Vm.oejU Ed§ em{Y Ao^`m{½`Vm.oejU Ed§ em{Y Ao^`m{½`Vm.oejU Ed§ em{Y Ao^`m{½`Vm. AmJam • C[H$ma àH$meZ 2006,
[¥. 88
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oejU gm_J«roejU gm_J«roejU gm_J«roejU gm_J«roejU gm_J«r
H$mH$mH$mH$mH$m
_hÎd_hÎd_hÎd_hÎd_hÎd
ZragVm H$s g_moßV
4
1.3 em{Y H$m _hÎd •em{Y H$m _hÎd •em{Y H$m _hÎd •em{Y H$m _hÎd •em{Y H$m _hÎd •
AÜ`m[Z _| [a§[amJV [ÕoV AgaH$maH$ Zht hm{ gH$Vr $& ^mfm H{$ AÜ`m[Z _|
oejH$ ]m{bVm ahVm h¡ dh à^mdH$ Zht hm{Vm, N>mÌm| H$m{ oH$gr odf` H{$ AÜ``Z H{$
obE BpÝÐ` J«mø AZw^d g{ kmZ H$admZm AoV Amdí`H$ h¡ $& àdV©_mZ$ `wJ _| oejU
gm_J«r H${ Ûmam oH$`{ J`{ AÜ``Z - AÜ`m[Z H$m{ _hÎd oX`m J`m h¡ $& AV• AÜ`m[Z
gyÌm| H$m ^r _hÎd ]¶T>m h¡ $& oOg Vah _Zm{d¡kmoZH$ gyÌm| H$m{ AÜ``Z _| ñWmZ o_bm h¡,
Cgr Vah oejH$, N>mÌ Am¡a [mR>çdñVw _| ^r _Zm{odkmZ H$s _hX ^yo_H$m X{IZ{ H$m{
o_bVr h¡ $&3
^mfm `m AÝ` H$m{B© odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z H$s ]mV H$a| Vm{ h_| oZåZ ]mV| Adí` `mX
aIZr MmohE •
We Remember 20 % what we hear
30 % what we see
50 % what we see and hear
80 % what we see and do
90 % what we see, do & hear
h_ C[`w©·V àoVeVm| g{ oejU-gm_J«r H$m _hÎd g_P gH$V{ h¡$& h_ oejU-gm_J«r g{
A_yV© I`mbm| H$m{ _yV© CXmhaUm| g{ ñ[ï> H$a gH$V{ h¡§ $&4
O¡g{ • H$jm 9dt H$s ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ _| ‘ o^jwH$’ H$mì` H$m{ Ao^Z` àUmbr H{$ gmW
[¶T>m`{ Vm{ N>mÌ AÀN>r Vah g{ H$mì` H$m agmñdmXZ H$a gH$V{ h¡ $&
3 Aë[Zm e_m© Ed§ g·g{Zm aod, e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$s Am¡a H$jm-H$j à]ÝYZ.e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$s Am¡a H$jm-H$j à]ÝYZ.e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$s Am¡a H$jm-H$j à]ÝYZ.e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$s Am¡a H$jm-H$j à]ÝYZ.e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$s Am¡a H$jm-H$j à]ÝYZ. O`[wa• BoÊS>`Z
[pãbqeJ hmCg 2007, [¥. 212
4 _wHw§$X _m. [Q>{b, JoUV oejU _m§ ]hþ_mÜ`_ g§[yQ> Zr aMZm AZ{ AgaH$maH$Vm Zm{JoUV oejU _m§ ]hþ_mÜ`_ g§[yQ> Zr aMZm AZ{ AgaH$maH$Vm Zm{JoUV oejU _m§ ]hþ_mÜ`_ g§[yQ> Zr aMZm AZ{ AgaH$maH$Vm Zm{JoUV oejU _m§ ]hþ_mÜ`_ g§[yQ> Zr aMZm AZ{ AgaH$maH$Vm Zm{JoUV oejU _m§ ]hþ_mÜ`_ g§[yQ> Zr aMZm AZ{ AgaH$maH$Vm Zm{
Aä`mg. Aä`mg. Aä`mg. Aä`mg. Aä`mg. AàH$moeV em{Yà]§Y, JyOamV odÚm[rR>, Ah_Xm]mX, 2004, [¥. 2.
5
^mfm AoYJ_ H$s àoH«$`m _| _yV© oejU-gm_J«r à{aH$ ]b g_mZ h¡ &
oejU-gm_J«r g{ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| _| ]¶T>m{Var hm{Vr h¡ Ed§ E{gr oejU-gm_J«r H$s _XX
g{ grIr JB© [mR>çdñVw XrY©H$mb VH$ Aodñ_aUr` hm{ OmVr h¡ $Am¡a odf`dñVw ñWm`r
ê$[ b{Vm h¡ $&
oejU-gm_J«r gh AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$m _hÎd oZåZ àH$ma h¡ $&
1. oejU-gm_J«r ^mfm AoYJ_ H$s àoH«$`m _| Ü`mZ Ed§ Ao^à{aUm ]Zm`{ aIZ{ _|
ghm`H$ h¡ $&
2. ^mfm H$s Hw$N> E{gr BH$mB©`m± oOg{ [¶T>mZ{ _| oZagVm AmVr h¡ Cg{ gagVm g{ [¶T>m`m Om
gH$Vm h¡ $&
3. ^mfm H{$ Hw$N> A_yV© I`mbm| H$m{ C[H$aUm| H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ _yV© ê$[ _| àñVwV H$a gH$V{ h¡ -
O¡g{ ‘ [wî[ H$s Ao^bmfm’ H$mì` H$m oMÌmË_H$ àXe©Z $&
4. ^mfm H{$ AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z _| oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J g{ N>mÌm| H{$ kmZ _| R>m {g d¥oÕ
hm{Vr h¡ $&
5. `h ^mfm oejU AoYJ_ H$m{ Hw$eb, à^mdr Ed§ AmH$f©H$ ]ZmVr h¡ $&
6. ^mfm H{$ o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ H$m¡ebm| H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE `h gm_J«r AoV Amdí`H$ h¡ $&
7. oejU-gm_J«r ^mfm AoYJ_ H$m{ à{aUmXm`r ]Zm gH$Vr h¡ $&
8. oejU-gm_J«r ohÝXr oejH$ H{$ hþÝZa, j_Vm Am¡a Hw$ebVm H$m{ ]¶T>mZ{ _| gh`m{Jr ogÕ
hm{Jr $&
9. oejU-gm_J«r H{$ à`m{J g{ d¡`o·VH$ o^ÝZVm H{$ à^md H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ _| _XX o_b{Jr $&
10. AÜ``Z H$m`© _| AÜ`m[H$m{ § g{ empãXH$ H$WZ g{ _wo·V o_b{Jr Am¡a N>mÌ ñdAÜ``Z H$s
Am{a ]¶T>{J{ $&
11. oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J g{ oejm àoH«$`m _| o^ÝZVm Am¡a JhamB© bm gH|$J{ $&
12. ohÝXr odf` oejU H$s Am{a bm{J Á`mXm AmH$of©V hm|J{ $&
6
13. ohÝXr odf` oejH$ oejU- gm_J«r H$m _hÎd g_PH$a CgH{$$ C[`m{J H$m H$m¡eb àmßV
H$a|J{ $&
14. ohÝXr oejH$ oejU- gm_J«r H$s aMZm Ed§ M`Z H$aZ{ H$m H$m¡eb àmßV H$a|J{ $&5
1.4. g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU •g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU •g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU •g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU •g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU •
“ 8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Z”
à`w·V od.(g§.) Om{Vm hþAm, goå_obV, oOgH$m à`m{J oH$`m J`m hm{, bJm`m
hþAm; oH$gr H$m_ _| bJm`m hþAm; Om{ ¶S>m hþAm; EH$ _| o_bm`m hþAm;
oOgH$m oH$gr [a à`m{J oH$`m J`m hm{; JoV_mZ oH$`m hþAm $&
gm_J«r ór.(g§) Amdí`H$ dñVwAm| H$m g_yh, gm_mZ, _mb, à`m{OZ g§]§Yr
dñVwE±, C[H$aU; gmYZ $&
(`hm± odf`dñVw H{$ ^md H$m{ ñ[ï> H$aZ{ dmbr oejU gm_J«r O¡g{ MmQ>©g,
oMÌ, o\$ë_, oIbm¡Z{, _yoV©`m±, ]V©Z, J{hZ{ AmoX)
Aga [§w.(A.) Im{µ µO; [XoMh²Z; N>m[; à^md; JwU; X]md; \$b $&
àmXw^m©d oH$gr dñVw `m ]mV [a oH$gr nH«$`m H$m hm{Z{ dmbm
[naUm_ `m \$b $&
_yë`m§H$Z [w§.(g§.) _yë` oZYm©naV `m oZoüV H$aZ{ H$s oH«$`m $&6
gd©àW_ oejm _| e¡ojH$-CX²X{í` oZnüV oH$E OmV{ h¢, o\$a BZ CX²X{í`m|
H$s àmoßV H{$ obE AoYJ_ AZw^d oXE OmV{ h¢ Am¡a BgH{$ C[am§V AbJ-AbJ
5 gam{OrZr e_m©, oejmemó.oejmemó.oejmemó.oejmemó.oejmemó. Ý y oXëbr • H$m{ñ_m{g ]wH$ ìhr (àm.) ob 2002, [¥ð> 118-19
6 H$mobH$m àgmX Ed§ AÝ`., ]¥hV ohÝXr H$m{e.]¥hV ohÝXr H$m{e.]¥hV ohÝXr H$m{e.]¥hV ohÝXr H$m{e.]¥hV ohÝXr H$m{e. (V¥Vr` g§ñH$aU). dmamUgr • kmZ _US>b
obo_Q>{S>, 2005 [¥. 107.
7
VH$ZrH$m| Ed§ C[H$aUm| H$s ghm`Vm g{ `h [Vm bJmZ{ H$s H$m{oee H$s OmVr h¡ oH$
oejU H$m`© Ûmam [yd© oZYm©naV CX²X {í`m | H$s àmoßV hþB © h ¡ `m Zht $?
oejU-CX²X{í`m| H$s àmoßV H{$ ñVa H$s Om±M H$aZ{ H$s àoH«$`m H$m{ _yë`m§H$Z H$hm
OmVm h¡ $$&
_yë`m§H$Z H$m empãXH$ VmË[`© h¡ - _yë` Am§H$Zm $& ohÝXr oejU _|
_yë`m§H$Z g{ Ame` h¡ Bg ]mV H$s Om±M H$aZm oH$ oejU H{$ [naUm_ ñdê$[
N>mÌm| H{$ ì`dhma _| ·`m [nadV©Z hþAm h¡ $& oejU Ûmam $N>mÌm| H$m{ CZH$s bpãY
oH$g ñVa VH$ hþB© h¡, AÜ`m[H$ A[Z{ oejU H$m`© _| H$hm± VH$ g\$b hþAm h¡,
]ƒm| H$s `m{½`VmE±, éoM`m|, éPmZm| Am¡a ì`dhma _| oH$VZm ]Xbmd hþAm h¡, Bg
]mV H$m AZw_mZ _yë`m§H$Z Ûmam hr g§^d hm{Vm h¡ $& A[Zr oejU-oH«$`m Ûmam h_
N>mÌm| H{$ ì`dhma _| Om{ A[{ojV [nadV©Z bmZm MmhV{ h¢ ? d{ [nadV©Z bmE Om
gH|$J{ `m Zht, oOZ `m{½`VmAm| H$m{ odH$ogV H$aZm MmhV{ W{ d{ `m{½`VmE± odH$ogV
hm{ gH$s h¢ `m Zht Am¡a `oX odH$ogV hwB© h¢ Vm{ oH$g gr_m VH$ ? e¡njH$
[napñWoV`m± oH$g gr_m VH$ BZ bú`m| H$m{ àmßV H$aZ{ _| g\$b hþB© h¢ $? oejU
H$m EH$ odñV¥V CX²X{í` h¡ - ]ƒm| H{$ ì`o·VËd H$m g§dm©JrU odH$mg dh oH$VZr
g\$bVm Am¡a AZw[mV _| [yam hm{ gH$m h¡ $& BZ g] H$s Om±M H$aZ{ H$s àoH«$`m H$m{
hr _yë`m§H$Z H$hm OmVm h¡ $& Bg àH$ma _yë`m§H$Z Ûmam odf`-dñVw H{$ kmZ H$s
Om±M Vm{ hm{Vr h¡ $& gmW-gmW ]mbH$ H$s éoM`m|, Ao^d¥oÎm`m±, `m{½`VmAm|,
Ñoï>H$m{U AmoX H{$ [nadV©Z VWm odH$mg H$s Om±M ^r H$s OmVr h¡ $& BgobE
_yë`m§H$Z H$m j{Ì [arjm g{ AoYH$ ì`m[H$ hm{Vm h¡, ·`m|oH$ [arjm H$m g§]§Y
H{$db odf`-dñVw H{$ kmZ H$s Om±M g{ hm{Vm h¡ $&7
7 bú_r ^mJ©d, ohÝXr oejU.ohÝXr oejU.ohÝXr oejU.ohÝXr oejU.ohÝXr oejU. ZB© oXëbr • d§XZm [pãbH{$eÝg, 2007, [¥. 110-11.
8
1.5 em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` •em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` •em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` •em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` •em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` •
àñVwV em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` oZåZm§oH$V h¡ •
1. H$jm 8dt H$s ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V H$s Om gH{$ E{gr oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z
Ed§ oZ_m©U H$aZm $&
2. é¶T> odoY Ed§ M`oZV oejU-gm_J«r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ oH$`{ J`{ AÜ``Z g{ N>mÌm| H$s
àmßV e¡ojH$ boãY H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z H$aZm $&
3. à`m{J [ümV² N>mÌm| H$s e¡ojH$ bpãY kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U
H$aZm $&
4. H$jm 8dt H{$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ nbE M`Z H$r JB© oejU-gm_J«r H$s odÚmb` H{$
j{ÌmZwgma N>mÌm| H$s e¡ojH$ bpãY [a Aga kmV H$aZm $&
5. H$jm 8dt H{$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ nbE M`Z H$s JB© oejU-gm_J«r H$s odÚmb` H{$
N>mÌm| H$s OmoV H{$ g§X^© _| e¡ojH$ bpãY [a Aga kmV H$aZm &
6. à`m{J H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm kmV H$aZm $&
1.6 em{Y H{$ Ma •em{Y H{$ Ma •em{Y H{$ Ma •em{Y H{$ Ma •em{Y H{$ Ma •
àñVwV em{Y _| g_modï> Ma oZåZm§oH$V h¡ •
1. ñdV§Ì Ma • AÜ`m[Z [ÕoV, oejU gm_J«r gh AÜ`m[Z Ed§
ê$¶T> odoY g{ AÜ`m[Z $&
2. AmolV Ma • ohÝXr odf` H$s CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$ $&
3. oZ`§oÌV Ma • 8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ H$m odf`dñVw $&
4. [nao_V Ma • j{Ì (J«må` Ed§ ehar odÚmb`) Ed§ OmoV$&8
8 oXZ{eM§Ð CMmQ>, oejU AZ{ gm_moOH$ odkmZm{_m§ g§em{YZZw§ [ÕoVemó.oejU AZ{ gm_moOH$ odkmZm{_m§ g§em{YZZw§ [ÕoVemó.oejU AZ{ gm_moOH$ odkmZm{_m§ g§em{YZZw§ [ÕoVemó.oejU AZ{ gm_moOH$ odkmZm{_m§ g§em{YZZw§ [ÕoVemó.oejU AZ{ gm_moOH$ odkmZm{_m§ g§em{YZZw§ [ÕoVemó. A_XmdmX •
gmohË` _wÐUmb` àm.ob. 2009, [¥. 81-83.
9
1. ñdV§Ì Ma (Independent Variable)
ñdV§Ì Ma oH$gr dmVmdaU _| oH«$`merb hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a ì`dhma H$m{ à^modV H$aVm
h¡; ñdV§Ì Ma H$m _m[Z oH$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a à`m{J Ûmam CgH{$ à^md H$m AÜ``Z
oH$`m OmVm h¡ VWm AmolV Ma g{ ghg§]§Y ñWmo[V oH$`m OmVm h¡ $&
2. AmolM Ma (Dependent Variable)
oH$gr ñdV§Ì Ma H$m à^md oOg Ma H{$ AmYma [a kmV oH$`m OmVm h¡ Cg{
AmolV Ma H$hV{ h¡ oOgH$m _yë` ñdV§Ì Ma H{$ _yë` [a AmYmnaV hm{Vm h¡ $&
3. oZ`§oÌV Ma (Control Variable)
à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$m`m} _| à`m{JmË_H$ Ma H$m oZ`§oÌV Ma H{$ ê$[ _| AÜ``Z
oH$`m OmVm h¡ $& BgH$s à^mderbVm gm[{ojV hm{Vr h¡, AV• à^mderbVm H{$
obE oOg g§X^© H$m{ àñVwV oH$`m OmVm h¡, Cg{ oZ`§oÌV Ma H$hV{ h¡ &
4. [nao_V Ma (Moderator Variable)
[nao_V Ma H$m oZoajU em{YH$Vm© Bg obE H$aVm h¡ oH$ oOgg{ em{Y H$m [nagr_Z
hm{ OmVm h¡ Am¡a gm_mÝ`rH$aU H$m j{Ì ì`m[H$ hm{ OmVm h¡, O¡g{- gm_moOH$-
AmoW©H$ ñVa, j{Ì (J«mo_U-ehar), Hw$_ma Am¡a H$Ý`mAm| H$m{ gpå_obV H$aZ{ g{
em{Y H$s [napñWoV [nagro_V hm{Vr h¡ $&
5. _Ü`ñW Ma (Intervening Variable)
_Ü`ñW Ma H$m ñdê$[ A_yV© hm{Vm h¡, Bg obE Bg{ gyP g{ hr [hMmZm Om gH$Vm
h¡ $& e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ _| _Ü`ñW Ma AoYH$ _hÎd[yU© hm{V{ h¡, ·`m| oH$ Ý`mXe©
H$s BH$mB© _mZd hm{Vm h¡ $& CZH$s Ao^d¥oÎm AoYJ_ H$s àoH«$`m H$m T> §J o^ÝZ
hm{Vm h¡ $& `h AmolVMa VWm _mZXÊS> Ma H{$ à^md [a _Ü`ñWVm H$aV{ h¡ $&
10
N>mÌm| H{$ AoYJ_ _| CZH$m [yd©kmZ _hÎd[yU© à^md S>mbVm h¡, oH$ÝVw BgH$m
àË`jrH$aU g§^d Zht h¡ $& oOg VÏ` H$m oZarjU H$aV{ h¡, CgH{$ à^md _|
_Ü`ñW Ma ]mYm CË[ÝZ H$aVm h¡ $& Bg àH$ma Ao^d¥oÎm, Ao^éoM, [yd©kmZ,
AoYJ_, àoH«$`m ñd^md AmoX _Ü`ñW Ma H$m H$m`© H$aV{ h¡ $&9
1.7 em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE± •em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE± •em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE± •em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE± •em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE± •
àñVwV em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE± oZåZm§oH$V h¡ $&
1. ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
2. ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H$s CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m{§ H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
3. J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
4. J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
5. ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
6. ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
9 Raghu Raj Sing, Advanced Research Method in Education, Shree
publishers and Distributor, New Delhi-02, 2006. P. 125-27.
11
7. J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
8. J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
1.8. em{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z •em{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z •em{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z •em{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z •em{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z •
em{Y AÜ``Z H$aZ{ g{ [yd© em{Y H$Vm© H{$ gå_wI `h g_ñ`m hm{Vr h¡ oH$ Ý`mXe©
_| oH$VZ{ gXñ` ah{ oOgg{ d{ OZg§»`m H$m ewÕ ê$[ _| àoVoZoYËd H$a gH{ Am¡a àmßV
[naUm_ ^r odœgZr` hm{ $& em{Y H{$ oZîH$f© H$s ewÕVm Ý`mXe© H{$ AmH$ma [a oZ^©a hm{Vr
h¡ $& em{Y H{$ H$X H$m{ ogo_V H$aZ{ H{$ obE OZg§»`m g{ Ý`mXe© M`Z Amdí`H$ h¡ $&
àñVwV em{Y H$jm 8dt H{$ JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ obE oejU gm_J«r
AmYmnaV h¡ $& AV• em{Y _| Ah_Xm]mX H{$ ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H$s H$jm 8dt H{$ gZ²
2009-2010 H{$ N>mÌm| H$m{ ì`m[odíd H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¢ $& Bg àH$ma OZg§»`m [a
Ý`mXe© H{$ AmYma [a [naUm_ àmßV oH$E Om gH$V{ h¡ $& Ý`mXe© OZg§»`m [a àoVoZoYÎd
H$aVm h¡ $
àñVwV AZwg§YmZ à`m{JmË_H$ AZwg§YmZ h¡ $& AV• Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| Ah_Xm]mX
eha H{$ Xm{ Am¡a Ah_Xm]mX J«må` j{Ì H{$ Xm{ JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s 8dt H$jm
H{$ N>mÌm| H$m{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¢ $&
àñVwV AZwg§YmZ _| M`oZV Mma odÚmb`m| _| g{ Xm{ (EH$ ehar Am¡a EH$ J«må`)
odÚmb` H$m{ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ _| Am¡a Xm{ (EH$ ehar Am¡a EH$ J«må`) odÚmb` H$m{ oZ`§oÌV
J«y[ _| og¸$m CN>mbH$a ]m±Q>m J`m $&
12
1.9 em{Y H$m gr_m§H$Z •em{Y H$m gr_m§H$Z •em{Y H$m gr_m§H$Z •em{Y H$m gr_m§H$Z •em{Y H$m gr_m§H$Z •
oH$gr ^r AÜ``Z _| gr_m§H$Z Amdí`H$ h¡ $& AV• àñVwV em{Y H$s gr_mE±
oZåZm§oH$V h¡•
1. àñVwV em{Y H$jm 8dr§ H$s Jw.am.em.[m.[w. _§S>b H$s g§H$obV ohÝXr H$s
[mR>ç[wñVH$ _| g{ M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB©`m± VH$ gro_V h¢$&
2. àñVwV em{Y Ah_Xm]mX H{$ J«må` Am¡a ehar odÚmb`m| VH$ hr gro_V h¢ $&
3. àñVwV em{Y H$m Ý`mXe© 8dt H$jm H{$ JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H{$ gZ² 2009-2010 _|
AÜ``ZaV N>mÌm| VH$ gro_V h¢ &
1.10. em{Y odoY •em{Y odoY •em{Y odoY •em{Y odoY •em{Y odoY •
àñVwV em{Y H$m`© H$m àH$ma à`m{JmË_H$ h¡ $&
àñVwV em{Y à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $& Om{ [yU© àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm
h¡ $& àñVwV em{Y AmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZmAmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZmAmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZmAmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZmAmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZm odoY g{
oH$`m J`m h¡ oOgH$m oddaU oZåZm§nH$V h¡ $&
AmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J«y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZm
àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ g oejU gm_J«r gh AÜ`m[Z – CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ g ê$¶T> odoY g{ AÜ`m[Z – CÎma H$gm¡Q>r $&
Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ Am¡a H«$mpÝVH$
AZw[mV kmV H$aH{$ CgH$m ‘T’ _yë` kmV oH$`m§ J`m h¡ $&
1.11 em{Y H$s C[`m{oJVm •em{Y H$s C[`m{oJVm •em{Y H$s C[`m{oJVm •em{Y H$s C[`m{oJVm •em{Y H$s C[`m{oJVm •
1. ohÝXr^mfm oejm H{$ j{Ì _| `h Z`m à`mg h¡ $&
13
2. N>mÌm| H{$ obE M`oZV Am¡a V¡`ma H$s JB© oejU$ gm_J«r oejH$m| H{$ obE
C[H$maH$ hm{Jr $&
3. CÎma H$gm¡Q>r N>mÌm| H$s ohÝXr odf` H$s ogoÕ H{$ Zm[Z H{$ obE C[H$maH$ hm{Jr $&
4. AmÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r oZ_m©U H$aZ{dmbm| H{$ obE oejU$ gm_J«r C[H$maH$ hm{
gH$Vr h¡ $&
5. ^odî` H{$ em{K H$Vm©Am| H{$ obE oejU gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aZ{ _| gabVm ah{Jr $&
1.12 AoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ •AoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ •AoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ •AoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ •AoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ •
àñVwV em{Y H{$ AoJ«_ A¿`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ oZåZm§nH$V h¡ $&
AÜ`m` 2 AZwg§YmZ od^mdZm Am¡a [¥ð>^yo_ [a àH$me S>mbm J`m h¡ $& oejU
gm_J«r H$m Ao^J_ Am¡a ohÝXr oejm odf`H$ oddaU oX`m J`m h¡ $&
àñVwV AZwg§YmZ H{$ g§X^© _| [yd{© hþE em{Ym| H$s g_rjm H$s JB© h¢ $&
AÜ`m` 3 Bg AÜ`m` H$m{ Xm{ od^mJm| _| ]m±Q>m J`m h¢ $& od^mJ 1 _¢ g§[yU©V•
em{YH$m`© H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ [na`m{OZm h¡ Am¡a od^mJ 2 BH$mB© Ed§
oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z H¡$g{ oH$`m J`m Bg odf` [a AmYmnaV h¡ Ed§
AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H¡$g{ oH$`m J`m Bg odf` [a àH$me S>mbm h¡ $&
AÜ`m` 4 àXÎmm| H$m AmH$bZ, odíb{fU Am¡a ñ[ï>rH$aU Bg AÜ`m` _| h¡ $&
àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$s CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$
_mÜ`_ g{ AZwg§YmZ H{$ CX²X{í` H{$ AZwgma [naH$ë[ZmAm| H$m{ Om±Mm J`m
h¡§ gmW-gmW oejU$ gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
AÜ`m` 5 AZwg§YmZ H{$ CX²X{í`, gmam§e, oZîH$f©, gwPmd Am¡a e¡ojH$ \$obVmWm~ Ed§
^mod em{Y H$s oXemAm| H$m g§H{$V oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` 2
gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjmgå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjmgå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjmgå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjmgå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjm
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
àñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZm
oejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [ yd ©^ yo_H$moejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [ yd ©^ yo_H$moejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [ yd ©^ yo_H$moejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [ yd ©^ yo_H$moejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [ yd ©^ yo_H$m
gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW©gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW©gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW©gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW©gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW©
gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Zgå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Zgå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Zgå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Zgå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z
gå]pÝYV em {Y H { $ gå]pÝYV [yd © em {Y H$m` ©gå]pÝYV em {Y H { $ gå]pÝYV [yd © em {Y H$m` ©gå]pÝYV em {Y H { $ gå]pÝYV [yd © em {Y H$m` ©gå]pÝYV em {Y H { $ gå]pÝYV [yd © em {Y H$m` ©gå]pÝYV em {Y H { $ gå]pÝYV [yd © em {Y H$m` ©
H$m AÜ``ZH$m AÜ``ZH$m AÜ``ZH$m AÜ``ZH$m AÜ``Z
AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjmAÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjmAÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjmAÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjmAÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm
[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm
àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË`àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË`àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË`àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË`àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË`
g_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Z
15
AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` 2
gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjmgå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjmgå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjmgå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjmgå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m [wZ©_yë`m§H$Z Ed§ g_rjm
2.1 àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •
kmZ àmoßV H{$ VrZ [j h¡ • (1) kmZ H$m{ EH$Ì H$aZm (2) kmZ H$m{ Xygam| VH$
[hþ±MmZm (3) kmZ _| d¥oÕ H$aZm $& kmZ H$m `h VÏ` em{Y _| ode{f _hÎd[yU© h¡ ·`m| oH$
ì`o·V dmñVod·Vm H{$ oZH$Q> AmZ{ H$m gVV à`mg H$aVr h¡ $& ì`mdhmnaH$ ê$[ g{ YZ H$s
^m±oV g§[yU© kmZ [wñVH$m| _| Ed§ [wñVH$mb`m| _| o_b gH$Vm h¡ $& ì`o·V H$m{ AVrV kmZ
H$m{ àË`{H$ [r¶T>r H{$ gmW Z`{-Z`{ ê$[ _| J«hU H$aZm MmohE $& kmZ H${ odñV¥V ^§ÊS>ma _|
CgH$m oZa§Va `m{JXmZ àË`{H$ j{Ì _| _mZd Ûmam oH$`{ J`{ à`mgm| H$s g\$bVm H$m{
g§^odV ]ZmZm h¡ $& em{YH$m`© `h oZoüV H$a gH$Vm h¡ oH$ CgH{$ Ûmam àmñVmodH$ em{Y g{
gå]pÝYZ odf` [a odMmaUr` H$m`© [hb{ g{ hr hm{ MwH$m h¡ `m Zht ?
oH$gr ^r odf` H{$ odH$mg _| oH$gr ode{f em{Y [mê$[ H$m ñWmZ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE
em{YH$Vm© H$m{ [yd© ogÕm§Vm| Ed§ em{Ym| g{ AÀN>r Vah AdJV hm{Zm MmohE $& OmZH$mar H$m{
oZoüV H$aZ{ H{$ obE ì`mdhmnaH$ kmZ _| àË`{H$ em{Y [mê$[ H$s àma§oå^H$ AdñWm _|
g¡Õm§oVH$ Ed§ em{Y gmohË` H$m [wZ©oZarjU H$aZm hm{Vm h¡ $&1
d¡kmoZH$ Im{ µOm{ § H{$ H$maU h_ma{ OrdZ [a _erZm| H$m à^md [¶>S>m h¢ $& odo^ÝZ
oejU [ÕoV`m| [a AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$ Am¡a C[H$aUm| H$m à^md ñ[ï ê$[ g{ X{Im Om
gH$Vm h¢ $& dV©_mZ _| oejm Z{ EH$ ]hþ Am`m_r àoH«$`m H$m ê$[ J«hU oH$`m h¡ $& Bg
]XbV{ [nad{e _| oejmodXm| Z{ g_` Ed§ g_mO H$s Amdí`H$VmAm| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a
oejm Ed§ oejU H$m{ ZE à`m{Jm| Am¡a ZdrZV_² VH$ZrH$m| g{ Om{ ¶S>Z{ H$m à`mg oH$`m h¡ $&
ñb{Q>, Mm°H$ Am¡a Q>m{H$ H{$ Xm`a{ g{ ]mha oZH$bH$a oejm A] a{oS>`m{, Q> {[naH$mS>©a, TV,
DVD ßb{`a, ñbmB©S> àm{O{·Q>a Am¡a H$åß`yQ>a H$s AmYwoZH$ [Q>ar [a Mb ahr h¡ $&
oejU H$s AmKwoZH$ [ÕoV`m|, VH$ZrH$m| Am¡a ghm`H$ C[H$aUm| H{$ odH$mg [a
1 eoeH$bm garZ Ed§ garZ A§OZm., e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`m±e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`m±e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`m±e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`m±e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`m± (5dm± g§.). AmJam•
odZm{X [wñVH$ _§oXa 2005, [¥.56.
16
A] [`m©ßV ]b oX`m Om ahm h¡ & amï>r` e¡ojH$ AZwg§KmZ [nafX Z{ oejU VH$ZrH$s
Zm_H$ EH$ [na`m{OZm Mbm aIr h¡, VmoH$ oejm H{$ j{Ì _| ZB© VH$ZrH$m| H$s Im{µO H$s Om
gH{$ Am¡a o\$a CÝh| bmJy oH$`m Om gH{$ $$&2
2.2 oejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [yd©^yo_H$m •oejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [yd©^yo_H$m •oejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [yd©^yo_H$m •oejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [yd©^yo_H$m •oejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [yd©^yo_H$m •
2.2.1 oejU gm_J«r H$s g§H$ë[Zm • oejU gm_J«r H$s g§H$ë[Zm • oejU gm_J«r H$s g§H$ë[Zm • oejU gm_J«r H$s g§H$ë[Zm • oejU gm_J«r H$s g§H$ë[Zm •
O{åg ·`y.Zm{ëQ>Z Z{ X¥í`-lì` gm_J«r H$m{ A[Zr gå^mì` odkmZ emIm H$s
^yo_H$m _| B©g Vah [na^mofV oH$`m h¡ •
“ oejm H{ ñWyb j{Ì H{$ Cg ^mJ H$m Ao^YmZ$ (Designated) H$aZ{ dmbm
oOgH$m gå]ÝY goMÌ (Am¡a Xyga{ _yoV©H$ - iconic `m gX¥oeH$ anologic) $g§X{em| g{
h¢, ·`m| oH$ `{ AoYJ_ àoH«$`m [a Aga S>mbV{ h¡ $&”
O¡g{ _yoV© EH$ àoV_m h¡ $& gX¥í`Vm dh MrO h¡ Om{ oH$gr Xygar MrO O¡gr hm{Vr
h¡, `h A§gV• VËg_mZ hm{Vr h¡ $& Zm{ëQ>Z H$m H$hZm h¡ oH$ gm_J«r g{ N>mÌ Xm{ o^ÝZ àH$ma
H{$ g§X{em| H$m AÜ``Z H$a{Jm •
(1) _m¡oIH$ g§X{e Om{ CZ MrOm| H{$ g_mZ Zht hm{V{ oOZH{$ obE d{ AmV{ h¡ $&
(2) goMÌ (_yoV©H$) g§X{e Om{ h_| grY{-grY{ CZ MrOm| H$s `mX oXbm X{V{ h¢ oOZH{$
obE d{ AmV{ h¡ $& dh `h ^r ]VmV{ h¡ oH$ Hw$N> g§X{e CZ àË``m| H{$ A§eV• hr g_mZ hm{
gH$V{ h¢ oOZH{$ obE d{ AmV{ h¡, `{ _m°S{ >b hm{ gH$V{ h¢, g§JoV Am¡a ÜdÝ`mZwê$[ eãX
O¡g{ ^a-^a, gZ-gZ, er-er AmoX $&
]«mCZ Am¡a Wm{Z©Q>Z _yoV©H$ g§X{e dhZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE Z`{ _mÜ`_m| H$s ode{f
C[`w·VVm H$s MMm© H$aV{ hþE ]VmV{ h¡ - MboMÌ, XyaXe©Z Am¡a Hw$N> AÝ` _mÜ`_ oMÌm|
H{$ [nafU (Transmission) m dñVwAm|, ì`o·V`m|, KQ>ZmAm| Am¡a X¥í`m| H{$ Xyga{
2 _YwgwXZ oÌ[mR>r, AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU.AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU.AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU.AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU.AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU. ZB© oXëbr • Am{_{Jm
[pãbH{$eÝg 2006, [¥.1.
17
g§d{Xr [wZamd¥oÎm (Replication) H{$ obE ImgH$a Á`mXm C[`w·V h¢, ·`m|oH$ d{ CX²^d
H{$ ñWmZ [a EH$ à{jH$ H{$ oZH$Q> ‘ dmñVodH$ OrdZ’ O¡g{ àH$Q> hm|J{ $& E{gr àñVwoV`m|,
g§X{em| `m gm_oJ«`m| H$m{ odo^ÝZ àH$ma g{ Aodf`m§VaJm_r, gmX¥oeH$ `m _yoV©H$ H{$ ê$[ _|
doU©Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $& _yoV©H$ oMhZm| H$m{ oH$gr ^r Zm_ g{ ·`m| Z [wH$mam OmE dh EH$
E{gr MrO hm{Vr h¡ Om{ oOg dñVw H{$ obE AmVr h¡ Cgg{ Hw$N> g_mZVm aIVr h¡ $&3
oejH$ odoeï> CXX² {í`m| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a oejU [napñWV H$m oZ_m©U H$aVm
h¡ $& oejU [napñWoV H{$ àoV oejmWu kmZ{pÝÐ`m| H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ àoVoH«$`m H$aVm h¡ $&
oejU [napñWoV Am¡a oejmWu H{$ _Ü` AÝV•oH«$`m H{$ \$b ñdê$[ Cg{ AZw^dm| H$s
àmoßV hm{Vr h¡ Om{ oH$ CgH{$ ì`dhma _| dm§oN>V [nadV©Z H$aZ{ H$m AmYma ]ZV{ h¢ $&
odÚmWu Am¡a oejU [napñWoV H{$ _Ü` oOVZr AoYH$ gOrd Ed§ à]b A§V•oH«$`m hm{Vr
h¡, CVZr hr AoYH$ oejmWu H$m{ AZw^d àmßV H$aZ{ _| gwodYm hm{Vr h¡ $&
`h oejU [napñWoV à^mdembr _mZr OmVr h¡ $& oOgH{$ àoV AV•oH«$`m H{$ obE
oejmWu H$m{ g^r kmZ{pÝÐ`m| H$m C[`m{J H$aZm hm{Vm h¡ $& E{gr A§V•oH«$`m H$m{ à]b AWdm
gOrd A§V•oH«$`m H{$ C[`m{J H$s Amdí`H$Vm hm{Vr h¡ $& oejmWu `oX ñd`§ _m{S>{b ]ZmVm
h¡, Vm{ AÝ` [napñWoV H$s VwbZm _| AoYH$ kmZ{pÝÐ`m± goH«$` hm{Vr h¢ ; AZw^d AoO©V
H$aZ{ H$s X¥oï> g{ VrZm| [napñWoV`m| _| ApÝV_ [napñWoV AoYH$ à^mdembr h¡ $&
[mR> H$m{ am{MH$ Ed§ gw]m{Y ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE Amdí`H$ h¡ oH$ N>mÌm| H$s oejm H$m
gå]ÝK CZH$s AoYH$moYH$ kmZ{pÝÐ`m| H{$ gmW hm{ $& Bgr CX²X{í` H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIV{ hþE
AmOH$b oejm _| oejU gm_J«r H$m à`m{J àMwa _mÌm _| oH$`m Om ahm h¡ $& ghm`H$
gm_J«r H$m à`m{J CgH{$ obE dm§N>oZ` hr Zht, AoZdm`© ^r h¡ $&
“ oejU gm_J«r d{ gm_J«r h¡ oOÝh| h_ Am±Im| g{ X{I gH$V{ h¡, H$mZm| g{
gå]pÝYV ÜdoZ ldU H$a gH$V{ h¡, _yV© I`mbm| H$m AZw^d H$a gH$V{ h¡, AoYH$
ñ[ï>Vm H{$ obE g_mZ odMma Am¡a g_mZ _woÐV gmohË` H$m C[`m{J H$a gH$V{ h¡ $& E{gr
3 O{åg ·`y. Zm{ëQ>Z, E H$Ýg{ßÀ`wAb ñH$s_ \$ma Xr Am{oS>`m{odOwAb \$sëS>E H$Ýg{ßÀ`wAb ñH$s_ \$ma Xr Am{oS>`m{odOwAb \$sëS>E H$Ýg{ßÀ`wAb ñH$s_ \$ma Xr Am{oS>`m{odOwAb \$sëS>E H$Ýg{ßÀ`wAb ñH$s_ \$ma Xr Am{oS>`m{odOwAb \$sëS>E H$Ýg{ßÀ`wAb ñH$s_ \$ma Xr Am{oS>`m{odOwAb \$sëS>
]wb{oQ>Z Am\$ Xr ñHy$b Am\$ EÁ yH{$eZ,]wb{oQ>Z Am\$ Xr ñHy$b Am\$ EÁ yH{$eZ,]wb{oQ>Z Am\$ Xr ñHy$b Am\$ EÁ yH{$eZ,]wb{oQ>Z Am\$ Xr ñHy$b Am\$ EÁ yH{$eZ,]wb{oQ>Z Am\$ Xr ñHy$b Am\$ EÁ yH{$eZ, BpÊS> mZm yoZdog©Q>r. 1987, [¥.5.
18
àoH«$`m oOZ_| Am±I, H$mZ, _Z, öX` AmoX goH«$` hm{H$a ^mJ b{Vm h¢, dh oejU
gm_J«r H$hbmVr h¡ $&”
oejU-gm_J«r H$m{ àMobV ê$[ _| X¥í`-lmì` gm_J«r (Audio-Visual Aids)
^r H$hV{ h¡ ; `h oejU H$m{ J§^ra am{MH$ VWm à^mdembr ]ZmVm h¡ $& àm`• ]mbH$ _|
oH$gr kmZ H$m{ àmßV H$aZ{ H{$ Mma gmYZ hm{V h¡ •
(1) àË`j kmZ{pÝÐ` gå]ÝK $&
(2) oMÌ `m E{gr AÝ` dñVwE± $&
(3) _m¡oIH$ `m N>[{ hþE eãX $&
(4) oOgH{$ Ûmam ldU{pÝÐ`m| g{ kmZ àmßV hm{ $&
C[`w ©·V Mmam| gmYZm| _| g{ Mm¡W{ gmYZ H$m V]VH$ _hÎd Zht h¡ O]VH$ oH$
CZH$m gå]ÝY àË`j kmZ{pÝÐ`m| g{ ñWmo[V Zht oH$`m OmVm h¡ $&
oejU gm_J«r H{$db oejU _| ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡, EH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r Mmh{
oH$VZr ^r CÎm_ ·`m| Z hm{ dh oejH$ H$m ñWmZ J«hU Zht H$a gH$Vr h¡ $&
g§j{[ _| [mR>m| H$m{ am{MH$ Ed§ gw]m{Y[yU© ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE oejU ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$s
Amdí`H$Vm AZw^d H$s OmVr h¡ Bgg{ g¡Õm§oVH$ _m¡oIH$ Ed§ Zrag [mR>m| H$m{ ghm`H$
C[H$aUm| H{$ à`m{J g{ AoYH$ ñdm^modH$, _Zm{a§OH$ Ed§ C[`m{Jr ]Zm`r Om gH$Vr h¡ $&
dmñVd _| oejU gm_J«r H$m CX²X{í`-ldU Ed§ X¥oï> gå]pÝYV kmZ{pÝÐ`m| H$m{ AoYH$moYH$
goH«$` ]ZmH$a kmZ J«hU H$aZ{ H$m [W àeñV H$aZm h¡ $&
d¡g{ Vm{ AÜ`m[H$ ñd`§ EH$ CÎm_ X¥í`-lì` gm_J«r H$s Vah H$m`© H$aVm h¡ ·`m|
oH$ dh ^r odf` H$m{ gab Ed§ gw]m{Y ]ZmVm h¡, dh ^br^m±oV odf`-dñVw H$m{ g_PmZ{
H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡, o\$a ^r oejH$ ñd`§ _| [yU© Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ $& BgobE
nejU$ gm_J«r H$m à`m{J CgH{$ obE dm§N>Zr` hr Zht AoZdm`© ^r hm{ OmVm h¡, AV• `h
nejU gm_J«r E{g{ gmYZ h¢, oOÝh| h_ Am±Im| g{ X{I gH$V{ h¢, H$mZm| g{ gwZ gH$V{ h¢,
AoYH$ ñ[ï>Vm Ed§ `WmW©Vm H{$ obE _woÐV gm_J«r [¶T> gH$V{ h¢ $& AV• nejU$ gm_J«r
19
E{gr dñVw h¡, oOZ_| Am±I, H$mZ, ZmH$, _Z Am¡a öX` AoYH$ goH«$` hm{H$a ^mJ b{V{ h¡
Bg{ oejU gm_J«r H$hm OmVm h¡ $&
EbodZ ñQ>m|J H{$ AZwgma •EbodZ ñQ>m|J H{$ AZwgma •EbodZ ñQ>m|J H{$ AZwgma •EbodZ ñQ>m|J H{$ AZwgma •EbodZ ñQ>m|J H{$ AZwgma •
“ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ AÝVJ©V CZ g^r gm_J«r H$m{ gpå_obV oH$`m OmVm h¡, oOZ
H$s ghm`Vm g{ [mR>m | _| éoM ]Zr ahVr h¡ VWm d{ CÝh| g\$bVm [yd©H$ g_PV{ hþE
AoYJ_ H{$ CX²X{í`m| H$m{ àmßV H$a b{V{ h¡”
S>¡ÊQ> H{$ AZwgma •S> ¡ÊQ> H{$ AZwgma •S> ¡ÊQ> H{$ AZwgma •S> ¡ÊQ> H{$ AZwgma •S> ¡ÊQ> H{$ AZwgma •
“ oejU-gm_J«r E{gr X¥í`-lì` Am¡a _woÐV gm_J«r h¡ Om{ H$jm _| `m AÝ`
oejU [napñWoV`m| _| oboIV `m ]m{brOmZ{ dmbr [mR>ç gm_J«r H$m{ g_PZ{ _| ghm`Vm
H$aVr h¡ $&”
H$mQ> ©a E. JwS> H{$ AZwgma •H$mQ> ©a E. JwS> H{$ AZwgma •H$mQ> ©a E. JwS> H{$ AZwgma •H$mQ> ©a E. JwS> H{$ AZwgma •H$mQ> ©a E. JwS> H{$ AZwgma •
“ H$m{B© ^r gm_J«r oOgH{$ _mÜ`_ g{ oejU àoH«$`m H$m{ CoXßV AWdm ldU{pÝÐ`
g§d{XZmAm| H{$ Ûmam AmJ{ ]¶T>m`m Om gH{$ dh oejU ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$hr OmVr h¡ $&”
C[`w©·V [na^mfmAm| H{$ AmYma [a H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ oH$ oejU gm_J«r
E{gr X¥í`-lì` gm_J«r, à`wo·V`m± AWdm oejU$ gm_J«r h¡, oOZH{$ à`m{J g{ odo^ÝZ
oejU [napñWoV`m| _| $N>mÌm| Am¡a g_yhm| H{$ _Ü` à^mdr T> §J g{ kmZ H$m g§Mma oH$`m
OmVm h¡ $&4
2.2.2 oejU-gm_J«r H$s ode{fVm • oejU-gm_J«r H$s ode{fVm • oejU-gm_J«r H$s ode{fVm • oejU-gm_J«r H$s ode{fVm • oejU-gm_J«r H$s ode{fVm •
oejU-gm_J«r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ h_ oejU àoH«$`m H$m{ Am{a ^r AoYH$ à^mdr ]Zm
gH$V{ h¡, oOgH$m I`mb h_ oejU gm_J«r H$s oZåZ ode{fVmAm| g{ OmZ gH$V{ h¢ &
oejU-gm_J«r g{ `h gwPmd o_bVm h¡ oH$ VrZ ñVam| [a AZw^d àmßV oH$`{ Om
gH$V{ h¢ $•
4 Am{_àH$me JJ©, oejm _| Ñí`-lì` VH$ZrH$.oejm _| Ñí`-lì` VH$ZrH$.oejm _| Ñí`-lì` VH$ZrH$.oejm _| Ñí`-lì` VH$ZrH$.oejm _| Ñí`-lì` VH$ZrH$. O`[wa • AmodîH$ma [pãbeg©
2007, [¥. 118-19.
20
(1) ì`o·V dñVw `m KQ>Zm g{ grY{-grY{ g^r kmZ{pÝÐ`m| H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ hþE g§å[H©$
_| AmVm h¡ $& Am[ Cg{ X{I, gwZ, [¶T> gH$V{ h¢, gy§K gH$V{ h¡, ñdmX b{ gH$V{ h¡, ñ[e©
H$a gH$V{ h¢, AW© oH«$`m g{ OwS>m ahVm h¡ $& Bg Vah g{ `h [na^mfmE± ]ZVr h¡ O¡g{ •
hWm¡S>m dh Om{ _maZ{ H{$ H$m_ AmVm h¡ $&
Hw$gr© Om{ ]¡R>Z{ H{$ H$m_ AmVr h¡ $&
(2) h_ KQ>Zm H{$ g§å[H©$ _| àË`j ê$[ g{ H$_ AmV{ h¡ oH$ÝVw [am{j ê$[ g{ oMÌ,
_m{S> {b `m \$m{Q>m{J«m\$ H{$ Ona`{ AmV{ h¢ $& O¡g{ oH$ C[a ]Vm`m Om MwH$m h¡, dh dñVw `m
KQ>Zm H{$ gmW Hw$N> g_mZVm aIVr h¡ $& `h ‘ g§ojßVrH¥$V’ dmñVod·Vm àË`` H$m{
[hþ±MmZ{ H{$ obE H$mµ\$s hm{Vr h¡ $&
CXmhaU H{$ ê$[ _| EH$ ì`o·V A[Zr [wÌr H{$ Cg g_` H{$ ^mar odñ_` H$m{
N>m §`moH$V H$aZm MmhV{ W{ O] CgZ{ [hbr]ma oMo¶S> >`m Ka _| oOamµ\$ H$m{ X{Im $& O]
CgZ{ àË`moeV ê$[ g{ àoVoH«$`m Zht oXImB© Vm{ CÝhm|Z{ Cgg{ [yN>m oH$ ·`m dh OmZVr h¡
oH$ `h ·`m h¡ ? CgZ{ CÎma oX`m, ‘ Or hm±, `h oOamµ\$ h¡, _¢ Cg{ XyaXe©Z [a X{I MyH$s
hÿ ±$&’ oMÌJV àoVH¥$oV Cg{ Cgbr MrO H$s [hMmZ H$aZ{ _| g_W© ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE H$mµ\$s
ogÕ hm{Vr h¡ $&
(3) e¡ojH$ gm_J«r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ KQ>Zm `m dñVw H$m{ EH$ àVrH$ _| ]Xb oX`m OmVm h¡ $& EH$
_woÐV eãX `m gyÌ, oOgH$s dmñVodH$Vm g{ H$m{B© g_mZVm Zht hm{Vr, oOgH{$ obE dh
àoVH$ AmVm h¡ $& _woÐV eãX A[Z{ oZX}oeVr (Referent) H{$ oH$gr ^r JwU H$m àË`j
hr dhZ Zht H$aVm, hmbm±oH$ Hw$N> eãX O¡g{ ey-ey, Ym±`-Ym±`, ^Z-^Z, Ywa-Kwa AmoX$
Hw$N> AW© àH$Q> H$aV{ h¡ $&
hmd©S> © H{$ O{åg ]« wZa Z{ AZw^d H$m Hw$N> E{gm hr oVham odíb{fU àñVwV oH$`m
h¡ $& [hb{ ñVa H$m{ dh Ao^Z`r (Enactine) H$hV{ h¡ $& `hm± [a Hw$N> H$aZm µOéar hm{Vm
h¡ $& Am[ dñVwV• EH$ Jm±R> ]m±YV{ h¡ $& Xyga{ ñVa [a oOg{ _yoV©H$ Zm_ oX`m J`m h¡, Am[
oMÌm{ § `m Ama{Im| H$s Am{a X{IV{ h¢ Am¡a E{gr Jm±R> ]m±YZm grIV{ h¡, Om{ Am[Z{ [hb{
H$^r Zht ]m±Yr Wr$& Vrgam ñVa àVrH$s` h¡ O¡gr oH$ C[a [na^mfm Xr JB© h¡ $& Am[
21
‘ Jm±R>’ eãX H$m{ [¶T>V{ h¡ Am¡a A] BgH$m _mZogH$ oZX}oeVr EH$ E{gm o]å] `m oMÌ h¡
`m Jm±R> bJmV{ g_` H$m Am[H$m dmñVodH$ AZw^d h¡ $&5
2.2.3 oejU gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ • oejU gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ • oejU gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ • oejU gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ • oejU gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ •
em{YH$Vm© Z{ A[Z{ em{Y à]§Y H{$ AÝVJ©V Om{ nejU gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ Ed§
M`Z oH$`m h¡, dh Am[ [naoeï> A _| MmQ> ©g² H{$ ê$[ X{I gH$V{ h¢ $& MmQ> ©g² _| oXImB©
JB© oejU gm_J«r H$m{ H$jm AÜ`m[Z H$aZ{ g{ [hb{ AÜ`m[H$ H{$ Ûmam oZåZ ]mVm| H${
oZ`m{OZ g§å]oÝYV gmdYmoZ`m± aIr h¡§ $&
2.2.4 oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gå]ÝY _| gmdYmoZ`m± • oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gå]ÝY _| gmdYmoZ`m± • oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gå]ÝY _| gmdYmoZ`m± • oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gå]ÝY _| gmdYmoZ`m± • oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gå]ÝY _| gmdYmoZ`m± •
em{YH$Vm© Z{ oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J g{ [hb{ oZåZm§oH$V ]mVm| H$s gmdYmZr aIr
h¢ •
1. grIZ{ H${ CX²X{í`m| H{$ AZwé[ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
2. N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE V¡`ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
3. oejU gm_J«r H$m{ oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s V¡`mar H$s JB© $&
4. N>mÌm| H$m{ gh^mJr hm{Z{ H$m Adga àXmZ oH$`m J`m &
5. AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ oH$`m h¡ $&
6. [naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
oejU-gm_J«r H{$ oZ`m{OZ gå]pÝYV Amdí`H$ ]mV| oZåZm§oH$V h¡ •
oZ`m{OZ _| `oX oZåZ ]mVm| H$m Ü`mZ Z aIm OmE± Vm{ oejU gm_J«r H$m à`m{J
ì`W© h¡ $& BgobE oejU àoH«$`m H$m{ g\$b ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE oejU gm_J«r H{$ oZ`m{OZ _|
oZåZm§oH$V ]mVm| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIZr MmohE $& BgH$m oZaW©H$ oZ`m{OZ oejU H$m{
hmZrH$maH$ ]Zm gH$Vm h¡ $&
5 E. H{$. e_m©, AÜ`m[Z _| lì`-X¥í` gmYZ.AÜ`m[Z _| lì`-X¥í` gmYZ.AÜ`m[Z _| lì`-X¥í` gmYZ.AÜ`m[Z _| lì`-X¥í` gmYZ.AÜ`m[Z _| lì`-X¥í` gmYZ. MÊS>rJT> • hna`mUm gmohË` AH$mX_r
1987, [¥. 11.
22
2.2.4.1 oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ grIZ{ H{$ CXX² {í`m| H{$ AZwê$[ h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ grIZ{ H{$ CXX² {í`m| H{$ AZwê$[ h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ grIZ{ H{$ CXX² {í`m| H{$ AZwê$[ h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ grIZ{ H{$ CXX² {í`m| H{$ AZwê$[ h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ grIZ{ H{$ CXX² {í`m| H{$ AZwê$[ h¡ •
O¡gr ^r oejU-gm_J«r H$m à`m{J hm{ CgH{$ MwZmd g{ `h odMma H$a
ob`m OmE± oH$ dh grIZ{ H{$ CXX² {í`m| H$s àmoßV _| oH$VZ{ Am¡a oH$g àH$ma
ghm`H$ hm{Jr; CXmhaU H{$ obE `oX MboMÌ H$m à`m{J H$aZm h¡ Vm{ o\$ë_ H$m
MwZmd BZ ]mVm| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a oH$`m OmE± oH$ ·`m oejU H{$ CXX² {í` Bg
MboMÌ g{ ogÕ hm{J{ ? ·`m o\$ë_ Ûmam Om{ AmXe© àñVwV H$aZm h¡ dh ñ[ï> T>§J
g{ àñVwV hm{Vm h¡ ?
2.2.4.2 N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE V¡`ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE V¡`ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE V¡`ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE V¡`ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE V¡`ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $•••••
Bgg{ àW_ oH$ H$m{B© oejU-gm_J«r à`w·V hm{ N>mÌm| H$m{ CgH{$ obE V¡`ma
H$a b{Zm MmohE $& o\$ë_ oXImZ{ g{ [hb{ H$jm _| Cg ]mV H$m odd{MZ H$a b{Zm
MmohE oOg H{$ g§å]ÝK _| o\$ë_ hm{ $& o]Zm [yd© V¡`mar H{$ o\$ë_ oXImZ{ g{
odÚmoW©`m| H$m{ H$m{B© bm^ [hþ±MmZ{ H$s Amem ì`W© h¡ $&
2.2.4.3 oejU-gm_J«r H$m { oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s `m{OZm ]ZmB© JB© h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m { oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s `m{OZm ]ZmB© JB© h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m { oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s `m{OZm ]ZmB© JB© h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m { oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s `m{OZm ]ZmB© JB© h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m { oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s `m{OZm ]ZmB© JB© h¡ •
AZ{H$ oejH$ oejU-gm_J«r H$m{ H$jm _| b{ OmV{ h¢, o]Zm Bg Am{a Ü`mZ
oX`{ oH$ dh g§MobV hm{Jr ^r oH$ Zht $? EH$ H$Q> {-H$Q> { o\$ë_ H$m{ oXImZ{ g{
H$m{B© bm^ Zht AWdm O] H$jm o\$ë_ X{IZ{ H$m{ V¡`ma h¡ Cg g_` `§Ì H$s
JS>]S>r ]hþV XyofV dmVmdaU CË[ÝZ H$a X{Vr h¡ $&
2.2.4.4 N>mÌm| H$s gh^mnJVm H$m Adga •N>mÌm| H$s gh^mnJVm H$m Adga •N>mÌm| H$s gh^mnJVm H$m Adga •N>mÌm| H$s gh^mnJVm H$m Adga •N>mÌm| H$s gh^mnJVm H$m Adga •
E{gr odoY`m| H$m{ ñWmo[V H$aZ{ H$s M{ï>m H$aZr MmohE oH$ N>mÌ goH«$`
àoVoH«$`m H$a{ Am¡a A[Zm `m{JXmZ X{ $& o\$ë_ H$m{ X{IZ{ H{$ g_` `oX N>mÌ EH$
oZpîH«$` lm{Vm H$s ^m±oV Z hm{H$a EH$ goH«$` H$Vm© H{$ ê$[ _| ah{ Vm{ AoYH$ AÀN>m
oejU àXmZ hm{ gH$Vm h¡ $&
23
2.2.4.5 AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ •AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ •AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ •AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ •AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ •
ode{f ê$[ g{ oejU gm_J«r oXImZ{ H{$ [ümV AZwgaU oH«$`mE± Amdí`H$
h¢ $& `oX oMÌZ{ _yë`m§H$Z AZw^d àXmZ oH$`{ h¡ Vm{ oMÌ X{IZ{ H{$ [ümV odd{MZ
H$aZ{ H$m{ H$hm OmZm MmohE AWdm N>mÌm| H$m{ oH$gr gå]pÝYV g_ñ`m AWdm
odf` H{$ AÜ`m[H$ H$m{ H$hZm MmohE $& oejH$ CÝh| Cg oMÌ [a gå]pÝYV
odoeï> H$m`© ^r H$aZ{ H$m{ X{Jm $& oejH$ oMÌ H{$ odMmam| H$m{ ^r H$jm H$s Xygar
oH«$`mAm{ _| à`m{J H$admE±Jm $&
2.2.4.6 [naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z •[naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z •[naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z •[naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z •[naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z •
_yë`m§H$Z H$m CXX²{í` `h oZYm©naV H$aZm h¡ oH$ oH$VZr gr_m VH$ CXX²{í`
àmßV hm{ J`{ h¢ $& `hm± [naUm_m| H{$ _yë`m§H$Z g{ VmË[`© `h h¡ oH$ oejH$ `h [Vm
bJm`{ oH$ oOg gm_J«r H$m CgZ{ à`m{J oH$`m h¡, dh CZ CXX² {í`m| H$s àmoßV _|
oOZ H{$ obE CgZ{ gm_J«r à`w·V H$s h¢, oH$g gr_m VH$ gh`m{J X{Vr h¡ $& o]Zm
_yë`m§H$Z H{$ oejU gm_J«r H$m à`m{J ì`W© hr hm{Jm, ·`m| oH$ oejH$ H$m{ [Vm
Zht MbVm oH$ oejU gm_J«r H{$ à`m{J g{ odÚmWu H$m{ H$m{B© bm^ o_bm ^r h¡ `m
Zht.6
2.3 gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW© •
gå]pÝYV gmohË` g{ VmË[`© AZwg§YmZ H$s g_ñ`m g{ gå]pÝYV CZ g^r àH$ma
H$s [wñVH$|, kmZ-H$m{em| g{ h¢ oOZH{$ AÜ``Z g{ AZwg§YmZ H$Vm© A[Zr g_ñ`m H{$ M`Z,
[naH$ë[ZmAm| H{$ oZ_m©U, AÜ``Z H$s ê$[-a{Im V¡`ma H$aZ{ Ed§ H$m`© H$m{ AmJ{ ]¶T>mZ{ _|
ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡ $&
2.3.1 gå]pÝKV gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`© •gå]pÝKV gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`© •gå]pÝKV gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`© •gå]pÝKV gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`© •gå]pÝKV gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`© •
1. g_rjm em{YH$m`© H{$ obE Amdí`H$ g¡Õm§oVH$ [¥ð>^yo_ àXmZ H$aVm h¡ $& àË`{H$
àË`` d YmaUm H$m{ ñ[ï> H$aVm h¡ $&
6 Eg.Eg. _mWwa. oejU H$bm Ed§ e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$soejU H$bm Ed§ e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$soejU H$bm Ed§ e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$soejU H$bm Ed§ e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$soejU H$bm Ed§ e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$s (15dm± g§.). AmJam •
AJ«dmb [pãbH{$eÝg, 2008, [¥. 111-13.
24
2. g_rjm H{$ Ûmam `h ñ[ï> hm{ OmVm h¡ oH$ AZwg§YmZ H$s pñWoV ·`m h¡ ? ·`m H$]
oH$gZ{ Am¡a H¡$g{ AZwg§YmZ oH$`m h¡ ? Bg kmZ H{$ àmßV H$aZ{ [a AÜ``Z H$s
`m{OZm ]ZmZm gwodYmOZH$ hm{ OmVm h¡ $&
3. gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$s g_rjm AZwg§YmZ H{$ obE A[ZmB© OmZ{ dmbr odoY à`m{J
_| bm`{ OmZ{ dmb{ C[H$aU VWm Am|H$S>m | H{$ odíb{fU H{$ obE à`m{J _|
AmZ{dmbr C[`w·V odoY`m| H$m{ ñ[ï> H$aVm h¡ $&
4. g_rjm Bg VÏ` H$m{ ñ[ï> H$aVr h¡ oH$ oH$`m Om ahm AZwg§YmZ H$m`© oH$g gr_m
VH$ g\$b hm{ gH{$Jm Am¡a àmßV oZîH$fm~ H$s C[`m{oJVm ·`m hm{Jr ?
5. g_rjm H$m _hÎd[yU© H$m`© h¡ g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU, AdYmaUm ]ZmZm,
g_ñ`m H$m$ gr_m§H$Z Am¡a [naH$ë[ZmAm| H{$ oZ_m©U _| ghm`Vm H$aZm $&
2.3.2 gå]pÝYV gmohË`-g_rjm H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË`-g_rjm H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË`-g_rjm H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË`-g_rjm H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË`-g_rjm H$m AW© •
‘ gmohË`-g_rjm’ Xm{ eãXm| h¢ - ‘ gmohË`’ Am¡a ‘ g_rjm’ g{ o_bH$a ]Zm h¡ $&
`hm± [a gmohË` eãX [a§[amJV AW© _| à`m{J Z hm{H$a ^mfm H{$ g§X^© _| à`m{J oH$`m
OmVm h¡, O¡g{ ohÝXr gmohË`, A§J«{Or gmohË`, VWm g§ñH¥$V gmohË` $& oH$gr odf`-dñVw
H{$ AÝVJ©V JÚ-[Ú, ZmQ>H$, C[Ý`mg, H$hmZr AmoX AmV{ h¢ $& AZwg§YmZ H{$ j{Ì _|
gmohË` oH$gr kmZ H$s Am{a g§H{$V H$aVm h¡ Am¡a oOgH{$ AÝVJ©V g¡ÝYmpÝVH$ ì`mdhmnaH$
Am¡a em{K AÜ``Z AmV{ h¢ $&
‘ g_rjm’ eãX g{ VmË[`© h¡ - em{Y H{$ odf` j{Ì H{$ kmZ H$r ì`dñWm H$aZm
VWm `h oXImZm oH$ CgH{$ Ûmam oH$`m J`m AÜ``Z Bg j{Ì _| EH$ `m{JXmZ hm{Jm $&
gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`© AË`§V g¥OZmË_H$ h¡ ·`m| oH$ em{YH$Vm© H$m{ AÜ`m[Z H$m{
`wo·V[yd©H$ H$WZ àXmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE àmßV kmZ H$m{ odbjU T>§J g{ EH$Ì H$aZm
hm{Vm h¡ $&
25
2.3.3 gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ AÜ``Z H$m _hÎd •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ AÜ``Z H$m _hÎd •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ AÜ``Z H$m _hÎd •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ AÜ``Z H$m _hÎd •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ AÜ``Z H$m _hÎd •
dmñVd _| gå]pÝYV gmohË` em{YH$m`© H{$ obE AË`moYH$ _hÎd[yU© h¡ ·`m| oH$
BgH{$ A^md _| em{YH$Vm© CoMV oXem _| EH$ H$X_ ^r AmJ{ Zht ]¶T>m gH$Vm h¡ $& O]
VH$ em{YH$Vm© H$m{ `h kmV Z hm{ oH$ Cg j{Ì _| oH$VZm H$m`© hm{ MwH$m h¡ ? oH$g odoY g{
H$m`© oH$`m h¡ ? VWm CgH{$ oZîH$f© ·`m oZH$b{ h¡ ? V] VH$ dh Z Vm{ g_ñ`m H$m
oZYm©aU H$a gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Z em{YH$m`© H$s ê$[a{Im V¡`ma H$a gH$Vm h¡ $& BgH{$ _hÎd
H$m{ ñ[ï> H$aV{ hþE - JwS>, ]ma Am¡a H{$Q²>g H$hV{ h¡ $•
‘‘ `m{½` oMoH$ËgH$ H{$ obE `h Amdí`H$ h¡ oH$ dh A[Z{ j{Ì _| hm{ ahr Am¡foY
gå]pÝK AmYwoZH$V_² Im{ µOm{ § g{ [naoMV hm{Vm ah{, Cgr àH$ma oejm H{$ oOkmgw N>mÌ
AZwg§YmZ H{$ j{Ì _| H$m`© H$aZ{ dmb{ VWm AZwg§YmZ H$Vm© H{$ obE Cg j{Ì g{ gå]pÝYV
gyMZmAm| Ed§ Im{µOm{§ g{ [oaoMV hm{ `h Amdí`H$ h¡ $&’’
2.3.4 gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ CXX² {í` • gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ CXX² {í` • gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ CXX² {í` • gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ CXX² {í` • gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ CXX² {í` •
1. `h AZwg§YmZ H{$ obE ogÕm§V, odMma, ì`dñWmE± VWm [naH$ë[ZmE± àXmZ H$aVm
h¡ Om{ Z`r g_ñ`m H{$ M`Z _| C[`m{Jr hm{ gH$Vm h¡ $&
2. `h AZwg§YmZ H{$ obE oH$`{ J`{ j{Ì _| oH$VZm Am¡a oH$g àH$ma hm{ MwH$m h¡ BgH$s
OmZH$mar X{Vm h¡ $&
3. `h [naH$ë[Zm H{$ obE gmYZ àXmZ H$aVm h¡ $& em{YH$Vm© àmßV AÜ``Zm| H{$
AmYma [a em{Y [naH$ë[ZmE± ]Zm gH$Vm h¡ $&
4. M`oZV g_ñ`m H{$ obE oH$g odoY VWm àoH«$`m H$m à`m{J C[`w·V hm{Jm ? H$m¡Z
g{ C[H$aU à`m{J _| bmZm CoMV hm{Jm ? H$m¡Z-gr gm§p»`H$s H$m à`m{J H$aZm
hm{Jm ? Bg g]H$s OmZH$mar X{Vm h¡ $&
5. `h [naUm_m| H{$ odíb{fU H$aZ{ _| ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡ VWm C[`m{Jr oZîH$fm~ VWm
VwbZmË_H$ VÏ`m| H$m{ oZYm©naV H$aVm h¡ AWm©V gå]pÝYV AÜ``Zm| g{ oZH$mb{ J`{
oZîH$fm~ H$s VwbZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ $&
26
6. g_ñ`m H{$ [na^mfrH$aU, AdYmaUm`|, gr_m§H$Z VWm [naH$ë[Zm H{$ oZåZ
CXX²{í`m| _| ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡ $&7
Bruce W. Tackman-(1978)8 Z{ gå]pÝYV gmohË` g_rjm H{$ nZåZ
CX²X{í` ]Vm`{ h¡ •
1. _hÎd[yU© Mam| H$m{ Im{µOZm $&
2. Om{ oH$`m Om MwH$m h¡ Am¡a Om{ H$aZm h¡, CgH$m{ [¥W¸$ H$aZm $&
3. em{YH$m`© H$m ñdê$[ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE àmßV AÜ``Zm| H$m{ EH$oÌV H$aZm $&
4. g_ñ`m H$m AW©, BgH$s C[`w·VVm g_ñ`m g{ BgH$m gå]ÝK Am¡a àmßV AÜ``Zm|
g{ BgH{$ AÝVa H$m{ oZYm©naV H$aZm $&
2.4 gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z •
According to John W. West–
“Practically all human knowledge can be found in books
and libraries. Unlike other animals that must start a new with
each generation, man builds upon the accumulated and recorded
knowledge of the part. His constant adding to the vast store of
knowledge makes possible progress in all areas of human
endeavour”9
7 eoeH$bm garZ Ed§ garZ A§OZm., e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`me¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`me¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`me¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`me¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`m± (5dm±g§). AmJam •
odZm{X [wñVH$ _pÝXa 2005, [¥. 56-59
8 Bruce W. Tuckman. Conducting Educational Research. New
York : Harcourt Bruce Jovonovich Inc 1978, [¥. 479.
9 John W. Best. Research in Education, New Jersey :
Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall Inc 1978, p. 403.
27
AWm©V² –AWm©V² –AWm©V² –AWm©V² –AWm©V² –
“ ì`mdhmnaH$ X¥oï> g{ gmam _mZd kmZ [wñVH$m| Ed§ [wñVH$mb`m| _| àmßV oH$`m Om
gH$Vm h¡ $& AÝ` Ordm| H{$ AoVna·V Om{ àË`{H$ [r¶T>r _| Z`{ oga{ g{ àmaå^ H$aV{
h¢, _mZd g_mO A[Z{ àmMrZ AZw^dm| H$m{ g§J«hrV Ed§ gwaojV aIVm h¡, kmZ H{$
AWmh ^ÊS>ma _| _mZd H$m oZaÝVa `m{JXmZ g^r j{Ìm| _| CgH{$ odH$mg H$m AmYma
h¡ $&”
According to Carter V. Good–
“The key to the vast storehouse of published literature
may open doors to sources of significant problams and
explantory hypothesis and provide helpful orientation for
definition of the problem background for selection of
procedure and comparative data for interpretation of
results. In order to be creative and original, one must read
extensively and critically as a stimules to thinking”10
AWm©V² –AWm©V² –AWm©V² –AWm©V² –AWm©V² –
“ _woÐV gmohË` H{$ A[ma ^ÊSma H$s H§ w$Or AW©[yU© g_ñ`m Am¡a odíb{fUr`
[naH$ë[Zm H{$ óm{V H$m Ûmam Im{b X{Vr h¡ VWm g_ñ`m H{$ [mna^mfrH$aU,
AÜ``Z H$s odoY H{$ MwZmd VWm àmßV gm_J«r H{$ VwbZmË_H$ odíb{fU _|
ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡ $& dmñVd _| aMZmË_H$Vm, _m¡obH$Vm VWm oMÝVZ H{$ odH$mg
h{Vw odñV¥V Ed§ J§^ra AÜ``Z Amdí`H$ h¡ $&”
AZwg§YmZ H$Vm© H$m{ em{Y g{ [hb{ A[Z{ odf` g{ gå]pÝKV JhamB© g{ OmZH$mar
àmßV H$a b{Zr MmohE $& oOgg{ em{YH$m`© R>m{g hm{ gH{$ $& em{YH$Vm© Z{ A[Z{ AÜ``Z H$m{
10 Carter V. Good. Introduation to Educational Research.
New York : Appleton Century-crofth 1963. [¥. 542.
28
Ü`mZ _| aIV{ hþE oZåZ gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z oH$`m h¡ • (1) em{Y gå]pÝKV oH$Vm] Am¡a
gm_o`H$ (2) em{Y gd} (3) em{Y _hmà]§Y (4) em{K bKwoZ]§K (5) em{Y d{]gmB©Q>
(6) [nag§dmX Ahdmb $&
2.5 gå]pÝYV em{Y H{$ gå]pÝYV [yd© em{Y H$m`© H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y H{$ gå]pÝYV [yd© em{Y H$m`© H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y H{$ gå]pÝYV [yd© em{Y H$m`© H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y H{$ gå]pÝYV [yd© em{Y H$m`© H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y H{$ gå]pÝYV [yd© em{Y H$m`© H$m AÜ``Z •
àË`{H$ em{YH$Vm© H{$ obE Amdí`H$ h¡ oH$ dh Xygam| H{$ Ûmam oH$`{ J`{ A[Zr
g_ñ`m g{ gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$s gyMZmAm| g{ AÀN>r Vah AdJV hm{ $& em{YH$Vm©
gå]pÝYV gmohË` g{ A[Zr éoM H{$ AZwê$[ em{KH$m`© H$m j{Ì MwZVm h¡ $VWm Bg em{Y
H$m JwUmË_H$ Ed§ _mÌmË_H$ odíb{fU em{YH$Vm© H$m{ EH$ ZB© oXem àXmZ H$aVm h¢ $& em{Y
H$Vm© g§X^© gmohË` g{ em{Y H$s g_ñ`m H$m M`Z H$aVm h¡ VWm em{Y H{$ [wZ©oZarjU H{$
AmYma [a A[Zr [naH$ë[ZmE± ]ZVm h¡ VWm em{Y H{$ [naUm_m| Am¡a oZîH$fm~ [a dmX-
oddmX oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ $&
C[`w ©·V g§X^© gmohË` [a odMma H$aZ{ g{ `h ñ[ï> hm{Vm h¡ oH$ g§X^© gmohË`
em{Y à]ÝY _| H{$db EH$ AÜ`m` Om{ ¶S>Z{ H{$ obE Zht h¡ VWm J« §WgyMr V¡`ma H$aZ{ H{$
obE Zht h¡ ]bH{$ em{Y H{$ g^r ñVam| [a Bgg{ ghm`Vm àmßV hm{Vr h¡ $& O¡g{ g_ñ`m H$m
MwZmd, g_ñ`m H$m [na^mfrH$aU VWm odíb{fU Ed§ H$WZ, [naH$ë[ZmAm| H$m oZ_m©U,
AÜ``Z gr_m oZYm©aU, AÜ``Z H$s ê$[a{Im V¡`ma H$aZ{, Ý`mXe© H$m MwZmd, Am±H$S>m| H$m
g§J«h, Am±H$S>m | H$m gmaUr`Z, ì`dñWm[Z VWm odíb{fU, gm§p»`H$s, odÚmb` à`m{J,
VWm oZîH$f© oZH$mbZ{ AmoX g^r _| gh`m{J X{Vm h¢ $&11
em{YH$Vm© AoYH$ ñ[ï> hm{ gH{$ Bg obE gå]pÝYV em{KH$m`© H$m{ oZåZ àH$ma g{
[{e oH$`m h¡ •
1. JwOamV amÁ` H{$ odo^ÝZ odœodÚmb`m| _| hþE gå]pÝYV em{YH$m`© $&
2. ^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{KH$m`© $&
3. odX{e _| hþE em{Y H$m`© $&
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
11 am_[mbqgh Am¡a e_m© Am{.[r., e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm§p»`H$se¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm§p»`H$se¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm§p»`H$se¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm§p»`H$se¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm§p»`H$s (V¥.g§.) AmJam •
AJ«dmb [oãbH{$eÝg, 2008. [¥. 93.
29
2.5.1 JwOamV _| hþE em{YH$m`© •JwOamV _| hþE em{YH$m`© •JwOamV _| hþE em{YH$m`© •JwOamV _| hþE em{YH$m`© •JwOamV _| hþE em{YH$m`© •
(1) amdb amdb amdb amdb amdb (2003)12, “ A§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s
aMZm Am¡a à^md &” H{$ CX²X{í`
1. H$jm 7dt H$s A§J« {Or [mR>ç[wñVH$ _| g{ M`Z H$s JB© XjVmAm| g{ gå]pÝYV
BH$mB©`m| [a AmYmnaV AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aZm$&
2. XjVmbjr [yd© H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm H$aH{$ odœgoZ`Vm Am¡a à_mUrH$aU H$aZm $&
3. à`m{J g{ [yd© oZOr àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$r [yd© H$gm¡Q>r H{$
_mÜ`_ g{ boãY Zm[Zm Am¡a o^ÝZVm OmZZm $&
4. AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Z H$aZm $&
àñVwV em{Y _| Ah_Xm]mX oOb{ H{$ Mma àmWo_H$ odÚmb` oOg_| Xm{ oZOr
odÚmb` Am¡a Xm{ oObm [§Mm`V g§MmobV odÚmb` H$m Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z
oH$`m h¡ $&
àñVwV em{Y àm`m{oJH$ em{K odoY g{ oH$`m h¡ $&
àñVwV em{Y H{$ obE Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ [yd© H$gm¡Q>r Am¡a CÎma H$gm¡Q>r 2#2#2
\{$·Q>m{na`b AY© àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm H{$ Ûmam oH$`m h¡ $&
oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •
1. oZOr àmWo_H$ odÚmb` H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$ N>mÌ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| g{ à`m{J
[yd© A§J«{Or odf` _| gm_mÝ` Cƒ àmßVm§H$ àmßV nH$`{ h¡ $&
2. oOëbm [§Mm`V g§MmobV àmWo_H$ odÚmb` H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$
N>mÌ-N>mÌmAm| H{$ à`m{J [yd© A§J«{Or odf` H$s e¡ojH$ boãY g_mZ h¡ $&
12 _h{e [r. amdb, A§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$sA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$sA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$sA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$sA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s
aMZm Am¡a à^md. aMZm Am¡a à^md. aMZm Am¡a à^md. aMZm Am¡a à^md. aMZm Am¡a à^md. AàH$moeV _hmem{Y à]§Y, JyOamV odÚm[rR>, 2003.
30
3. oZOr àmWo_H$ odÚmb` H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ N>mÌ N>mÌmAm| H{$ oH$`{
J`{ AÜ``Z _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r g{ oejm [a AoYH$ à^md
X{Im J`m $& Om{ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$s g_mZVm _| AoYH$ AgaH$maH$ Wm $&
4. oObm [§Mm`V g§MmobV àmWo_H$ odÚmb` H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$
N>mÌm| [a j_Vmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r g{ oejm H$m à^md AoYH$ X{IZ{
H$m{ Zht o_bm oH$ O] bS>oH$`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ [a AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r
H$m à^md AoYH$ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm $&
5. oZOr àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ b¶S>H$m| H{$ Xm{Zm| H$gm¡oQ>`m| H{$
àmßVm§H$ g_mZ W{ $& CZH$s e¡ojH$ bpãY _| AoYH$ ^{X X{IZ{ H$m{ Zht o_bm $&
6. oZOr àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$s bS>oH$`m| [a bS>H$m| g{ XjVmbjr
AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$m à^md AoYH$ X{Im J`m $&
(2) Vwa Vwa Vwa Vwa Vwa (2003)13 “ àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H$jm 7dt H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [a
odoS>`m{ H$m`©H«$_ H$s aMZm Am¡a à^mdH$Vm kmV H$aZm $&” H{$ CX²X{í`
1. ñdmñÏ` Am¡a emarnaH$ oejm odf` H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [a odoS>`m{ H$m`©H«$_ H$s
aMZm H$aZm $&
2. N>mÌm| H$m{ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© H{$ g§X^© _| odoS>`m| H$m`©H«$_ H$s AgaH$maH$Vm
Om±MZm $&
3. N>mÌm| H$s `m{JodÚm BH$mB© H$s bpãY H$m oZXmZ odoS>`m{ H$m`©H«$_ Am¡a OmoV [a
A§V•oH«$`m H$m à^md kmV H$aZm $&
àñVwV em{Y àm`m{oJH$ em{Y odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
àñVwV em{Y H{$ obE Ah_Xm]mX oOb{ H$s oObm [§Mm`V g§MmobV 884 JwOamVr
13 J§o^aqgh. EZ. Vwa, àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H$jm àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H$jm àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H$jm àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H$jm àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H$jm 7dt H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [adt H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [adt H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [adt H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [adt H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [a
odoS >`m { H$m` ©H « $_ H$s aMZm Am ¡a à^mdH$Vm kmV H$aZm.odoS >`m { H$m` ©H « $_ H$s aMZm Am ¡a à^mdH$Vm kmV H$aZm.odoS >`m { H$m` ©H « $_ H$s aMZm Am ¡a à^mdH$Vm kmV H$aZm.odoS >`m { H$m` ©H « $_ H$s aMZm Am ¡a à^mdH$Vm kmV H$aZm.odoS >`m { H$m` ©H « $_ H$s aMZm Am ¡a à^mdH$Vm kmV H$aZm. AàH$moeV
bKwem{Y à]§Y, JwOamV `woZdog©Q>r>, Ah_Xm]mX. 2003.
31
_mÜ`_ H${ odÚmb`m| H{$ H$jm 7dt _| AÜ``ZaV Hw$b 30943 Nm>Ì Ý`mXe© H{$
ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¡ $& oOgH$m ì`m[odœ Ah_Xm]mX oOb{ H{$ oObm [§Mm`V
g§MmobV JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H${ àmWo_H$ odÚmb` h¡ $& ì`m[odœ _| g{ em{KH$Vm©Z{
gh{VwH$ M`Z [ÕoV g{ 8 odÚmb`m| H$m M`Z oH$`m h¢ $& 8 odÚmb`m| _| g{ 4
odÚmb` àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ _| Am¡a 4 odÚmb` H$m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ _| [yd© H$gm¡Q>r H{$
]mX gh{VwH$ `mÑpÀN>H$ M`Z [ÕoV g{ [g§X oH$`{ JE h¡ $&
oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •
1. N>mÌm| H$s `m{JodÚm BH$mB© H$s bpãY H{$ g§X^© _| odoS>`m{ H$m`©H«$_ [a§[amJV [ÕoV
g{ AoYH$ [«^mdr ahm $&
2. N>mÌm| H$s `m{JodÚm BH$mB© H$s bpãY [a OmoV H$m H$m{B© à^md Zht hþAm $&
3. `m{JodÚm BH$mB© H{$ H$m`©H«$_ H$s aMZm H{$ ]mX N>mÌm| H{$ éPmZm| H$m{ Om±MZ{ g{ X{Im
J`m oH$ 97% N>mÌ `m{JodÚm grIZ{ H{$ obE g§_V W{ $&
(3) Jm{ñdm_r Jm {ñdm_r Jm {ñdm_r Jm {ñdm_r Jm {ñdm_r (2001)14 “12dt H$jm H$s ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _|
ñdAÜ``Z gm_J«r, oMÌ gm_J«r Am¡a ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$s AgaH$maH$Vm H$m
VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z &” H${ CX²X{í`
1. ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE ñd-AÜ``Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aZm $&
2. ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE oMÌ gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aZm $&
3. ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE ì`m»`mZ [ÕoVH$m Am`m{OZ H$aZm $&
4. ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H$s ñd-AÜ``Z gm_J«r H$s AgaH$maH$Vm H$m ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV g{
VwbZm H$aZm $&
14 H{$. Jm{ñdm_r. 12dt H$jm H$s ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| ñdAÜ``Zdt H$jm H$s ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| ñdAÜ``Zdt H$jm H$s ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| ñdAÜ``Zdt H$jm H$s ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| ñdAÜ``Zdt H$jm H$s ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| ñdAÜ``Z
gm_J « r , oMÌ gm_J « r Am ¡ a ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$ s AgaH$ maH $Vm H $ mgm_J « r , oMÌ gm_J « r Am ¡ a ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$ s AgaH$ maH $Vm H $ mgm_J « r , oMÌ gm_J « r Am ¡ a ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$ s AgaH$ maH $Vm H $ mgm_J « r , oMÌ gm_J « r Am ¡ a ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$ s AgaH$ maH $Vm H $ mgm_J « r , oMÌ gm_J « r Am ¡ a ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$ s AgaH$ maH $Vm H $ m
VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z.VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z.VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z.VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z.VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z. AàH$moeV _hmem{Y à]§Y, gm¡amï> `woZ. 2001.
32
5. ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE oMÌ gm_J«r H$s AgaH$maH$Vm H$r ì`m»`mZ
[ÕoV g{ VwbZm H$aZm $&
6. ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE ñd-AÜ``Z gm_J«r Am¡a oMÌ gm_J«r H${
à^md H$s VwbZm H$aZm $&
àñVwV em{Y àm`m{oJH$ em{Y odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
àñVwV em{YH$m`© H$m ì`m[odœ gwa{ÝÐZJa oOb{ H{$ Mm{Q>rbm Vhgrb H{$ ^r_m{am
Jm±d H$s JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H$s ]mahdt H$jm H{$ gZ² 2000-2001 _| AÜ``ZaV 75 N>mÌm|
H$m em{YH$Vm©Z{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¡ $&
oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •
1. àñVwV em{YH$m`© H{$ gå]ÝY _| ohÝXr H$odVm H$s ñdAÜ``Z gm_J«r, ì`m»`mZ
[ÕoV Am¡a oMÌ gm_J«r g{ AÜ``Z H$aZ{dmb{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY _| o^ÝZVm [mB©
JB© $&
2. ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV Am¡a ñd-AÜ``Z gm_J«r g{ AÜ``Z H$aZ{dmb{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY
_| H$m{B© o^ÝZVm Zht h¡ $&
3. ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$s VwbZm _| oMÌ gm_J«r g{ AÜ``Z H$aZ{dmb{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY
oZåZ Wr $&
4. oMÌ gm_J«r H$s VwbZm _| ñd-AÜ``Z g{ AÜ``Z H$aZ{dmb{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY
ode{f Wr $&
(4) _H$amUr _H$amUr _H$amUr _H$amUr _H$amUr (2003)15 “ g§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gmYZm| H$s aMZm
Am¡a CgH{$ odoZ`m{J H$s à^mdH$Vm $&” H$m CX²X{í`
15 EM. ]r. _H$amUr, g§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gmYZm| H$s aMZmg§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gmYZm| H$s aMZmg§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gmYZm| H$s aMZmg§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gmYZm| H$s aMZmg§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gmYZm| H$s aMZm
Am¡a CgH{$ odoZ`m{J H$s à^mdH$Vm. Am¡a CgH{$ odoZ`m{J H$s à^mdH$Vm. Am¡a CgH{$ odoZ`m{J H$s à^mdH$Vm. Am¡a CgH{$ odoZ`m{J H$s à^mdH$Vm. Am¡a CgH{$ odoZ`m{J H$s à^mdH$Vm. AàH$moeV _hmem{Y à]§Y, gm¡amï>
`woZ. 2003.
33
1. g§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| JÚ-[Ú Am¡a ì`mH$aU H$s M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB© H{$
AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE e¡ojH$ gmYZ Am¡a oejH$ oZo_©V H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm H$aZm $&
2. g§ñH¥$V odf` H$s M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB© H{$ obE oZo_©V gmYZm| H{$ _mÜ`_ g{
AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z H$s à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm $&
àñVwV em{Y àm`m{oJH$ [ÕoV g{ oH$`m h¡ $&
àñVwV em{Y H{$ ì`m[odœ H{$ obE df© 2002-2003 H{$ JwOamV amÁ` H${
_mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`m| H$m{ ob`m h¡ § $& Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| amOH$m{Q> eha H${ JwOamVr _mÜ`_
H${ lr EM. Eg. qghma hmB©ñHy$b H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $& 4 J«y[ _| à`m{J hþAm $& g^r
OJh 10-10 Hw$_ma - H$Ý`m H$m{ ob`m J`m Wm $& 4 J«y[ _| g{ Xm{ à`m{J H{$ obE Am¡a Xm{
à`m{J [wZamdV©Z H{$ obE hwAm Wm $&
oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •
1. g§ñH¥$V odf` H${ H$jm 9dt H{$ JÚ-[Ú _| M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB© _| g{ e¡ojH$ gmYZ
gm_J«r H{$ à`m{J g{ AÜ``Z AoYH$ à^mdr Wm $&
2. H$jm 9dt H{$ g§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ ì`mH$aU od^mJ _| e¡ojH$ gmYZm| H{$ _mÜ`_ g{
hþAm A¿``Z [a§[amJV [ÕoV g{ AoYH$ à^mdr ahm h¡ $&
3. g§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| e¡ojH$ gmYZm| H{$ odoZ`m{J g{ g§ñH¥$V odf` H$s
bpãY AoYH$ Cƒ ñVa VH$ Om gH$Vr h¡ $&
2.5.2 ^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{YH$m`© •^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{YH$m`© •^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{YH$m`© •^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{YH$m`© •^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{YH$m`© •
(1) o[ëbB© o[ëbB© o[ëbB© o[ëbB© o[ëbB© (1991)16 “ AmOH$s e¡ojH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s µOê$aVm| H{$ AZwgma ]r.ES²> H{$
[mR>çH«$_ _| X¥í`-lì` oejm H{$ [mR>çH«$_ H$s àmg§oJH$Vm $&” H${ CX²X{í`16 G.Pillai, Relevance of the course on audio-visual education in
the B.Ed. programme to the present day educat ional
tecnology requirements (Madurai Kamraj Uni., 1991). in
M.B. Buch(Ed.), Fifth survery of Reserch in Education
(p.1386). New Delhi : NCERT, 2000.
34
Bg AÜ``Z _| AmO H$s e¡joUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$ µOê$aVm| H{$ AZwgma
]r.ES>². H{$ H$m`©H«$_ _| X¥í`-lì` oejm H{$ [mR>çH«$_ H$s àmg§oJH$Vm [a àH$me S>mbm
J`m h¡ $&
1. Vo_bZmSw> amÁ` H{$ odœodÚmb`m| H{$ ]r.ES²>. H{$ [mR>çH«$_m| H$s odf`dñVw H$s
ewê$ H$s JB© X¥í`-lì` oejm Ed§ CZH$s C[bpãY`m| H{$ VÎdm| H$s [hMmZ H$aZ{ H{$
CXX²{í` g{ odíb{fU H$aZm $&
2. Vo_bZmSw> H{$ odo^ÝZ odœodÚmb`m| H{$ ]r.ES²>. H{$ [mR>çH«$_ _| X¥í`-lì` oejm
H{$ ì`mdhmnaH$ [hbwAm| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&
3. Vo_bZmSw> H{$ odo^ÝZ odœodÚmb`m|§ _| ]r.ES²>. H{$ [mR>çH«$_ _| X¥í`-lì` oejm
H$s pñWoV H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&
4. H$jm-AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE dm§oN>V AmYwoZH$ e¡joUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s H$m [Vm bJmZm $&
5. e¡joUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s µOéaVm| H{$ g§X^© _| ]r.ES²>. [mR>çH«$_ H{$ dV©_mZ X¥í`-lì`
oejm H$m`©H«$_ _| odÚ_mZ A§Vamb `oX H$m{B© hm{ Vm{ CZH$s [hMmZ H$aZm $&
6. [hMmZ oH$E JE A§Vambm| H$s [yoV© H{$ obE C[`w·V AmYwoZH$ e¡joUH$
àm¡Úm{oJH$s H{$ [mR>çH«$_ gå]ÝYr gwPmd $&
AÜ``Z h{Vw Mma àH$ma H{$ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m $& Vo_bZmSw> H{$ N>
odœodÚmb`m| _| Ohm± ]r.ES²>. H{$ [mR>çH«$_ Mb ah{ W{ CZ g^r H{$ [mR>çH«$_ H$m M`Z
oH$`m J`m Wm $& AmR> oejm _hmodÚmb`m| Ed§ EH$ odœodÚmb` H{$ oejm od^mJ g{
odÚmoW©`m|, oejH$m| H{$ [m±M odo^ÝZ g{Q>m | / g_yhm| H$m M`Z Ñí`-lì` oejm H{$
àdV©_mZ ñdê$[ H$m AÜ``Z H$aZ{ àoejU odf`H$ H$m`©odoY H$m AÜ``Z H$aZ{ VWm
AmYwoZH$ e¡joUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$ Oê$aVm| H$m AmH$bZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE oH$`m J`m
Wm $& AmR> oejm _hmodÚmb`m| VWm EH$ odœodÚmb` H{$ oejm od^mJ H{$ oejH$m|-
oejmodXm| g{ VWm _XwamB© e¡joUH$ oOb{ H{$ C[g§H$m`m| H{$ AÜ`jm| g{ àmßV Ý`mXe© obE
JE W{ $&
35
oOZ gmYZm| H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m CZ_| emo_b W{ - Ñí`-lì` oejm
àíZmdob`m| H$m Aä`mg, Ñí`-lì` oejm àíZmdob`m| _| àoejU VWm e¡joUH$
àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$ Oê$aVm| H$s _m[/_rZ, Eg.S>r, g§]ÕVm, àoVoeV, t-Om±M, f-Om±M
VWm z>-Om±M H$m C[`m{J Am±H$S>m| H{$ g§emYZ h{Vw oH$`m J`m Wm $&
oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •
1. ]r.ES> ². H$m`©H«$_ H{$ odo^ÝZ d¡H$oë`H$ Ed§ Amdí`H$ odf`m| H{$ A§VJ©V
Ñí`-lì` oejm H{$ VÎdm| H$m{ emo_b H$aZ{ H$m CXX² {í` [yar Vah g{ ogÕ Zht
hþAm Wm $&
2. Vo_bZmSw> H{$ g^r odœodÚmb`m| _| ]r.ES²>. H{$ H$m`©H«$_ _| Ñí`-lì` oejm [a
g_mZ ê$[ g{ ]b Zht oX`m J`m Wm $&
3. Hw$b àMobV 52 Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| _| g{ V¡`mar H$aZ{ VWm ‘ CÝZV gmYZm|’ H{$
C[`m{J H$aZ{ H$s ogµ\$mnae g^r odœodÚmb` Ed§ EH$ ñdm`Îm oejm _hmodÚmb`
_| H$s JB© h¡ $&
4. odÚmoW©`m| H$m{ V¡`mar oZ_m©U Ed§ oH«$`m H{$ g_woMV ê$[ _| Aä`mg Ed§ e¡joUH$
àÚm¡oJH$s odf`H$ hmS>©d{`a Ed§ gm{âQ>d{`a H$m C[`m{J Zht oH$`m J`m Wm $&
5. odÚmoW©`m| oejH$m| H$m{ gm_mÝ` ê$[ g{ oX`m OmZ{ dmbm ì`mdhmnaH$ àoejU
]r.ES²>. H$s oejm H{$ dm§oN>V ñVa H$m Zht Wm $&
6. `Úo[ oejm _hmodÚmb`m| _| [`m©ßV _mÌm _| hmS>©d{`a Ed§ gm{âQ>d{`a C[bãY W{;
o\$a ^r CZH$m dm§oN>V ñVa [a g_woMV ê$[ _| C[`m{J Zht oH$`m J`m Wm $&
7. `Úo[ oejH$m|, oejH$-oejmodXm| VWm g§H$m`m| H{$ AÜ`jm| H{$ A[Z{ e¡joUH$
àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$ µOê$aVm| H{$ àoV oZa[dmX ê$[ _| àË`moeV W{ $&
8. odÚmoW©`m|, oejH$m| Ed§ oejH$-àoejH$m| Z{ kmZ Ed§ g_P H{$ Cƒ ñVa H$m
MwZmd oH$`m Wm O]oH$ g§H$m`m| H{$ AÜ`jm{ § Z{ e¡joUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$
Oê$aVm| H{$ VhV H$m¡ebJV KQ>H$m| H$m MwZmd oH$`m Wm $&
36
9. ]r.ES²>. H$m`©H«$_ odf`H$ Ñí`-lì` oejm _| _w»` ê$[ g{ A§Vamb oZåZoboIV
ê$[ _| [mE JE W{ •
(A) Ñí`-lì` oejm H{$ CXX² {í`m| H$s àmoßV _|, (]) Ñí`-lì` oejm _|
odÚmoW©`m| oejH$m| H$m{ ì`mdhmnaH$ àoejU X{Z{ _| (H$) AmYwoZH$ e¡joUH$
àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$ µOê$aVm| H$s [yoV© _| $&
2. gwo_Ìm gwo_Ìm gwo_Ìm gwo_Ìm gwo_Ìm (1991)17 _Ü`àX{e gaH$ma Ed§ `woZg¡\$ H{$ gh`m{J g{ _Ü`àX{e H{$
hm{e§Jm]mX oOb{ H$s lì` H¡$g{Q> [na`m{OZm • EH$ odf`JV AÜ``Z • H${ CX²X{í`
àñVwV AÜ``Z _| J«m_ àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| ^mfmJV odH$mg Ed§ ldU odf`H$
g_P h{Vw ode{f ê$[ g{ V¡`ma oH$E JE lì` H¡$g{Q>m| H$s C[`m{oJVm Ed§ à^dpÝdVm
H{$ AÜ``Z H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
1. BZ CXX²{í`m| H$s àmoßV h{Vw à]§YZ odf`H$ aUZroV`m| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&
2. àgmaU _m{S> g{ H¡$g{Q> _m{S> _| [nadV©Z H$aZ{ _| AmZ{dmbr g_ñ`mAm| H$m AÜ``Z
H$aZm VWm CR>mE OmZ{dmb{ H$X_m| H{$ g§]§Y _| [hMmZ H$aZm $&
3. oejH$m| H$s _roS>`m H$s ñdrH$m`©Vm H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&
4. g_P{ JE, V¡`ma oH$E JE VWm Xygam| g{ àm`• AoYH$ ]ma [wZamdoV©V oH$E JE
H$m`©H«$_m| H{$ àH$mam| H$s [hMmZ H$aZm VWm CZH$s oZ_m©UJV odoeï>VmAm| H$s
[hMmZ H$aZm $&
Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| _Ü`àX{e H{$ hm{e§Jm]mX oOb{ H{$ 450 àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$
900 oejH$m| VWm H$jm 1, 2 Am¡a 3 H{$ 34345 odÚmb`m| H{$ VrZ gmb H{$ XÎm
emo_b oH$E JE W{ $& Bg AÜ``Z _| oOZ gmYZm| H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m CZ_{ 308
17 L. Sumit ra, The audio casset te pro ject of Hasangabad
District, M.P. (Collaboration withe Govt. of M.P., and
UNICEF, 1991). in M.B. Buch (Ed.T.), Fifth survey of
Research in Education (p.1395). New Delhi: NCERT, 2000.
37
H$m`©H«$_, 17 lì` H¡$g{Q> Am¡a 500 Qy> BZ dZ Q>{[naH$mS>©a emo_b W{ $& oOZ C[H$aUm|
H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m CZ_| àíZmdob`m±, [`©d{jU Am¡a ]ƒm| H{$ Ao^_Vm| H$s naH$moS>ªJ
emo_b Wr $& EH$oÌV Am±H$S>m| H$m C[`m{J àoVeV Am¡gV Am¡a l{UrH$aU H{$ obE oH$`m
J`m Wm >>&
oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •
1. Bg [na`m{OZm H{$ AÝVJ©V EH$ ^mJ H{$ ê$[ _| ]ƒm| Z{ Om{ H$hmoZ`m± VWm JrV
gwZ{ W{ CZ H$hmoZ`m| H$m{ gwZmZ{ _| VWm JrVm| H$m{ JmZ{ _| ]ƒ{ g_W© [mE JE $& d{
JrVm| H$m{ gm_mÝ` ñda _| Jm ah{ W>{ VWm H$hmoZ`m| H$m{ d{ ]¶S>{ grY{-gmX{ gab ê$[
_| gwZm ah{ W{ $&
2. ]ƒ{ E{g{ H$m`©H«$_m| H$m{ AoYH$ gwZZm MmhV{ W{ $& oejmJV AoYJ_ h{Vw oZoüV
AoYJ_ JV CX²X{í`m| H{$ gmW oZo_©V oH$E OmZ{ H{$ ]mdOyX ^r BZ H$m`©H«$_m| H$m{
_Zm{a§OH$ ê$[ _| Iy] [g§X oH$`m J`m $&
3. odf`dñVw gm_J«r H{$ odíb{fU g{ `h g§H{$oVV hþAm oH$ gdm©oYH$ ê$[ _| [g§X
oH$E JE H$m`©H«$_m| _| JrVm| Am¡a H$hmoZ`m| VWm àým{Îmar dmb{ ^mJ W{ Om{ oH$
JoVodoY`m| AmKmnaV W{ $&
4. H$m`©H«$_ H{$ odo^ÝZ ^mJm| _| AoYJ_ JV q]XwAm| H$m{ [wZamdoV©V oH$`m J`m VWm
oZ_m©U H$m`© _| [m§Sw>obo[ [a gmdYmZr ]aVV{ hþE AmJ{ ]¶T>m J`m $&
3. Jm{bmUr Jm{bmUr Jm{bmUr Jm{bmUr Jm{bmUr (1982)18. “ WmZ{ oOb{ H$s _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`m| _| Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H$m
C[`m{J $& ” H${ CX²X{í`
1. _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ AÜ`m[H$ Ed§ AmMm`m{ ª H{$ obE Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H$s
C[`m{oJVm ogÕ H$aZm $&
18 T.P. Golani, The use of audio-visual aids in the secondary
schools of Distr ict Thane (Puna Uni., 1982). In M.B.
Buch (Ed.T.), Third Surve of Research in Education
(p.629). New Delhi : NCERT, 1987.
38
2. WmZ{ oOb{ H${ _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`m{§ H{$ e¡ojH$ ñVa H$m{ ]¶T>mZ{ H$m à`mg H$aZm $&
3. WmZ{ oOb{ H${ _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`m| H${ Ñí`-lmì` C[H$aUm{ § H{$ C[`m{J gå]pÝYV
àdV©_mZ pñWoV kmV H$aZm $&
4. Ñí`-lì` gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J g§]§Yr-oejH$m| Am¡a AmMm`m~ H{$ Ao^àm` kmV
H$aZm $&
àñVwV em{Y àm`m{oJH$ [ÕoV g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $& àñVwV em{Y H$m Ý`mXe© Am¡a
ì`m[odœ [wU{ eha H${ _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb` h¡ $&
oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •
1. ehar j{Ì H${ AoYH$ gwodYmOZH$ _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`m| _| Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm{§ H$m
à`m{J X{Im J`m $&
2. H$_ g{ H$_ AÜ`m[H$ Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H$m à`m{J H$aV{ [m`{ J`{ $&
3. H$_ g{ H$_ AÜ`m[H$m| Z{ Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H{$ C[`m{J H$m àoejU àmßV
oH$`m h¡ $&
4. AoYH$Va odÚmb`m| _| Ñí`-lì` C[H$aU VyQ>{-\y$Q>{ [m`{ J`{ $&
5. Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H{$ à`m{J Z hm{Z{ H{$ [rN>{ _w»` H$maU àoejU H$m A^md
Am¡a gwodYmAm| H{$ A^md H$m{ X{Im J`m $&
39
4. qgh qgh qgh qgh qgh (1990)19. odÚmb`m| _| _mÜ`o_H$ Am¡a CƒVa _mÜ`o_H$ ñVam| [a e¡joUH$
ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m JhZ AÜ``Z; ñdV§Ì AÜ``Z; H${ CX²X{í`
àñVwV AÜ``Z _|{ e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$s C[bãYVm Ed§ odo^ÝZ odf`m| H{$
oejU _| CZH{$ C[`m{J g{ gå]pÝYV g_ñ`mAm| H$m AÜ``Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $& oOgH${
CX²X{í` oZåZm§oH$V h¡ •
1. odÚmb`m| _| Ed§ CZH$s H$m`© Xem _| e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m gd}jU $&
2. odo^ÝZ odf`m| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H$m AÜ``Z $&
3. odÚmb`m| Ûmam o\$ë_ oXImZ{, j{Ì _| OmZ{ H{$ H$m`©H«$_ Am`m{oOV H$aZ{ AmoX
e¡joUH$ JoVodoY`m| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&
4. Bg [a hþE ì`` VWm e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r h{Vw odÚmoW©`m| g{ dgyb H$s JB©
\$sg H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&
5. àj{[U H$jm / hm°b Ed§ AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$jm H{$ gmW odÚmb`m| H{$
gå]ÝY _| pñWoV H$m AmH$bZ H$aZm $&
6. AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J _| oejH$-àoejU H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&
MwZ{ hþE Mma amÁ`m| - Oå_y Am¡a H$pí_a (O{ EÝS> H{$), H{$ab, CS>rgm Am¡a CÎma
àX{e (`y.[r.) g{ ]hþ ñVar` `mÑpÀN>H$ Ý`mXe© M`Z H$m`©odoY H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ hþE
1400(4%) _mÜ`o_H$, g{H§$S>ar Ed§ CƒVa g{H§$S>ar odÚmb`m| H{$ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z
oH$`m J`m $& EH$ àíZmdbr H$m C[`m{J C[H$aU H{$ ê$[ _| oH$`m J`m VWm EH$oÌV
Am°H$S>m| H$m{ Am¡gV Ed§ àoVeV H{$ ê$[ _| ob`m J`m $&19 Satvirsing and others, An intensive study of teaching aids at
middle and secondary stage of schools. (Independent study
NCERT and ERIC, 1990). In M.B. Buch (Ed.T),fifth
survey of Research in Education (P-1392). New Delhi :
NCERT, 2000.
40
oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •
1. 50% g{ AoYH$ _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`m| _| _w»` AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r
C[bãY Wr $& H{$ab _| í`m_[Q>>, MmQ> ©, ZH$e|, ½bm{], _m°S>b Am¡a a{oS>`m{ g{Q>;
Oå_y-H$í_ra (O{ EÝS> H{$) Ed§ C¶S>rgm _| í`m_[Q>>, MmQ>©, ZH$e| Am¡a ½bm{] VWm
CÎma àX{e _| í`m_[Q>> Ed§ ZH$e| $& BZ AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m àoV
odÚmb` Am¡gV g§»`m gdm©oYH$ ê$[ _| H{$ab _| Wr; Oå_y Am¡a H$pí_a _|
gdm©oYH$ g§»`m _| e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r C[`m{J H$aZ{ bm`H$ pñWoV _| Wr $&
2. Xg _w»` AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r (g{H§$S>ar/hm`a g{H§$S>ar odÚmb`m| _| 50
àoVeV g{ AoYH$ _| C[bãY) _| í`m_[Q>>, am{b-A[ ]m{S> ©, MmQ>©, J«m\$, ZH$e|,
½bm{], _m°S>b Z_yZ{, a{o¶S>`m{ g{Q> Am¡a ñbmB©S>{ Wt $&
3. _mÜ`o_H$ ñVa [a Ord odkmZ _| oOZ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m Wm
CZ_| H{$ab _| MmQ> ©, Vgdra|/\$m{Q>m {, ZH$e|, S>m`mJ«m_ _m°S>b Am¡a Z_yZm| H$m
C[`m{J oH$`m J`m Wm $& Oå_y Am¡a H$ní_a _| Z_yZm| H$m; C¶S>rgm _| _m°S>bm| Am¡a
Z_yZm| H$m VWm CÎma àX{e _| MmQ> ©g²; Vñdra, \$m{Qm{, S>m`mJ«m_, _m°S>bm|, Z_yZ{
Am¡a ñbmB©S>m| H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m Wm $&
4. _mÜ`o_H$ ñVa [a JoUV H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oOZ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m C[`m{J oH$`m
J`m Wm, CZ_| emo_b Wr • H{$ab _| MmQ>©, J«m\$ _m°S> {b Am¡a \$b{e H$mS>©; Oå_y
Am¡a H$pí_a _| MmQ> ©, C¶S>rgm Am¡a CÎma àX{e _| oH$gr ^r ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m
C[`m{J Zht oH$`m J`m $& g{H§$S>ar ñVa [a oOZ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m C[`m{J oH$`m
J`m Wm; CZ_| emo_b Wr; H{$ab _| MmQ>©, J«m\$, S>m`mJ«m_, _m°S>b Am¡a ñbmB©S>|;
C¶S>rgm _| J«m\$; Oå_y Am¡a H$pí_a _| MmQ>© Am¡a CÎma àX{e _| MmQ>© Am¡a J«m\$ $&
5. H{$db g{H§$S>ar ñVa [a H{$ab Ed§ CÎma àX{e _| g§JrV _| H¡$g{Q>m| H$m C[`m{J oH$`m
J`m Wm VWm CÎma àX{e _| bobV H$bmAm| Am¡a J¥hodkmZ _| MmQ> ©g² H$m C[`m{J
oH$`m J`m Wm $&
41
6. C¶S>rgm _| E{g{ odÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m gdm©oYH$ Wr oOZ_{ e¡joUH$ o\$ë_| oXImZ{
H$m Am`m{OZ oH$`m J`m Wm O] oH$ àXe©oZ`m| _|$ H{$ab àW_ ñWmZ [a ahm Wm $&
7. H{$ab _| E{g{ odÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m gdm©oYH$ Wr Om{ oH$ AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r
[a IM© H$a ah{ W{ VWm odÚmnW©`m| g{ AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$s \$sg ^r
dgyb H$a ah{ W{ $&
8. H{$ab _| E{g{ odÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m gdm©oYH$ Wr oOZH{$ [mg àj{[U H{$ obE H$j/
hm°b Wm $&
9. _mÜ`o_H$ Am¡a CƒVa _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H{$ab _| E{g{ odÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m
gdm©oYH$ Wr Ohm± odÚmb` _| H$_ g{ H$_ EH$ oejH$ Z{ g{dmH$mbrZ àoejU
àmßV oH$`m Wm $&
10. Oå_y Am¡a H$pí_a, C¶S>rgm Am¡a CÎma àX{e H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s VwbZm _| H{$ab H{$
odÚmb` A[Z{ AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m AoYH$moYH$ ê$[ _|
C[`m{J H$aH{$ oejU H$m`© H$m{ ê$oM[yU© ]Zm ah{ W{ &
5.2.3 gå]pÝYV em{Y g{ gå]pÝYV odX{e _| hþE em{YH$m`© •gå]pÝYV em{Y g{ gå]pÝYV odX{e _| hþE em{YH$m`© •gå]pÝYV em{Y g{ gå]pÝYV odX{e _| hþE em{YH$m`© •gå]pÝYV em{Y g{ gå]pÝYV odX{e _| hþE em{YH$m`© •gå]pÝYV em{Y g{ gå]pÝYV odX{e _| hþE em{YH$m`© •
1. oMÝVm_Ur oMÝVm_Ur oMÝVm_Ur oMÝVm_Ur oMÝVm_Ur (2004)20. “ _m{naeg _| ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U Ed§ oejU
odoY ” H${ CX²X{í` Wm
1. AÜ``Z - AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE H$jm gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $&
2. àñVwVrH$aU H$s X¥oï> g{ Ao^H«$o_V gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $&
3. odf`dñVw H$s X¥oï> g{ X¥í`-lì` gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $&
4. d¡MmnaH$ gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $&
20 _wZ{œa oMÝVm_Ur, _m{naeg _| ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U Ed§ oejU odoY._m{naeg _| ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U Ed§ oejU odoY._m{naeg _| ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U Ed§ oejU odoY._m{naeg _| ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U Ed§ oejU odoY._m{naeg _| ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U Ed§ oejU odoY.
AàH$moeV bKwem{Y, H{$ÝÐr` ohÝXr g§ñWmZ. 2004.
42
5. ^mofH$ gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $&
6. gmohpË`H$ odÚmAm| H{$ g§X^© _| gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $&
`h em{K àm`m{oJH$ em{Y odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
_m{naeg _| _mÜ`o_H$ ñVa [a ohÝXr oejU H{$ obE g_woMV gm_J«r H$m oZ_m©U
oH$`m J`m $& _mÜ`o_H$ ñVa H{$ AÝVJ©V \$m_©-1 (H$jm-7), \$m_©-2 (H$jm-8), \$m_©-
3 (H$jm -9) \$m_©-4 (H$jm -10), \$m_©-5 (H$jm -11) Am¡a hmB©ñHy$b goQ> ©o\$H{$Q>
àW_df© H$jm -12, hmB©ñHy$b goQ> ©o\$H{$Q> H$jm-13 H{$ N>mÌm| _| ^mfm H{$ àoV ê$oM
OmJ«V H$aZ{ VWm H$ë[Zm eo·V H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE ododY bKw H$jmAm| H$m M`Z oH$`m
J`m h¡ $&
oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •
1. ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r H$B© oejU odoY`m| [a AmYmnaV hm{Vr h¡ $& Bg obE ohÝXr
[mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U H$s MMm© H{$ gmW-gmW ohÝXr oejU odoY H$s aMZm H$aZm
Amdí`H$ hm{Vm h¡ ·`m| oH$ AÝ` ^mfm oejU EH$ gwoZ`m{oOV àoH«$`m h¡ Om{
_mV¥^mfm H{$ C[mO©Z g{ o^ÝZ h¡ $&
2. ]mbH$ H$s _mZogH$ eo·V ^mfm H{$ AoYJ_ _| bJ^J g_mZ ê$[ g{ JoVerb
hm{Vr h¡ $& o\$a ^r h_ Ñí`-lì` gm_J«r H$m AÀN>r Vah oZ_m©U H$a|J{ Vm{
^mdmË_H$ A§Va Adí` [mEJ| $&
2. Om{Zg [r.E. Om{Zg [r.E. Om{Zg [r.E. Om{Zg [r.E. Om{Zg [r.E. (1975)21 odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{
VH$ZrH$s ê$[ g{ à^md·Vm Om±MZm $&
1. ghApñVËd H{$ odíb{fU [a [yd© H$gm¡Q>r Am¡a CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m|
[a ^{X X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm $&
21 [r. Om{Zg, odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{ VH$ZrH$s ê$[odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{ VH$ZrH$s ê$[odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{ VH$ZrH$s ê$[odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{ VH$ZrH$s ê$[odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{ VH$ZrH$s ê$[
g{ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm.g{ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm.g{ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm.g{ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm.g{ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm. AàH$moeV em{K à]§Y, `woZdog©Q>r Am{\$ _{p·gH$m{ 1975.
43
2. ñbmB©S> Q> {[ H$m`©H«$_ H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ oH$`{ J`{ oejm H$m`© _| 5 [naH$ë[ZmAm| _|
0.5 ñVa [a ^{X X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm $&
3. ñbmB©S> Q>{[ H$s oejm H{$ àmßVm§H$ odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> H{$ àmßVm§H$ g{ AoYH$ AÀN>{ W{ &
4. odíb{fU H$aZ{ g{ [Vm MbVm h¡ oH$ Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| _| ^{X Wm $&
5. Xm{Zm| ñd-AÜ``Z [ÕoV AgaH$maH$ Wt O] oH$ em{Y H$m CX²X{í` gm_J«r H$m
à^md OmZZm Wm $&
2.6 AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm •AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm •AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm •AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm •AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm •
Am{JmdmAm{JmdmAm{JmdmAm{JmdmAm{Jmdm (2005)22 H{$ AZwgma ]hþV ]¶S>r g§»`m _| Zm_m§H$Z hm{Z{ dmb{ [mR>çH«$_m| _|
gm_mÝ`V• AoYH$m§e _| gm_mÝ` oejU [ÕoV oZX}emË_H$ h¡ $& hmb hr H{$ dfm~ _| H$jm
_| oZX}emË_H$ ì`m»`mZ [m{S>H$mï> [mR>çH«$_ [mR>çdñVw H{$ ê$[ _| oH$E OmZ{ bJ{ h¢ $&
ICS 101 Zm_H$ [mR>çH«$_ EH$ Ama§o^H$ H$åß`yQ>a odkmZ H$m [mR>çH«$_ h¡ oOg{ _ZmAm{
pñWV hdmB© odœodÚmb` _| [m{S>H$mpñQ> ¨J H$m C[`m{J H$aH{$ ì`m»`mZ odf`dñVw X{Z{ H$s
[ÕoV H{$ ê$[ _| oX`m OmVm h¡ $& Bg [mR>çH«$_ _| [a§[amJV [m{¶S>H$mñQ> H$s OJh e¡joUH$
[m{S>H$mñQ> H$m C[`m{J H$aH{$ Bg [ÕoV H$m C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h¡ $& AV• em{YmWuZ{
[m{S>H$mñQ> H$aZ{ H{$ Xm{ _m{S>m| H$m{ Ty> ± ¶T> oZH$mbm h¡ VWm CÝhm{§Z{ [m`m h¡ oH$ Bg Xm{Zm| H{$ ]rM
gm§p»`H$s` A§Va h¡ $& o\$a ^r Ñí` ghm`H$ gm_J«r _| Mmh{ dh g_wÝZV [m{S>H$mñQ> H{$
_mÜ`_ g{ hm{ `m [a§[amJV [m{S>H$mñQ> _| PDF H$m{ g_mohV H$aH{$ odÚmoW©`m| H$s
Ad]m{YZ gm_Ï`© H$m{ [m{S>H$mñQ> H{$ OnaE Am¡a ì`m»`mZ odf`-dñVw g{ gwYmam OmE± $&
em{YmWu Cg _| Am¡a Wm{ ¶S>r AoYH$ C[bpãY hm±ogb H$aZ{ H{$ obE Hw$N> ode{fVmAm| H$m
g_mhZ H$aZ{ H{$ ê$[ _| oZX}em| H{$ gmW oejmemó [a Ü`mZ H{$pÝÐV H$aZ{ H$s ogµ\$mnae
H$aV{ h¡ $&
22 Michael Brain Ogawa, Improving the podcast as a lecture
content delivery method. Independent research, University
of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu U.S.A. 2005.
44
H$mOr H$mOr H$mOr H$mOr H$mOr (1987)23. H$jm 10dt H{$ A§H$JoUV _| H$nRZ BH$mB©`m| H$s gab
AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aH{$ CgH$s e¡ojH$ bpãY [a à^mdH$Vm H{$ g§X^© _|
A[Z{ em{Y _| ]VmV{ h¡ oH$ [a§[amJV [ÕoV g{ H«$_M` g§M` H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE gab
AÜ``Z - AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r g{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY AoYH$ Wr $&
X{]rX{]rX{]rX{]rX{]r(1989)24 H{$ AZwgma oH$`{ J`{ AÜ``Z _| Jm{hmQ>r odíd odÚmb` H{$
]r.Q>r. [mR>çH«$_ _| oejm H{$ ogÕm§V H{$ [mR>çH«$_ _| oZohV AoYJ_ gm_J«r H{$ odH$mg,
Om±M Am¡a à^dpÝdV H$m AÜ``Z H$aZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $& Bg AÜ``Z _| oZîH$f©
H{$ ê$[ _| X{I{ Vm{ C[ Om±M 1, 2 Am¡a 3 _| oejm H{$ ogÕm§V H$s C[bpãY _| AÜ`m[Z
H$s [a§[amJV [ÕoV H$s VwbZm _| `h [r.E_.E_. [ÕoV à^mdr [mB© JB© $& à`m{JmË_H$
g_yh H{$ kmZ H{$ Om±M H{$ A§H$ VWm oZ`§oÌV g_yh H{$ A§H$ H{$ ]rM ñ[ï> ê$[ g{ o^ÝZVm
[mB© JB© $&
g{R>rg{R>rg{R>rg{R>rg{R>r(1976)25 Ñí`-lì` gm_J«r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ A§J« {Or ñ[{qbJ oejm EH$
H$m`©H«$_ - EH$ AÜ``Z H{$ AZwgma Ñí`-gmYZm| g{ lì` gmYZm| H$m à^md A§J«{Or oejm
_| AoYH$ à^mdH$ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm $& C[H$aUm| H$s àñVwVVm H{$ AmYma [a àmßVm§H$
o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm $&
23 E_.E_. H$mOr, H$jm H$jm H$jm H$jm H$jm 10dt H { $ A§H$JoUV odf` _| H$nRZ BH$mB ©`m | H$sdt H { $ A§H$JoUV odf` _| H$nRZ BH$mB ©`m | H$sdt H { $ A§H$JoUV odf` _| H$nRZ BH$mB ©`m | H$sdt H { $ A§H$JoUV odf` _| H$nRZ BH$mB ©`m | H$sdt H { $ A§H$JoUV odf` _| H$nRZ BH$mB ©`m | H$s
oejm H{$ obE gab AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm Am¡a bpãY [a à^md·Vm.oejm H{$ obE gab AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm Am¡a bpãY [a à^md·Vm.oejm H{$ obE gab AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm Am¡a bpãY [a à^md·Vm.oejm H{$ obE gab AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm Am¡a bpãY [a à^md·Vm.oejm H{$ obE gab AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm Am¡a bpãY [a à^md·Vm.
AàH$moeV _hmem{Y oZ]§Y, gm¡amï> `woZ., 1987.
24 Meena kumari Debi. Developing and testing the effectiveness
of programme learning material in the syllabus of priciples
of education in the B.T. course of (Gauhati Uni., Ph.D
1989). In M.B. Buch (Ed.T). Fifth survey of Research
in Education (p.1366). New Delhi : NCERT, 2000.
25 A.S. Sethi, A study of a programme in english spelling in
relation to visual and auditory presentation H.P. Uni.
Ph.D(1976). In M.B. Buch (Ed.T). Fifth survey of Research
in Education (p.1366). New Delhi : NCERT, 2000.
45
AmO H$m oejm j{Ì AmYwoZH$Vm H$s Am{a AJ«ga hm{Vm Om ahm h¡ E{g{ _| oejm H$m{
AJa agàX Am¡a CXX²{í`bjr ]ZmZm h¡ Vm{ e¡ojH$ gm_J«r H$m _yV© ê$[ _| à`m{J hm{ `h
AoV Amdí`H$ h¡ $& E{g{ _| AÜ`m[Z H$Vm© H$m{ `h Ü`mZ _| aIZm MmohE oH$ e¡ojH$
gm_J«r H$m M`Z AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z àoH«$`m _| oH$`m OmE± dh à^mdH$ hm{ $&
2.7 [yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm •[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm •[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm •[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm •[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm •
em{Y H$Vm© Z{ `hm± àñVwV em{Y H{$ O¡g{ AÝ` em{YH$m`m~ H$s g_rjm àX{e H$s Ñoï>
g{ Bg àH$ma oH$`m h¡ $&
4 JwOamV H${ odo^ÝZ odíd odÚmb`m| g{ hþE em{Y H$m`© & ^maV H{$ AÝ` àX{e H{$ odíd
odÚmb`m| g{ hþE 4 em{YH$m © & odX{em| H{$ odíd odÚmb` g{ [{e hþE 2 em{YH$m © oH$ { h¡ &
df© H$s Ñoï> g{ oZåZm§oH$V ê$[ g{ g_rjm H$s h¡ •
df©df©df©df©df© em{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`m
1975 g{ 1
1982 g{ 1
1990 g{ 1
1991 g{ 2
2001 g{ 1
2003 g{ 3
2004 g{ 1
e¡ojH$ ñVa Am¡a e¡ojH$ C[moY H$s Ñoï> g{ X{IZ{ [a em{YH$Vm© Z{ `hm± oZåZ ñVa
Ed§ C[moY g{ AmZwfm§oJH$ em{Ym| H$m odd{MZ oH$`m h¡§ $•
e¡ojH$ C[moYe¡ojH$ C[moYe¡ojH$ C[moYe¡ojH$ C[moYe¡ojH$ C[moY em{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`m
Ph.D. g{ 05
M.Phil. g{ 01
M.Ed. g{ 01
ñdV§Ì em{YH$m`© 03
46
àX{e H$s Ñoï> g{ X{I| Vm{ em{YH$Vm© Z{ `hm± oZåZ àX{em| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a àñVwV
em{Y H{$ O¡g{ AÝ` em{Y H$m`m{ª H$s g_rjm H$s h¢ $&
àX{e H{$ Zm_àX{e H{$ Zm_àX{e H{$ Zm_àX{e H{$ Zm_àX{e H{$ Zm_ em{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`m
JwOamV amÁ` H{$ 04
_wXamB© (gr_bm)H$m 01
_Ü`àX{e H$m 01
_hmamï> H$m 01
Oå_w-H$pí_a H$m 01
_m{naeg H$m 01
_{p·gH$m{ H$m 01
odœ odÚmb` Am¡a ñdm`Îm g§ñWmZm| H{$ em{Ym| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a em{YH$Vm©Z{
oZåZm§oH$V em{Ym| H$s g_rjm H$s h¢$&
odídodÚmb` H{$ Zm_odídodÚmb` H{$ Zm_odídodÚmb` H{$ Zm_odídodÚmb` H{$ Zm_odídodÚmb` H{$ Zm_ em{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`m
JyOamV odÚm[rR> (JwOamV) - Ah_Xm]mX 01
JwOamV `woZ. (JwOamV) - Ah_Xm]mX 01
gm¡amï> `woZ. (JwOamV) - amOH$m{Q> 02
_XwamB© H$m_amO `woZ. - _XwamB© 01
UNICEF (M.P) - _Ü`àX{e 01
NCERT - Oå_w H$pí_a 01
[wZm `woZdog©Q>r - _hmamï> 01
_m{naeg odœ odÚmb` - _m{naeg 01
`woZdog©Q>r Am{\$ _{p·gH$m{ - _{p·gH$m{ 01
oH$gr ^r em{K H$m{ JhamB© g{ g_PZ{ H{$ obE CgH{$ CXX²{í`m| H$m{ OmZZm Amdí`H$
h¢ $& AV• em{YH$Vm© Z{ `hm± A[Z{ em{Y H{$ O¡g{ AÝ` em{Ym| H$s g_rjm CgH{$ oZåZ
CXX²{í`m| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a H$s h¡ $&
47
amdb (2003). H$jm 7dt H$s [mR>ç[wñVH$ _| g{ M`Z H$s JB© XjVmAm| g{,
gå]§oYV BH$mB©`m| [a AmYmnaV AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aZm $& Vwa
(2003). ñdmñÏ` Am¡a emarnaH$ oejU odf` H{$ `m{JodÚm B©H$mB© [a odoS>`m{ H$m`©H«$_
H$s aMZm H$aZm $& Jm{ñdm_r (2001) ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE ñd-AÜ``Z
gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aZm $& _H$amUr (2003). g§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| JÚ-[Ú Am¡a
ì`mH$aU H$r M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB©`m| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE e¡ojH$ gmYZ Am¡a oejH$
oZo_©V H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm H$aZm $& o[ëbB© (1991). AmO H$s e¡joUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s
µOê$aVm| H{$ AZwgma ]r.ES²>. H{$ H$m`©H«$_ _| Ñí`-lì` H{$ [mR>çH«$_ H$s àmg§oJH$Vm
Om±MZm $& gwo_Ìm (1991). àñVwV AÜ``Z _| J«m_ àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| ^mfmJV
odH$mg Ed§ ldU odf`H$ g_P h{Vw ode{f ê$[ g{ V¡`ma oH$E JE lì` H¡$g{Q>m | H$s
C[`m{oJVm Ed§ à^dpÝdVm H{$ AÜ``Z H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $& Jm{bmUr (1982).
_mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ AÜ`m[H$m| Ed§ AmMm`m~ H{$ obE Ñí`-lì` gmYZm| H$s C[`m{oJVm
ogÕ H$aZm $& qgh (1990). odÚmb`m| _| Am¡a CgH$s H$m`© Xem _| e¡joUH$ ghm`H$
gm_J«r H$m gd}jU $& odo^ÝZ odf`m| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J
H$m AÜ``Z $& oMÝVm_Ur (2004). AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE H$jm gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm
odf`-dñVw H$s Ñoï> g{ Ñí`-lì` gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $& Om{Z{g (1975). odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q>
Am¡a ñbmB©S> Q>{[ H$s ghm`Vm H{$ Ûmam VH$ZrH$s ê$[ _|$ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm $&
Ý`mXe© Am¡a ì`m[odíd H$s Ñoï> g{ em{YH$Vm© - amdb (2003). Z{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[
_| Ah_Xm]mX oOb{ H${ Mma _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb` oOg_| Xm{ oZOr odÚmb` Am¡a Xm{ oObm
[§Mm`V g§MmobV odÚmb` h¡§ $& Vwa (2003). Z{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| Ah_Xm]mX oOb{ H${
oObm [§Mm`V g§MmobV 884 JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$jm 7dt _| AÜ``ZaV
Hw$b 30943 N>mÌ H$m{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m Wm $& Jm{ñdmo_ (2001) Z{
gwa{ÝÐZJa oOb{ H{$ Mm{Q>rbm Vhgrb H{$ ^r_m{am Jm±d H${ JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H$s 12dt H$jm
H{$ gZ² 2000-01 H{$ df© _| AÜ``ZaV 75 N>mÌm| H$m{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m
Wm $& _H$amUr (2003). Z{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| amOH$m{Q> eha H${ JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H${
lr EM.Eg. qghma hmB©ñHy$b H{$ gZ² 2002-03 _| AÜ``ZaV 80 N>mÌm| H$m M`Z
48
oH$`m h¡ $& o[ëbB© (1991) Z{ Bg AÜ``Z h{Vw Mma àH$ma H{$ Z_yZm| H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m
h¡ $& Vo_bZmSw> H{$ N>h odíd odÚmb`m| _| Ohm± ]r.ES²> H{$ [mR>çH«$_ Mb ah{ W{ CZ g^r
H{$ [mR>çH«$_ H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m Wm $& AmR> oejm_hmodÚmb`m| Ed§ EH$ odíd odÚmb`
H{$ oejm od^mJ g{ odÚmoW©`m| / oejH$m| H{$ [m±M odo^ÝZ g{Q>m| / g_yhm| H$m M`Z Ñí`-
lì` oejm AÜ``Z H$aZ{ VWm AmYwoZH$ e¡jnUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$ µOéaVm| H$m
AmH$bZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE oH$`m J`m Wm $& AmR> oejm _hmodÚmb` VWm EH$ odíd
odÚmb` H{$ oejm od^mJ H{$ oejH$m|, oejmodXm| g{ VWm _XwamB© e¡ojH$ oOb{ H{$ C[
g§H$m`m| H{$ AÜ`jm| g{ àW_ Z_yZ{ obE J`{ W{ $& gwo_Ìm Eb.Or.(1991). BgH{$ Z_yZm| _|
_Ü`àX{e H{$ hm{e§Jm]mX oOb{ H{$ 450 àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m|, 900 oejH$m| VWm H$jm
1, 2 Am¡a 3 H{$ 34345 odÚmoW©`m| H{$ VrZ gmb H{$ Z_yZ{ emo_b oH$E J`{ W{ $&
Jm{bmUr (1982). Z{ [yZm eha H${ g^r _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`m{ § H$m{ ì`m[odœ H{$ ê$[ _|
M`Z oH$`m h¡ $& qgh (1990). Mma amÁ`m| Oå_y Am¡a H$pí_a (O{ EÝS> H{$), H{$ab,
C¶S>rgm, Am¡a CÎmaàX{e (`w.[r.) g{ ]hþñVar` `mÑpÀN>H$ Ý`mXe© H$m`©odoY H$m C[`m{J
H$aV{ hþE 1400 (4%) _mÜ`o_H$, CƒÎma _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Z_yZm| H$m M`Z
oH$`m h¡ $& oMÝVm_Ur (2004). Z{ _m{naeg _| _m¿`o_H$ ñVa [a ohÝXr oejU H{$ obE
g_woMV gm_J«r H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m $& _mÜ`o_H$ ñVa H{$ AÝVJ©V \$m_©-1 (H$jm-7) g{
\$m_©-5 (H$jm-11) Am¡a hmB©ñHy$b goQ> ©o\$H{$Q> H$jm-12, hmB©ñHy$b goQ> ©o\$H{$Q> H$jm-
13 H{$ obE ododY bKw H$jmAm| H$m M`Z oH$`m $& Om{Z{g (1975). Z{ `woZdog©Q>r Am{\$
_{p·gH$m{ H{$ odo^ÝZ g§H$m`m| H$m Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¡ $&
em{YH$m`© g_rjm e¡ojH$ ñVa j{Ì H$s Ñoï> g{ X{I| Vm{ oZåZàH$ma H{$ oZîH$f© [m`| J`{ •
e¡ojH$ ñVae¡ojH$ ñVae¡ojH$ ñVae¡ojH$ ñVae¡ojH$ ñVa em{Y g§»`m g_rjmem{Y g§»`m g_rjmem{Y g§»`m g_rjmem{Y g§»`m g_rjmem{Y g§»`m g_rjm
àmWo_H$ odÚmb` 03
_mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb` 03
CƒÎma _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb` 01
_mÜ`o_H$ Am¡a CƒVa _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb` 02
]r.ES²> H{$ àoejUmWu 01
49
em{Y nZîH$f© H$s Ñoï> g{ g_rjm oH$E J`{ em{Ym| H$m oZîH$f© oZåZm§oH$V h¡ •-
amdb (2003). H{$ oZîH$f© H{$ AZwgma j_Vmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$m à^md
N>mÌm| H$s OmoV Ed§ j{Ì H{$ AZwgma CƒbpãY àmßV H$aZ{ _| à^mdH$ gmo]V hþAm h¡ $&
Vwa (2003). H{$ oZîH$f© _| N>mÌm| H$r `m{JodÚm BH$mB© H$s bpãY H{$ g§X^© _| odoS>`m{
H$m`©H«$_ [a§[amJV [ÕoV g{ AoYH$ à^mdr Wm $& Jm{ñdm_r (2001). H{$ oZîH$f© _| ohÝXr
H$odVm H$s ñd-AÜ``Z gm_J«r g{ AÜ``Z H$aV{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY _| A§Va [m`m J`m $&
_H$amUr (2003). H{$ AZwgma g§ñH¥$V odf` H$s H$jm 9dt H{$ JÚ-[Ú g{ M`Z H$s JB©
BH$mB©`m| _| g{ e¡ojH$ gmYZ gm_J«r H{$ à`m{J g{ AÜ`m[Z AoYH$ à^mdr ahm Wm $&
o[ëbB© (1991) ]r.ES²>. H$m`©H«$_ H{$ odo^ÝZ d¡H$pë[H$ Ed§ Amdí`H$ odf`m| H{$
AÝVJ©V Ñí`-lì` oejm H{$ VÎdm| H$m{ emo_b H$aZ{ H$m CXX²{í` [yar Vah ogÓ Zht hþAm
Wm $& Vo_bZmSw> H{$ g^r odíd odÚmb`m| _| ]r.ES²> H{$ H$m`©H«$_ _| Ñí`-lì` oejm [a
g_mZ ê$[ g{ ]b Zht oX`m J`m & gwo_Ìm (1991). H{$ oZîH$f© _| Bg [na`m{OZm H{$
AÝVJ©V EH$ ^mJ H{$ ê$[ _| ]ƒm| Z{ Om{ H$hmoZ`m± VWm JrV gwZ{ W{ CZ H$hmoZ`m| H$m{
gwZmZ{ _| VWm JrVm| H$m{ JmZ{ _| ]ƒ| g_W© [mE JE $& d{ JrVm| H$m{ gm_mÝ` ñda _| Jm ah{
W{ VWm H$hmoZ`m| H$m{ d{ ]¶S>{ grY{-gmX{ gab ê$[ _| gwZm ah{ W{ $& Jm{bmUr (1982). H{$
oZîH$f© H{$ AZwgma ehar j{Ì H{$ AoYH$ g_¥Õ odÚmb`m| _| Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H$m
à`m{J hm{Vm Wm $& AoYH$Va odÚmb`m| _| gmYZ VyQ>{-\y$Q>{ [m`{ J`{ $& AÜ`m[H$m| H{$ Ñí`-
lì` gmYZm| H{$ à`m{J Z H$aZ{ H{$ [rN>{ àoejU H$m A^md [m`m J`m $& qgh (1990).
H{$ oZîH$f© _| 50% g{ AoYH$ _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`m| _| _w»` AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r
C[bãY Wr H{$ab _| í`m_[Q>> MmQ> ©g², ZH$e|, ½bm{], _m°S>b Am¡a a{oS>`m{ g{Q>, Oå_y-
H$pí_a Ed§ C¶S>rgm _| í`m_[Q>, MmQ>©, ZH$e|, Am¡a ½bm{] VWm CÎma àX{e _| í`m_[Q>> Ed§
ZH$e| $& Bg AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m àoV odÚmb` Am¡gV g§»`m gdm©oYH$ ê$[ _|
H{$ab _| Wt ; Oå_y Am¡a H$pí_a _| gdm©oYH$ g§»`m _| e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r Am¡a
C[`m{J H$aZ{ bm`H$ pñWoV _| Wr $& oMÝVm_Ur (2004). H{$ oZîH$f© H{$ AZwgma ]mbH$
H$s _mZogH$ eo·V ^mfm H{$ AoYJ_ _| bJ^J g_mZ ê$[ g{ JoVerb hm{Vr h¡ $& o\$a ^r
h_ Ñí`-lì` gm_J«r H$m AÀN>r Vah oZ_m©U H$a|J{ Vm{ ^mdmË_H$ A§Va Adí` [mE±J{ $&
50
Om{Z{g (1975). H{$ _w»` oZîH$f© _| ñbmB©S> Q> {[ H{$ H$m`©H«$_ H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ oH$`{ J`{
oejm H$m`© _| 5 [naH$ë[ZmAm| _| 0.5 ñVa [a ^{X X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm $& Xm{Zm| ñd-AÜ``Z
[ÕoV`m± à^mdH$ Wr O] oH$ em{Y H$m CXX²{í` C[H$aUm| H$m à^md kmV H$aZm Wm $&
em{Y odoY [a Ñoï> S>mbZ{ g{ `h kmV hþAm oH$ g^r g_rjm oH$`{ J`{ em{Y à]§Y
àm`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
àñVwV g^r em{Ym| _| àXÎm AmH$bZ H{$ obE oejH$ oZo_©V H$gm¡Q>r H$m C[`m{J
oH$`m h¡ $&
2.8 àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË` •àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË` •àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË` •àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË` •àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË` •
àñVwV em{Y H$jm 8dt H$s ohÝXr odf` _| M`nZV BH$mB©`m| [a AmYmnaV h¡ $& Bg
g{ [h{b{ AÝ` odíd odÚmb`m| _| Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm|, odoS>`m{, TV, g_yh _mÜ`_
g§[yQ> AmoX [a em{Y hþAm h¡ $& O] oH$ Bg em{Y _| C[`w©·V oejU$ gm_J«r H{$ Abmdm
_woÐV oejU gm_J«r H$m ^r à`m{J hþAm h¡ $& àñVwV em{Y-H$m`© [yd} hþE em{Ym| g{ oZåZ
ê$[ g{ o^ÝZ Ed§ ode{f h¡ $&
1. Bg em{Y _| _woÐV gm_J«r H$m g_md{e oH$`m h¡ $&
2. àñVwV em{Y _| gmohË` H$s g^r odÚmAm| H$m{ g_modï> oH$`m h¢ &
3. àñVwV AZwg§YmZ g{ _mÜ`o_H$ ñVa H{$ H$jm 8dt H{$ AmJ§VwH$ N>mÌm| H$m{ ohÝXr H{$
AÜ`m[Z _| bm^ hm{Jm $& oejm oMaH$mbrZ hm{Jr Ed§ à^mdH$ ^r hm{Jr $&
4. J«må` Am¡a ehar, H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a Hw$_mam| H{$ AmYma [a e¡ojH$ bpãY àmoßV _| ^{X
X{IZ{ H$m{ o_b{Jm $&
àñVwV em{Y _| 8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr odf` _| M`Z H$s$ JB© BH$mB©`m| H{$ AmYma [a
oejU gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aH{$ BgH{$ Aga H$m{ X{IZ{ H{$ obE AÜ`m[Z H$m`© oejU
gm_J«r AmYmnaV hm{Jm oOgg{ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àoV ]mbH$m| H$s éoM ]¶T> {Jr Am¡a `h
oejU gm_J«r AÝ` odf` H{$ obE AoYH$ C[`m{Jr hm{Jr $& oejU gm_J«r aMZm _|
_mJ©Xe©Z àmßV hm{Jm $&
51
2.9 g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •
àñVwV AÜ`m` _| em{KH$m`© H$s [yd©^yo_H$m Am¡a g§X^© gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z H$aH{$
g_rjm H$s h¡ $& `h em{Y H{$ g§X^© _| [yd© hþE em{Ym| H$m g§ojßV gma àñVwV oH$`m h¡ $&
Bg AÜ`m` g{ em{YH$Vm© H$m{ A[Z{ em{YH$m`© H$s H$m`© [ÕoV, C[H$aUm| Ed§ _mÜ`_m| H$m
M`Z Am¡a àXVm{ § H{$ odíb{fU _| oXem àmßV hþB© h¡ $& àñVwV odf` H{$ g§X^© _| AmZ{dmb{
g_` _| oH$gr em{Y H$Vm© H$m{ AZwg§YmZ H$aZm h¡ Vm{ `h em{K ZB© oXem àXmZ H$a
gH{$Jm $&
AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` 3
em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
àñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZm
em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm
3.1.1 g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z
3.1.2 em{YodoY em{YodoY em{YodoY em{YodoY em{YodoY
3.1.3 C[H$aU oZ_m©U C[H$aU oZ_m©U C[H$aU oZ_m©U C[H$aU oZ_m©U C[H$aU oZ_m©U
3.1.4 àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU
BH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`ZBH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`ZBH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`ZBH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`ZBH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z
g_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Z
53
AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` 3
em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZmem{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm
3.0 àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •
Bg AÜ`m` H$m{ Xm{ od^mJm| _| ]m±Q> J`m h¢ $& od^mJ 1 _| g§[yU©V• em{YH$m`© H$s
AmKmaerbm Ed§ [na`m{OZm h¡ Am¡a od^mJ 2 BH$mB© M`Z Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z
H¡$g{ oH$`m J`m Bg odf` [a AmYmnaV h¡, g§[yU© em{Y H$m`© H$m [mé[ [naoeï> B _| h¢ $&
3.1 em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm •em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm •em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm •em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm •em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm •
g§em{YZ `m{OZm em{Y H$m`© H{$ gm{[mZm| H$m oZX}e H$aVr h¡ $& em{Y `m{OZm g{ em{Y
H$m`© H«$_e• AmJ{ ]¶T>m`m OmVm h¡ $& `h em{K H$m _hÎd[yU© ohñgm _mZm OmVm h¡ $& H$m`©
oZ`m{OZ d¡kmoZH$ [ÕoV g{ Am¡a H«$_e• hm{Jm Vm{ em{Y H$m`© VmoH©$H$ ê$[ g{ hm{ gH{$Jm $&
oZ`m{OZ g{ em{YH$m`© _| AmZ{dmbr éH$mdQ>| Am¡a ì`dYmZ H{$ ]ma{ _| gVH©$Vm ahVr h¡ $&
8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr odf` _| odo^ÝZ gmohË`H$ odÚmAm| H$m{ [a§[amJV [ÕoV g{
[¶T>mZm H$R>rZ H$m`© h¡ $& Bg odf`dñVw _| g_modï> [X, Xm{h{, H$odVm, JµOb, ZmQ>H$,
oZ]§Y, H$hmZr, aMZm([Ì) Am¡a EH$m§H$s AmoX _| àñVwV hm{Z{dmb{ ^md àg§J dU©Z,
H$R>rZ eãXmW©, H$R>rZ q]Xy ZmQ>çm§e Am¡a BgH{$ g_mZ ^mdm| H$m{ g_PmZm H$R>rZ h¡$&
em{YH$Vm© Z{ 8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr odf` _| g_modï> 10 BH$mB©`m| H$m{ [¶T>mZ{ H{$ obE M`Z
oH$`m $& oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J g{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY _| ·`m A§Va àmßV hm{Vm h¡ `h
OmZZ{ H{$ obE àñVwV em{Y oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
3.1.1 g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z •g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z •g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z •g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z •g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z •
3.1.1.1 - g_oï>g_oï>g_oï>g_oï>g_oï>
“By population we mean that aggregate on totality of
objects or individuals regarding which inferences are to be made
in sampling study. A population in any group of individuals that
54
have one or more characterististics in comman that are of the
research”1
Kulbirsing Siddu
AWm©V²
“ oH$gr ^r em{YH$m`© _| g_oï> H$m ñ[ï>rH$aU AoYH$ _hÎd[yU© h¡ $& ì`m[odœ H$m
`WmW© ñ[ï>rH$aU Z hm{Z{ [a Ý`mXe© M`Z _| ]mYm CË[ÝZ hm{Vr h¡ $& Ý`mXe© oOg g_yh _|
g{ M`Z oH$`m OmVm h¡ Cg [mÌm| H{$ g_yh H$m{ g_oï> H$hm OmVm h¡ $& g_oï> H{$ ñ[ï>rH$aU
H{$ ]mX hr em{YH$m`© H{$ obE H$m¡Z-g{ Am¡a H¡$g{ Ý`mXe© M`Z H$aZm h¡ `h oZoüV oH$`m
OmVm h¡ $& oH$gr ^r AÜ``Z H$m CX²X{í` AÜ``Z H{$ oZîH$f© Ty > ± ¶T>Zm h¡ $& Om{ oZoüV
g_oï> [a A_br hm{ gH{$ $&”
àñVwV em{Y _| 8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr odf` _| g{ M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB©`m| _| g_modï>
[X, Xm{h{, H$odVm, JµOb, ZmQ>çm§e, oZ]§Y, H$hmZr, aMZm([Ì) Am¡a EH$m§H$s AmoX
gmohpË`H$ odÚmAm| _| g{ gå]pÝYV oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z H$aH{$ BgH{$ Aga H$m{ kmV
H$aZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $& JwOamV amÁ` H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$jm 8dt _| AÜ``ZaV
N>mÌ Bg em{YH$m`© H$s g_oï> h¢ $& E{g{ Vm{ g_oï> odñV¥V h¡ oH$ÝVw l_, g_`, eo·V Am¡a
AmoW©H$ ì`` H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a g_oï> H{$ C[a àoVoZoYËd H$a gH{$ E{g{ Ý`mXe© H$m{
Ü`mZ _| aIH$a àñVwV em{YH$m`© oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
3.1.1.2 Ý`mXe© M`Z •Ý`mXe© M`Z •Ý`mXe© M`Z •Ý`mXe© M`Z •Ý`mXe© M`Z •
g_oï> H$m àoVoZoYËd H$a gH{$ E{g{ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z d¡kmoZH$ [ÕoV g{ oH$`m
J`m h¡ $& M`Z oH$`m J`m Ý`mXe© [yd©J«h aohV Am¡a AZmË_bjr hm{Zm MmohE oOgH$m
`hm± oZdm©h hþAm h¡ $&
“A sample is small population of a population selected for
1 Kulbirsing Siddu, Methodology of Research in Education.
New Delhi : Sterling Publishers (Pvt) Ltd p. 253.
55
observation and analysis, By observing the characteristics of the
sample one can make certain inferences about the characteristics
of the population from which its is drawn”2
AWm©V²
“ Ý`mXe© EH$ N>m{Q>r BH$mB© hm{Vr h¡, oOgH$m M`Z g_oï> _| g{ à`m{J H{$ obE
oH$`m OmVm h¡ $& Ý`mXe© [a oH$`{ J`{ à`m{J H$m Aga g§[yU© g_oï> [a A_br oH$`m
OmVm h¡ $&”
According to Frunke
“The term sample should be reserved for a set of units or
portion of an aggregate of material which has been selected in
the belief that it will be representative of the whole aggregate”3
AWm©V²
“ Ý`mXe© eãX BH$mB©`m| H{$ EH$ g_yh `m g§[yU© gm_J«r H{$ A§e H{$ obE gwaojV
hm{Zm MmohE, oOgH$m{ Bg odídmg H{$ C[a MwZm J`m h¡ oH$ dh g§[yU© H$m àoVoZoY
hm{Jm $&”
àñVwV em{YH$m`© H$s g_oï> JwOamV amÁ` H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$jm 8dt _| AÜ``Z
aV N>mÌ h¢ $& `hm± g_oï> AoYH$ odñV¥V h¡, Bg obE 8dt H$jm H$s odo^ÝZ gmohpË`H$
odÚmAm| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a BH$mB©`m| H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h¢ $& M`oZV BH$mB©`m| H{$
AZwê$[ oejU gm_J«r Am¡a BgH{$ A_b H{$ obE Amdí`H$ g_` Am¡a eo·V Ed§
2 John W. Best, Research in Education Delhi : Prentice Hall
of India (Pvt.) Ltd. p.11.
3 S. Frunk. Theory and Practice of Psychological Testing,
New Delhi : Oxford and H.B. Publishing company 1962.
p. 697.
56
em{YH$m`© H{$ obE Amdí`H$ gwodYmE± à`m{JmË_ em{Y [ÕoV H{$ H$maU gh{VwH$ Ý`mXe©
M`Z odoY g{ Ah_Xm]mX eha H{$ Xm{ odÚmb` Am¡a Ah_Xm]mX J«må` j{Ì H{$ Xm{
odÚmb`m| H$m{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¢ $& Xm{ odÚmb`m| H{$ N>mÌm| H$m `mÑpÀN>H$
M`Z odoY g{ M`Z oH$`m J`m $& M`oZV Xm{Zm| J«y[ _| g{ H$m¡Zgm J«y[ àm`m{oJH$ hm{Jm Am¡a
H$m¡Z gm J« y[ oZ`§oÌV hm{Jm `h og¸$m CN>mbH$a V` oH$`m J`m $& Om{ J« y[ àm`m{oJH$ Wm
Cg{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam [¶T>m`m J`m Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m{ é¶T> odoY g{ [¶T>m`m J`m &
àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Zm_ oZåZm§oH$V h¡ $& oOgH${ 8dt H$jm _| AÜ``Z H$aV{
g^r N>mÌ à`m{J [mÌ h¡ $&
1. gw_Z odÚmb`, ZmaU[wam Ah_Xm]mX (ehar)
2. odZm{X gd© odÚmb`, Jm{Vm - oO. Ah_XmdmX (J«må`)
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ _| oZåZm§oH$V odÚmb`m| H$m{ ob`m J`m h¡ $& H$jm 8dt H{$ g^r N>mÌ
à`m{J [mÌ h¢ $&
1. AI§S>mZ§X _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`, emh[wa - Ah_Xm]mX (ehar)
2. e{R> A_wbI odÚmb`, Jm{Vm - oO. Ah_Xm]mX (J«må`)
àñVwV em{YH$m`© _| M`oZV Ý`mXe© VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 3.1 _| àñVwV h¡ $&
57
VmboH$m VmboH$m VmboH$m VmboH$m VmboH$m 3.1
Ý`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV odÚmb`m| H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌÝ`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV odÚmb`m| H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌÝ`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV odÚmb`m| H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌÝ`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV odÚmb`m| H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌÝ`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV odÚmb`m| H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌ
odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb`odÚmb`odÚmb`odÚmb`odÚmb` OmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`m
J« y[ J« y[ J« y[ J« y[ J« y[ H$m j{ÌH$m j{ÌH$m j{ÌH$m j{ÌH$m j{Ì Hw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌ
àm`m{oJH$ gw_Z odÚmb` ehar 27 23 50
odÚmb` ZmaU[wam, Ah_Xm]mX
odZm{X gd© odÚmb` J«må` 47 23 70
Jm{Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mX
Hw$b `m{JHw$b `m{JHw$b `m{JHw$b `m{JHw$b `m{J 7 4 4 6 120
oZ`§oÌV AI§S>mZ§X _mÜ`o_H$ ehar 47 23 70
odÚmb` odÚmb`, emh[wa
Ah_Xm]mX-4
e{R> A_wbI odÚmb` J«må` 40 30 70
Jm{Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mX
H w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {J 8 7 5 3 140
H w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {J 161 9 9 260
C[`w©·V gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 3.1 _| ]Vm`{ J`{ à`m{J[mÌm| H$m{ em{YmWu Z{ àXV AmH$bZ H{$ obE
g_{b Om{¶S> { ]ZmE $& à`m{J [mÌm| _| g{ M`oZV A§oV_ Ý`mXe© H$s OmZH$mar VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 3.2
_| h¡ $&
58
gmaUr gmaUr gmaUr gmaUr gmaUr 3.2
A§oV_ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV N>mÌm| H{$ odÚmb` H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌA§oV_ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV N>mÌm| H{$ odÚmb` H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌA§oV_ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV N>mÌm| H{$ odÚmb` H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌA§oV_ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV N>mÌm| H{$ odÚmb` H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌA§oV_ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV N>mÌm| H{$ odÚmb` H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌ
odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb`odÚmb`odÚmb`odÚmb`odÚmb` OmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`m
J« y[ J« y[ J« y[ J« y[ J« y[ H$m j{ÌH$m j{ÌH$m j{ÌH$m j{ÌH$m j{Ì Hw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌ
àm`m{oJH$ gw_Z odÚmb` ehar 25 20 45
odÚmb` ZmaU[wam, Ah_Xm]mX
odZm{X gd© odÚmb` J«må` 25 20 45
Jm{Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mX
Hw$b `m{JHw$b `m{JHw$b `m{JHw$b `m{JHw$b `m{J 5 0 4 0 9 0
oZ`§oÌV AI§S>mZ§X _mÜ`o_H$ ehar 25 20 45
odÚmb` odÚmb`, emh[wa
Ah_Xm]mX-4
e{R> A_wbI odÚmb` J«må` 25 20 45
Jm{Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mX
H w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {J 5 0 4 0 9 0
H w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {J 100 8 0 180
3.1.2 em{YodoY •em{YodoY •em{YodoY •em{YodoY •em{YodoY •
àñVwV em{Y H$m CX²X{í` JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H$s 8dt H$jm H$s ohÝXr [mR>ç [wñVH$ _|
g_modï> odo^ÝZ gmohpË`H$ odÚmAm| H{$ obE oejU-gm_J«r H$m M`Z Ed§ oZ_m©U H$aH{$
BgH{$ Aga H$m{ Om±MZm h¡, AV• àñVwV em{YH$m`© à`m{JmË_H$ em{YodoY g{ oH$`m
J`m h¡ $&
3.1.2.1 à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY •
à`m{JmË_H$ odoY d¡kmoZH$ odoY h¡ $& Bg odoY H{$ Ûmam H$m`©H$maU g§]§Y ñ[ï>
59
hm{Vm h¡ $& à`m{JmË_H$ odoY Ûmam oH$gr dñVw, CX²X{í` AmoX H$s oddaUmË_H$ ì`m»`m Zht
hm{Vr $& Bg Ñoï>H$m{U g{ oejmodX ]{dnaO à`m{J H$m{ Bg àH$ma ñ[ï> H$aV{ h¡ •
“An experiment usually consists in making an event occur
under known condition whereas many extraneous influences, as
far as possible, are diminated and close observation is possible
so that ralationship between phenomena can be reveadad”4
AWm©V²
“ à`m{J _| ]hþYm oH$gr KQ>ZmAm| H$m{ kmV XemAm| _| H$am`m OmVm h¡ VWm ]mø
à^mdm| H$m{ `Wm g§^d Xya H$aV{ hþE oZarjU oH$`m OmVm h¡ oOgg{ à[§M H{$ g§]§Y H$m{
^br àH$ma àXoe©V oH$`m Om gH{$ $&”
]{dnaO
“It is method of testing hypothesis”
Johada and other.
AWm©V²
“ à`m{J [naH$ë[Zm H{$ [arjU H$s EH$ odoY h¡ $&”
“Experiment is the proof of a hypothesis which seeks to
take up two factor into a causal relationship through the study
of construesting situation which have been controlled on all
factors one of interest, the latter being either the hypothetical
cause or the Hypothetical effect”5
Ernest Greewood
4 William I.B. Beveridge, The art of scentific Investigation,
w.w. northon and co 1975. p.13
5 Ernest Greewod, Experimental Society, w.w. Northon and co.
1975. p. 28.
60
AWm©V²
“ à`m{J H$m`©H$maU gå]ÝYm{§ H$m ì`·V H$aZ{dmbr [naH$ë[Zm H{$ [arjU H$s odoY
h¡ oOgg{ [napñWoV`m| _| H$m`©H$maU gå]ÝY H$m AmH$bZ H$aV{ h¢”
“When certain variables can be controlled or manipulated
directly in a research problem by the investigator the research
procedure is ofton described as experiment.”6
- Edwards.
AWm©V² •
“ O] EH$ AZwg§YmZ g_ñ`m H{$ gå]ÝY _| EH$ AÜ``Z H$Vm© àË`j ê$[ g{ Hw$N>
Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU `m h{a\{$a ñWmo[V H$aVm h¡ V] Bg àH$ma H$s AZwg§YmZ àoH«$`m H$m{
[«`m{J H$hm OmVm h¡ &”
C[`w©·V g^r [na^mfmAm| H{$ AmYma [a `h oZîH$f© oZH$bVm h¡ oH$ à`m{J EH$
E{gr odoY h¡ oOg_| Xm{ `m Xm{ g{ AoYH$ Mam| H{$ à^mdm| H$m AÜ``Z oH$`m OmVm h¡ $&
[na^mfm g{ ñ[ï> hm{Vm h¡ oH$ Ma H{$ Xm{ àH$ma h¡ •
1. ñdV§Ì Ma (Independent)
2. AmolV Ma (Dependent)
à`m{J _| ñdV§Ì Ma H$m AmolV Ma [a à^md H$m AÜ``Z hm{Vm h¡ $& àñVwV em{Y
AmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZm odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $& (After
only Experiments) $& Bg à`m{J _| Xm{ à`m{Á` g_yh h¡ $&
1. à`m{JmË_H$ g_yh (Experimental Group)
2. oZ`§oÌV g_yh (Controlled Group)
6 Allen L. Edwards, Experimental Design in Psychological
Research. New Delhi : A merind Publishing company
1971. p. 455.
61
`hm± ñdV§Ì Ma H$m AÜ``Z H{$db à`m{JmË_H$ g_yh _| oH$`m OmVm h¡ oH$ÝVw AmolV Ma
H$s _mÌm H$m AÜ``Z Xm{Zm| g_yhm| _| oH$`m OmVm h¢ $& `hm± à`m{JmË_H$ g_yh _| AmolV
Ma H$s _mÌm _| ñdV§Ì Ma H$s _mÌm H{$ g§X^© _| H$m{B© [nadV©Z X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h¡ Om{
[nadV©Z à`m{JH$Vm© oZ`§oÌV g_yh _| Z [m`{ Vm{ Bg [nadV©Z H$m H$maU ñdV§Ì Ma H$m{
_mZm OmVm h¡ $&
àñVwV AÜ``Z _| à`w·V H$r JB© àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm H$m àmê$[ VmobH$ H«$_m§H$ 3.3
_| h¡ $&
VmobH$ VmobH$ VmobH$ VmobH$ VmobH$ 3.3
àm`m {oJH$ `m {OZmàm`m {oJH$ `m {OZmàm`m {oJH$ `m {OZmàm`m {oJH$ `m {OZmàm`m {oJH$ `m {OZm
àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ oejU gm_J«r gh CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
N-90 AÜ`m[Z H$m`© N-90
oZ`§oÌV Jy[ é¶T> odoY g{ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
N-90 AÜ`m[Z H$m`© N-90
àñVwV AÜ``Z _| ñdV§Ì Ma H{$ ê$[ _| oejU gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam AÜ`m[Z H$m`©
H$aH{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$s e¡ojH$ bpãY Zm[r JB© h¡ $& Bg AÜ``Z _| ehar j{Ì
H{$ Xm{ odÚmb` Am¡a J«må`j{Ì H{$ Xm{ odÚmb`m| _| AÜ``ZaV H$jm 8dt H{$ N>mÌm| _|
Hw$_ma Am¡a H$Ý`mAm{§ H$s e¡ojH$ bpãY H{$ A§Va H$m{ Om±Mm J`m h¡ $&
3.1.2.2 à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$s ode{fVm Ed§ em{Y [naMbZ •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$s ode{fVm Ed§ em{Y [naMbZ •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$s ode{fVm Ed§ em{Y [naMbZ •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$s ode{fVm Ed§ em{Y [naMbZ •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$s ode{fVm Ed§ em{Y [naMbZ •
“We shall define a field experiment as a theoretically
oriented research project in which the experimenter manufactures
in independent variable in some real social setting in order to
test some hypothesis”7
R.P. Frenk
7 S. Frenk, Theory and Practice of Psychological Testing.
New Delhi. : Oxford and B.H. publishing company 1962. p. 491.
62
AWm©V²
“ à`m{JmË_H$ em{K g¡Õm§oVH$ _mohVr H$m{ pñdH¥$V H$aH{$ dmñVodH$Vm H$s Om±M
H$aVm h¡ $& à`m{JmË_H$ em{K _| Mam| H$m [naMbZ oZåZ àH$ma g{ hm{Vm h¡;”
3.1.2.2.1 ñdV§Ì Ma •ñdV§Ì Ma •ñdV§Ì Ma •ñdV§Ì Ma •ñdV§Ì Ma •
ñdV§Ì Ma à`m{J _| em{YmWu H{$ oZ`§ÌU _| ahVm h¡ $& em{YmWu BgH$s _mÌm H$m{
KQ>m - ]¶T>m gH$Vm h¡ $& àñVwV em{Y à`m{JmË_H$ h{ AV• BgH$m à_wI Aga Mam| H{$
[naMbZ H{$ gmW gå]pÝYV h¡ $& Ma H{$ [naoMbZ H{$ obE M`Z oH$`{ J`{ Ý`mXe© [a
ñdV§Ì Ma H$s o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ pñWoV`m± ñVa H$m à^md bm`m OmVm h¡ $& àñVwV AÜ``Z _|
oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$m{ é¶T> odoY g{ AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$adm`m Am¡a àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$m{ oejU
gm_J«r à`w·V H$aH{$ AÜ`m[Z H$adm`m J`m h¡ $&
3.1.2.2.2 AmolV Ma H$m nZarjU •AmolV Ma H$m nZarjU •AmolV Ma H$m nZarjU •AmolV Ma H$m nZarjU •AmolV Ma H$m nZarjU •
à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY H$s ode{fVm h¡ AmolV Ma [a ñdV§Ì Ma H{$ à^md H$m
oZarjU H$aZm h¡ $& `hm± ñdV§Ì Ma H$m{ oejU gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam oejmH$m`© Am¡a AmolVMa
H$m{ é¶T> odoY g{ AÜ`m[Z H$adm H{$ N>mÌm| H$s CÎma H$gm¡Q>r g{ àmßV àmßVm§H$m{ H{$ Ûmam
oejU gm_J«r H${ Aga H$m{ Om±Mm J`m h¢ $&
3.1.2.2.3 AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU •AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU •AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU •AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU •AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU •
à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y [ÕoV H$s Vrgar ode{fVm h¡ AmolV Ma [a AÜ``Z H{$ g_`
ñdV§Ì Ma H{$ `WmW© Aga H$m{ Om±MZ{ H{$ obE AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU H$aZm $& `hm± oejU
gm_J«r H$m{ à_wI Ma H{$ ê$[ _| ñdrH¥$V oH$`m J`m h¡ & BgH$m AmolV Mam| [a `WmW©
à^md Om±MZ{ H{$ obE AÝ` g^r Mam| H$m oZ`§ÌU H$aZm Amdí`H$ hm{ OmVm h¡ $& BgobE
AoYH$moYH$ Mam| H$m{ oZ`§oÌV H$aZ{ H{$ obE EH$ H$jm(ñVa) H{$ J« y[, j{Ì H$s Ñoï> g{
g_mZ _mÜ`o_H$ odÚmb`|, AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H{$ obE g_mZ odf`dñVw, g_mZ AÝVamb Am¡a
EH$ hr AÜ`m[H$ H{$ Ûmam AÜ`m[Z H$adm`m J`m h¡ $& oZ`§oÌV J«y[ Am¡a àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m
M`Z o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ odÚmb`m| _| g{ oH$`m J`m, oOgg{ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ _| oH$`{ J`{ AÜ`m[Z
63
H$m`© H$m Aga oZ`§oÌV J«y[ [a Z hm{ $& Xm{Zm| J«y[ H$m ]woÕ ñVa g_mZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE Sm°.
O{.EM. emh aoMV bYw ]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r H{$ Ûmam ]woÕ H$s Ñoï> g{ g_mZ ]woÕ ñVa H{$ N>mÌm|
H$m Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¡ $& X{I| bKw ]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r [naoeï C > [a h¡ $&
3.1.2.2.4 Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm •Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm •Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm •Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm •Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm •
à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$R>m{a d¡kmoZH$ [napñWoV`m| H{$ AÝVJ©V oH$`m OmVm h¡ $& Bg _|
ñdV§Ì Ma H$m [aV§Ì Ma [a [¶S>Z{ dmb{ à^md H$m AÜ``Z oH$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a ]mø Mam|
H{$ à^md H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m OmVm h¡ $& Bg àH$ma H{$ H$R>m{a oZ`§ÌU g{ à`m{J
_| àmßV oZîH$fm~ _| AmÝVnaH$ d¡YVm ñWmo[V H$aZr hm{Vr h¡ $&
AmÝVnaH$ d¡YVm H$m { à^modV H$aZ{dmb{ H$maU O¡g{ g_gm_mo`H$ KQ>Zm,
[na[·dZ, _m[Z H{$ C[H$aUm| H$s _§X JoV, A§H$emoó` [amJoV, Ý`mXe© M`Z _| ^{X,
à`m{J [mÌm| H$m H$_ hm{Zm Am¡a ]¶T>Zm, Ed§ Mam| H{$ AmÝVnaH$ Aga H$m{ oZ`§oÌV H$aH{$
Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm H$m{ ]ZmE aIZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
à`m{J H{$ d·V hm{Z{dmbr g_gm_mo`H$ KQ>ZmAm| H$m à^md à`m{J [mÌm| H$m{
AmÝVnaH$ ê$[ g{ à^modV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a à`m{J H{$ Mam| H$m{ AmÝVnaH$ ê$[ g{ XyofV
(_obZ) H$aVm h¡ $& àñVwV AÜ``Z _| oZ`§oÌV Am¡a àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$m{ AÝ` H$maH$m| H{$
Aga g{ g§VwobV H$aZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $& `hm± à`m{J [mÌm| H$s ]woÕ, éPmZ
Ao^`m{½`Vm Am¡a ì`o·VËd _| ^{X oXIZ{ H$s g§^mdZm H$_ Wr ·`m| oH$ g^r odÚmb`m| H{$
à`m{J[mÌm| H{$ obE oejmH$m`© Am¡a CÎma bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ ]rM g_`mdoY H$_ Wr $&
Bg AÜ``Z _| à`m{J[mÌ EH$ H$jm H{$ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU Am`w H$s Ñoï> g{ g^r g_mZ
W{ $& g_mOñ`Vm ([na[·dVm) _| ^{X hm{Z{ H$s g§^mdZm H$_ Wr $& à`m{J C[H$aU Am¡a
oZarjU [ÕoV H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIV{ hþE àñVwV AÜ``Z _| CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ Ûmam oZarjU
oH$`m J`m Wm $& AÜ``Z _| M`Z oH$`{ J`{ Mma odÚmb`m| H$m M`Z gh{VwH$ odoY g{
oH$`m J`m Am¡a Xm{ J«y[ H$m{ gh{VwH$ odoY g{ og¸$m CN>mbH$a àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[
_| ]m±Q>m J`m $& N>mÌm| H$m M`Z _yb pñWoV AZwgma oH$`m J`m oOgg{ V{Oñdr Am¡a
H$_]woÕ dmb{ N>mÌm| H$m ^{X X{IZ{ H$m{ Z o_b{ $& Bg àH$ma Ý`mXe© M`Z odoY _| à`m{J
64
[a H${ Aga H$m{ Zm]yX H$aZ{ Ed§ H$_ H$aZ{ H$m à`mg H$aH{$ AmÝVnaH$ d¡YVm H$s _mÌm
]ZmE aIZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $& à`m{J H{$ A§V _| g_mZ [yd© e¡ojH$ boãY Ed§ ]woÕ
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m h¡ oOgg{
à`m{J [mÌm| _| H$o_`m± Xya H$aZ{ H$m à`mg em{YH$Vm© H{$ Ûmam oH$`m J`m h¡ & Bg àH$ma
àñVwV AÜ``Z _| Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm H{$ à^mdH$ H$maH$m| H{$ à^md H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H$m à`mg
oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
3.1.2.2.5 ]mød¡YVm •]mød¡YVm •]mød¡YVm •]mød¡YVm •]mød¡YVm •
]mø d¡YVm H$m AW© h¡ à`m{J H{$ A§V _| Om{ oZîH$f© àmßV hþE h¡ Cg{ g_oï> [a
A_b H$aH{$ CgH{$ oZîH$f© H$s ì`moßV oH$VZr _mÌm _| e·` h¡ `h OmZZm $& à`m{J H{$
oZîH$fm~ H$s ì`m[H$Vm H$s _mÌm oOVZr H$_ CVZr à`m{J H$s ]mø d¡YVm H$_ hm{Vr h¡ $&
]mø d¡YVm H{$ à^mdH$ H$maH$m| H$m{ A§Hw$oeV H$aZ{ H{$ obE àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$
obE M`Z oH$`{ J`{ odÚmb`m| _| oZoüV g_` _| AÜ`m[Z H$m`© oH$`m J`m h¡ $& oOgg{
odÚmb`m| _| H$m{B© AZ¡goJ©H$ [napñWoV H$m oZ_m©U Z hm{ $& Xm{Zm| J«y[ _| ]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r Am¡a
bpãY H$gm¡Q>r b{Z{ H{$ ]mX àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ _| oejU gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ _|
é¶T> > odoY g{ AÜ`m[Z H$m`© oH$`m h¡ $& `hm± à`m{J [mÌm| H$m{ E{gm I`mb Zht Wm oH$
“ h_ma{ C[a à`m{J hm{ ahm h¡” oOg{ ‘ hm{Wm}Z Aga’ (Hawthorne Effect) H$hm
OmVm h¡ $& Bg àH$ma àñVwV AÜ``Z _| ]mø d¡YVm H{$ obE ]mYH$ g^r H$maH$m| H{$ à^md
H$m{ AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ oZ`§oÌV H$aZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
3.1.2.3 em{Y _| g_modï> Ma •em{Y _| g_modï> Ma •em{Y _| g_modï> Ma •em{Y _| g_modï> Ma •em{Y _| g_modï> Ma •
à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H{$ g_` em{YH$Vm© odo^ÝZ [napñWoV`m| H$m oZ_m©U H$aH{$ Mam|
H$m ì`dñWm[Z H$aH{$ Cg [a oZ`§ÌU àmßV H$aVm h¡ $&
àñVwV em{Y _| g_modï> Mam| H$m oddaU oZåZm§oH$V h¡ $&
1. ñdV§Ì Ma • AÜ`m[Z [ÕoV, oejU gm_J«r gh AÜ`m[Z Ed§ éT>
odoY g{ AÜ`m[Z
2. AmolV Ma • 8dt H$jm H$s CÎma H$gm¡Q>r _| N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$ $&
65
3. oZ`§oÌV Ma • 8dt H$jm H$r ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ H$m odf`dñVw
4. [nao_V Ma • odÚmb` H$m j{Ì (J«må`-ehar), N>mÌm| H$s OmoV
(Hw$_ma-H$Ý`m)
3.1.2.4 àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ aMZm •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ aMZm •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ aMZm •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ aMZm •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ aMZm •
àñVwV em{YH$m`© _| M`Z oH$`{ J`{ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$m ]m¡oÕH$
ñVa kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE S>m°. O{. EM. emh aoMV bKw ]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r H$m C[`m{J oH$`m
J`m $& bYw]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r g{ àmßV àmßVm§H$m| H{$ AmYma [a odMbZ ]woÕ _mZm§H$ kmV oH$`m
J`m Am¡a g_mZ ]woÕ odMbZ _mZH$m| g{ g_mZ ]woÕ J« y[ H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m $& VV²[ümV
g_mZ ]woÕ _mZm§H$dmb{ g^r N>mÌm| H$m{ H$jm 7dt H$s odf`dñVw AmYmnaV bpãY H$gm¡Q>r
H{$ Ûmam àmßV àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU ]ZmH$a _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ Am¡a
H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV (CR) Ty> ± ¶T>H$a BgH$m ‘t’ _yë` kmV H$aH{$ Om{ ¶S>m | H$m{ g_{b ]Zm`m
J`m $&
3.1.2.5 àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm •àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm •àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm •àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm •àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm •
AmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J«y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZm $&
3.1.3 C[H$aU oZ_m©U •C[H$aU oZ_m©U •C[H$aU oZ_m©U •C[H$aU oZ_m©U •C[H$aU oZ_m©U •
àñVwV em{Y _| 8dt H$jm H$s M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB©`m| H$m{ gabVm g{ [¶T>mZ{ H{$ obE
oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $& _mohVr H{$ AmH$bZ H{$ obE `hm± VrZ C[H$aUm|
H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m oOg_| ñdoZo_©V _Vmdbr S>m°. O{. EM. emh aoMV bKw]woÕ
H$gm¡Q>r, [yd©bpãY H$gm¡Q>r Om{ H$jm 7dt H$s$ odf`dñVw [a AmYmnaV h¡ Om{ ]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r
g{ M`oZV Ý`mXe© H$m{ `WmW© ê$[ X{Z{ H${ obE à`w·V hþB© h¡ $& CÎma H$gm¡Q>r oOgH$r
odf`dñVw H$jm-8dt H$s M`oZV BH$mB©`m| [a AmKmnaV Wm $& Xm{Zm| H$gm¡oQ>`m| H$s aMZm
gab ^mfm _| Wr, Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r _| CÎma obIZ{ H{$ obE na·VñWmZ oX`{ J`{ W{ $& Xm{Zm|
H$gm¡oQ>`m| H$m ñdê$[ oboIV Wm Am¡a Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r H{$ A§H$ g_mZ ê$[ g{ 100 W{ $&
bYw]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r “ AmH$me _Zm{_m[Z H{$ÝÐ, gr/16, amhþb[mH©$ gm{gm`Q>r,
66
od^mJ 2 KmQ>bm{oS>`m, Ah_Xm]mX g{ àmßV H$s $& bYw]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r H$m C[`m{J N>mÌm| H{$
]woÕ ñVa H$m{ g_mZ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE oH$`m J`m $& oOg_| g_mZ ]woÕ ñVadmb{ N>mÌm| H{$ J«y[
oZ_m©U oH$`{ J`{ $& ]woÕ ñVa g{ g_mZ BgobE oH$`m J`m ·`m| oH$ Bgg{ à`m{J H$s
Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm ]¶T>Vr h¡ $& Om{ [yU© ê$[ g{ A§H$emoó` [ÕoV g{ oZ`§oÌV h¡ $&
3.1.3.1 bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •
àñVwV em{Y _| N>mÌm| H$m{ à`m{J g{ [h{b{ à`m{J H{$ obE Am`w, ]woÕ Am¡a bpãY
H{$ AmYma [a g_mZ ]ZmZ{ W{ $& BgH{$ obE g^r N>mÌ H$jm-8dt _| AÜ``Z H$aZ{ dmb{
W{, AV• Am`w H$s Ñoï> g{ dh g_mZ W{ $& Bg g_mZ Am`wdmb{ N>mÌm| H$m{ ]woÕ ñVa H{$
AZwgma g_mZ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE bYw]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m $& N>mÌm| H$m{ ohÝXr
odf` H$s bpãY _| g_mZ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE H$jm 8dt H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ [mg H$jm 7dt H$m ohÝXr
odf` H$m oH$VZm kmZ h¡ `h kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$jm 7dt H$s odf`dñVw AmYmnaV bpãY
H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m $& boãY H$gm¡Q>r oZ_m©U H$s odoK odñVma g{ oZåZm§oH$V h¡ $&
àma§^ _| H$jm 7dt H$s odf`dñVw AmYmnaV 100 A§H$ H$s oboIV ñdê$[ H$s
bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m $& oOgH$r odf`dñVw VmobH$m 3.4 _| ]Vm`r $JB© &
BH$mB©`m| _| g{ M`Z oH$`m $& boãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX Bg H$gm¡Q>r _| N>mÌm|
H$m{ H$m¡Z g{ àíZ g_PZ{ _| H$nR>ZmB© hm{Jr Am¡a àíZm| H$s Ñoï> g{ gyMZm H$m ñVa H¡$gm
hm{Zm MmohE `h OmZZ{ H{$ obE Ah_Xm]mX eha H{$ 20 àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ H$jm 7dt
_| ohÝXr odf` H$m AÜ`m[Z H$aZ{dmb{ oejH$m| H$m{ H$gm¡Q>r, gyMZmAm| H$s gabVm,
H$nR>ZVm, odf`dñVw _| \{$a]Xb AmoX gwPmd X{Z{ H{$ obE Xr JB© Am¡a g^r _V àmßV
H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX oZåZ BH$mB©`m| _| g{ 100 A§H$ H$s bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm H$s JB© $&
oOgH$r odf`dñVw oZåZm§oH$V gmaUr H{$ JÚ-[Ú aMZm Am¡a ì`mH$aU g{ ob`m J`m $&8
8 ohÝXr (oZåZ ñVa). H$jm ohÝXr (oZåZ ñVa). H$jm ohÝXr (oZåZ ñVa). H$jm ohÝXr (oZåZ ñVa). H$jm ohÝXr (oZåZ ñVa). H$jm 7. JwOamV amÁ` embm [mR>ç[wñVH$ _§S>b, Jm§YrZJa
2008.
67
VmobH$ VmobH$ VmobH$ VmobH$ VmobH$ 3.4
bpãY H$gm¡Q >r H$s BH$mB©`m ± Am¡a A§H$ ^mam §H$bpãY H$gm¡Q >r H$s BH$mB©`m ± Am¡a A§H$ ^mam §H$bpãY H$gm¡Q >r H$s BH$mB©`m ± Am¡a A§H$ ^mam §H$bpãY H$gm¡Q >r H$s BH$mB©`m ± Am¡a A§H$ ^mam §H$bpãY H$gm¡Q >r H$s BH$mB©`m ± Am¡a A§H$ ^mam §H$
AZw.Z§.AZw.Z§.AZw.Z§.AZw.Z§.AZw.Z§. BH$ mB ©/odf`dñV wBH$ mB ©/odf`dñV wBH$ mB ©/odf`dñV wBH$ mB ©/odf`dñV wBH$ mB ©/odf`dñV w gmohË` àH$magmohË` àH$magmohË` àH$magmohË` àH$magmohË` àH$ma
A§H$A§H$A§H$A§H$A§H$
1. ß`mam X{e _hmZ H$odVm 10
2. AdÝVr H$hmZr 10
3. _mZdVm OmJ CRr> H$hmZr 10
4. MVwa oMÌH$ma H$odVm 10
5. Z_©Xm oZ]§Y 10
6. o[Vm H$m{ [Ì [Ì 10
7. Xm{h{ Xm{h{ 10
8. h_ hm|J{ H$m_`m] H$odVm 10
9. AZwdmX/ì`mH$aU aMZm/ì`mH$aU 20
àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ oejH$m| H{$ _V AmYmnaV BH$mB©`m| _| g{ boãY H$gm¡Q>r H$m
oZ_m©U oH$`m$&
bpãY H$gm¡Q>r [naoeï> D [a Am¡a [yd©bpãY H$gm¡Q>r oZ_m©U _| gh`m{Jr àmWo_H$
oejH$m| H$s gyMr [naoeï> gyMr E [a X{I| $& `hm± bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$m C[`m{J H{$db ]woÓ
ñVa g{ g_mZ N>mÌm| H$s ohÝXr odf` H$s bpãY kmV H$aZ{ H$m h¡ $&
3.1.3.2 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •
CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ oZ_m©U H{$ obE em{YmWuZ{ JwOamV amÁ` embm [mR>ç[wñVH$ _§S>b
Ûmam àH$moeV H$jm 8dt H$s ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ H$m AÜ``Z oH$`m $& Bg [mR>ç[wñVH$ _|
g_modï> g^r BH$mB©`m| H$s EH$ _Vmdbr H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m oOg_| oejH$m| H$m{ oZX}e oX`m
J`m oH$ oZåZ odf`m§J _| g{ Am[H$m{ Om{ BH$mB© gab, _Ü`_ Am¡a H$nRZ bJVr hm{ CgH{$
gm_Z{ oX`{ H$m{ï>H$ _| (P )oMhZ H$a{ $& Bg _Vmdbr H$m{ Ah_Xm]mX eha, J«må` Am¡a
JwOamV H{$ AÝ` odÚmb`m| H{$ ohÝXr oejH$m| H$m{ ^{Or JB© $& ohÝXr oejH$m| H{$ Ûmam àmßV
68
_V _| g{ 40% H$nR>Z BH$mB©, 40% _Ü`_ BH$mB© Am¡a 20% gab BH$mB© [a AmYmnaV
100 A§H$ H$s oboIV CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m $&
X{I| BH$mB© M`Z H{$ obE à`w·V _Vmdbr [naoeï> F [a $&
X{I| BH$mB© M`Z _| gh`m{Jr odÚmb`m| H{$ ohÝXr oejH$ [naoeï> E [a &
3.1.3.3 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •
Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U H$aH{$ em{YH$Vm© Z{ Xm{Zm| H$gm¡oQ>`m| H$m{ JwOamV, _hmamï>
Am¡a CÎmaàX{e amÁ`m| H{$ em{Yj{Ì H{$ ode{fkm| H$m{, ohÝXr odf` [ÕoV H$m AÜ`m[Z H$m`©
H$aZ{dmb{ ]r.ES²> H$m°b{O H{$ AÜ`m[H$m{ § H$m{ ^{Or & BÝhm|Z{ Bg H$gm¡Q>r H$m{ d¡YVm àXmZ
H$aZ{ H{$ obE odo^ÝZ gwPmd oX`{ $& àmßV gwPmd H{$ AmYma [a em{YH$Vm© Z{ A[Zr H$gm¡Q>r
_| Amdí`H$ gwYma H$aH{$ H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m $& H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm H{$ obE ode{fkm|
H{$ Ûmam àmßV gwPmd H{$ AmYma [a gwYma H$m ã`m¡am VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 3.5 [a X{I| $&
H$gm¡Q>r oZ_m©U _| gwPmd X{Z{ dmb{ ode{fkm| H$s gyMr [naoeï> G [a Ed§ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
[naoeï> H [a h¡ $&
69
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 3.5
ode{fkm| H{$ gwPmd Ed§ gwYmaode{fkm| H{$ gwPmd Ed§ gwYmaode{fkm| H{$ gwPmd Ed§ gwYmaode{fkm| H{$ gwPmd Ed§ gwYmaode{fkm| H{$ gwPmd Ed§ gwYma
AZw. AZw. AZw. AZw. AZw. g wPmdg wPmdg wPmdg wPmdg wPmd gwYma Ed§ ode{f oQ>ß[UrgwYma Ed§ ode{f oQ>ß[UrgwYma Ed§ ode{f oQ>ß[UrgwYma Ed§ ode{f oQ>ß[UrgwYma Ed§ ode{f oQ>ß[UrAm[H$s H$gm¡Q>r Q>{·g]wH$ [a
AmYmnaV h¡ ?
à`m{J _| H$m¡Z gm odf`dñVw
hm{Jm ?
Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r H$m H$nR>ZVm-
gabVm _yë` Im{µOm h¡ ?
Am[H$s àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm H$m¡Z
gr h¡ ?
bpãY H$gm¡Qr ·`m| b{Zr h¡ ?
bpãK-CÎma H$gm¡Qr H{$ àíZm| _|
^{X ·`m| ?
bpãK H$gm¡Q>r H$m odf`dñVw
H$jm 8dt H$m h¡ ?
bpãK H$gm¡Q>r H$m àíZ, 5, 6,
9 ]XbZ{ H${ gwPmd $&
Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r H{$ A§H$ g_mZ aI|
^mfm Ed§ ì`mH$aU g§]§Yr gwPmd
oejU gm_J«r ·`m h¡ ?
bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$jm 7dt H$s ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ [a
AmYmnaV h¡ Am¡a CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$jm 8dt H$s ohÝXr
[mR>ç[wñVH$ [a AmYmnaV h¡ $&
à`m {J _| H$jm 8dt H$r M`oZV BH$mB ©`m | H$m
odf`dñVw hm{Jm $&
Zht, H$gm¡Q>r à_mUrH$aU _{am CX²X{í` Zht h¡ $&
_{ar àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm “ AmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZJ« y[
H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZm h¡ $&”
]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r g{ àmßV odMbZ _mZm§H$m| H$m{ R>m {g
à_mU X{H$a J«y[ g_mZ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE &
·`m| oH$ `hm± bpãY H$gm¡Qr H{$ Aga H$m{ Om±MZm Zhr¨
h¡ `hm± bpãY H$gm¡Qr H{$db g_mZ J«y[ oZ_m©U H{$ obE
h¡$& Om{ 7dt H$s odf`dñVw AmYmnaV h¡ & O] H$s CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$ à`m{J H{$ Aga OmZZ{ H{$ obE h¡ $&
Zht, bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$m odf`dñVw H$jm 7dt H$m
h¢ $& oOgH{$ _mÜ`_ g{ H$jm 8dt _| [¶T>V{ N>mÌm| H$s
H$jm 7dt H${ ohÝXr odf` H$s bpãK Zm[Zm h¡ $&
Amdí`H$ gwYma oH$`{ JE $&
Amdí`H$ gwYma H$aH{$ Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r H{$ A§H$ 100
H$a oX`{ $&
Amdí`H$ ]Xbmd oH$`{ JE $&
H$jm 8dt H${ ohÝXr odf` _| M`oZV BH$mB©`m| _|
à`w·V Ñí`, lì`, Ñí`-lì` _woÐV Am¡a ñdoZo_©V
gm_J«r $&
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
70
3.1.4 àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU •àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU •àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU •àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU •àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU •
em{YH$m`© _| àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ, àXVm| H$m `WmW© EH$ÌrH$aU Am¡a CgH$m AmYma
g§[yU© em{Y H{$ obE _hÎd[yU© h¡ $&
àñVwV em{Y _| àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ g^r Ý`mXe© N>mÌm| H$m{ ]woÕ
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ àmßV àmßVm§H$m| H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{¶S>m odoY g{ g_{b Om{¶S>m ]Zm`m $&
g_{b Om{ ¶S>m odoY _| A§H$emoó` [ÕoV H$m gh`m{J àË`{H$ [mXmZ [a ob`m h¡ $& ]woÕ
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]mX g_{b Om{ ¶S> { H$m{ H$jm 7dt H$r odf`dñVw AmYmnaV bpãY
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ Ûmam àmßV àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU V¡`ma H$aH{$ _Ü`_mZ, _mZmH$odMbZ
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74
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odZm {X gd© odÚmb`, Jm {VmodZm {X gd© odÚmb`, Jm {VmodZm {X gd© odÚmb`, Jm {VmodZm {X gd© odÚmb`, Jm {VmodZm {X gd© odÚmb`, Jm {VmoO. Ah_Xm]mX J «må`oO. Ah_Xm]mX J «må`oO. Ah_Xm]mX J «må`oO. Ah_Xm]mX J «må`oO. Ah_Xm]mX J «må`
e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-
J « m å`J « m å`J « m å`J « m å`J « m å`
84
3.2.4 AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| oejU gm_J«r H$m odoZ`m{J •AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| oejU gm_J«r H$m odoZ`m{J •AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| oejU gm_J«r H$m odoZ`m{J •AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| oejU gm_J«r H$m odoZ`m{J •AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| oejU gm_J«r H$m odoZ`m{J •
em{YmWuZ{ odÚmb`m| H$m M`Z H$aH{$ BH$mB© M`Z H{$ ]mX oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z
oH$`m $& M`oZV BH$mB©`m| H{$ odf`dñVw H{$ ^md H{$ AZwgma odo^ÝZ oejU gm_J«r H$m
C[`m{J [naoeï> L > [a h¡ $&
3.3 g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •
àñVwV AÜ`m`-3 _| em{YH$Vm©Z{ em{Y`m{OZm, C[H$aU oZ_m©U, Ý`mXe© M`Z,
BH$mB© M`Z, oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUr, AmoX H¡$g{ V¡`ma
oH$`m BgH$m odñV¥V ã`m¡am àñVwV oH$`m h¡ $&
AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` 4
àXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aUàXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aUàXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aUàXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aUàXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aU
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
àñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZm
CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±MCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±MCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±MCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±MCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M
à`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m M`Zà`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m M`Zà`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m M`Zà`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m M`Zà`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m M`Z
à`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ J « y[ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $à`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ J « y[ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $à`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ J « y[ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $à`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ J « y[ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $à`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ J « y[ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $
àmßVm§H$m | H$m àmßVm§H$m | H$m àmßVm§H$m | H$m àmßVm§H$m | H$m àmßVm§H$m | H$m ‘t’ [arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$
à`m {J [ümV² ehar Am ¡a J «må` j{Ì H { $ àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡aà`m {J [ümV² ehar Am ¡a J «må` j{Ì H { $ àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡aà`m {J [ümV² ehar Am ¡a J «må` j{Ì H { $ àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡aà`m {J [ümV² ehar Am ¡a J «må` j{Ì H { $ àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡aà`m {J [ümV² ehar Am ¡a J «må` j{Ì H { $ àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡a
oZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ CÎma H$gm ¡Q > r H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$moZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ CÎma H$gm ¡Q > r H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$moZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ CÎma H$gm ¡Q > r H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$moZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ CÎma H$gm ¡Q > r H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$moZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ CÎma H$gm ¡Q > r H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$m
[ a rjU[a rjU[a rjU[a rjU[a rjU
à`m {J [ümV² OmoV Am ¡a j{Ì H { $ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H { $ CÎmaà`m {J [ümV² OmoV Am ¡a j{Ì H { $ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H { $ CÎmaà`m {J [ümV² OmoV Am ¡a j{Ì H { $ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H { $ CÎmaà`m {J [ümV² OmoV Am ¡a j{Ì H { $ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H { $ CÎmaà`m {J [ümV² OmoV Am ¡a j{Ì H { $ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H { $ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm §H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``ZH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm §H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``ZH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm §H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``ZH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm §H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``ZH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm §H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z
à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm | j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm | j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm | j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm | j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm | j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m { H$m oddaU $àmßVm§H$m { H$m oddaU $àmßVm§H$m { H$m oddaU $àmßVm§H$m { H$m oddaU $àmßVm§H$m { H$m oddaU $
à`m{J àümV² àmßV Am±H$ ¶S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J àümV² àmßV Am±H$ ¶S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J àümV² àmßV Am±H$ ¶S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J àümV² àmßV Am±H$ ¶S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J àümV² àmßV Am±H$ ¶S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $
à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $
g_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Z
86
AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` 4
àXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aUàXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aUàXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aUàXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aUàXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aU
4.1 àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •
em{Y H$m`© _| oOVZm _hÎd àXÎmm| H{$ AmH$bZ H$m h¡, CVZm _hÎd àXÎm
odíb{fU Am¡a ñ[ï>rH$aU H$m h¡ $& àXÎmm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU em{Y H$m`© H$m
öX` h¡ $& odíb{fU àoH«$`m H{$ Ûmam àmßV [XÎm AW©g^a hm{ OmVm h¡ $& AJa em{Y
H$m`© H$m{ C[`m{Jr ]ZmZm h¡ Vm{ odíb{fU odoY g_ñ`m M`Z Am¡a àmê$[ V¡`ma H$aZ{
H{$ gmW hr H$aZr MmohE $& àXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU g§ojßV Am¡a AW©[yU© ê$[ g{
`m{OZm]Õ odoY g{ Zht H$aZ{ [a ñ[ï>rH$aU Am¡a gm_mÝ`rH$aU H{$ obE C[`m{Jr
Zht hm{ gH$Vm $AV• AZwg§YmZ H$m`© H$m H$m{B© AW© Zht ahVm $&
àmßV Am±H$S>m| H$m{ AoYH$ ApÀN> Vah g_PZ{ H{$ obE Am¡a Cg_| AW© Am¡a
oZîH$f© oZH$mbZ{ H{$ obE àXÎmm| H$m{ dJuH¥$V H$aZm [¶S>Vm h¡ AV• àXÎmm| H$m{ gwMmé
ê$[ g{ `m{OZm]Õ [ÕoV g{ aIZm MmohE $&
àñVwV em{YH$m`© _| 8dt H$jm H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ obE oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z
oH$`m J`m h¡ Am¡a CgH{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $& Bg g§X^© _|
em{YH$Vm©Z{ Ah_Xm]mX ehar j{Ì H{$ 2 Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ 2 odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$b
180 N>mÌm| H$m{ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ _| ]m±Q>m h¢ $& àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm|
H$m{ oejU gm_J«r gh Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m{ é¶T> odoY g{ [¶T>m`m J`m$&
AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H{$ [hb{ em{YH$Vm© Z{ N>mÌm| H$m{ S>m°. O{. EM. emh aoMV bYw ]woÕ
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ odMbZ ]woÕ _mZm§H$ kmV H$aH{$ M`oZV Ý`mXe© H$m{ `WmW©
]ZmZ{ H{$ obE bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m odoY g{ Ý`mXe© M`Z oH$`m$&
Xm{Zm| J«y[ H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m{ odo^ÝZ Ma O¡g{, àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[, ehar
87
j{Ì - J«må` j{Ì, Hw$_ma - H$Ý`m AmoX H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ àmßV g§_H$m| H$m VwbZmË_H$
AÜ``Z oH$`m $& Bg Vah àmßV àXÎmm| H$m odíb{fU oH$`m J`m oOgH$s H«$_e•
OmZH$mar Bg àH$ma h¡ $&
àXÎmm| H{$ dJuH$aU Am¡a odíb{fU _| em{YH$Vm© H$s ode{f Ñoï> _hÎd[yU©
h¡ $& àñVwV em{Y H$m`© _| àXÎmm| H{$ AmH$bZ H{$ obE oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m
_yë`m§H$Z H$aZ{ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ g§_H$ àmßV oH$`{ J`{ CgH{ ]mX
àmßVm§H$m{ H$m{ dJuH¥$V H$aH{$ odíb{fU oH$`m J`m $&
àñVwV em{Y H$m`© H{$ AÝVJ©V àmßV àXÎmm| H{$ odíb{fU H{$ obE _Ü`_mZ
Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ kmV oH$`m J`m $& odo^ÝZ Ma H{$ g§X^© _| _Ü`_mZ _| A§Va
gmW©H$Vm H$s Om±M H{$ obE ‘t’ H$gm¡Q>r H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m $& Bg Vah oejU
gm_J«r H{$ Aga H{$ _yë`m§H$Z H{$ obE dUm©Ë_H$ gm§»`rH$s H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m $&
odíb{fU àXÎmm| H$m gabVm g{ AW©KQ>Z hm{ gH{$ BgobE g§_H$m| H$m{ oMÌmË_H$ ê$[
g{ Ama{I H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ àñVwV oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
4.2 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M •
àñVwV em{YH$m`© _| N>mÌm| H$s bpãY H$s Om±M H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$m
oZ_m©U oH$`m J`m h¡ $& Bg H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm H$s Om±M H{$ obE
K. R. 21 Formula1 H$m gh`m{J ob`m J`m h¡ $& d¡YVm H$s Om±M H$aZ{ H{$
obE `hm± CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm H$s Om±M odÚmb` H$s gÌm§V [arjm _| N>mÌm| H{$
ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßV A§H$ H{$ gmW CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßV A§H$ H$m ghgå]ÝY kmV
H$aH{$ oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
1 Eg.[r. JwßVm. AmKwoZH$ _m[Z Ed§ _yë`m§H$Z.AmKwoZH$ _m[Z Ed§ _yë`m§H$Z.AmKwoZH$ _m[Z Ed§ _yë`m§H$Z.AmKwoZH$ _m[Z Ed§ _yë`m§H$Z.AmKwoZH$ _m[Z Ed§ _yë`m§H$Z. emaXm [wñVH$^dZ, B©bmhm]mX-
2005. P. 119
88
4.2.1CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VmCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VmCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VmCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VmCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm
àñVwV em{YH$m`© _| CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgr`Vm kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE
oZåZm§oH$V gyÌ H$m C[`m{J oH$`m h¡, oOg{ H{$. Ama. 21 gyÌ (K-R-21
Formula) H$hV{ h¡ $&
odídgZr`Vm JwUm§H$ =
Ohm± K = [arjU _| àíZm| H$s g§»`m $&
M = [arjU _| N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m _Ü`_mZ $&
O = [arjU _| N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ $&
4.2.1.1 Hw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VHw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VHw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VHw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VHw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vmmmmm •••••
VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.27 _| J«må` j{Ì H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m
_Ü`_mZ 79.04 Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ 6.99 H$m{ oZåZ gyÌ _| aIZ{ [a
odídgZr`Vm JwUm§H$ =
= 0.60
C[`w©·V gyÌ H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ Hw$_mam| H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm H$m
g§_H$ 0.60 kmV hm{Vm h¡ AV• V¡`ma H$s JB© CÎma H$gm¡Q>r Hw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE
odídgZr` h¡ $&
K
K-11 -
M [K-M]
KO 2
K
K-11 -
M [K-M]
KO 2
89
4.2.1.2 H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm•H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm•H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm•H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm•H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm•
VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.27 _| J«må` j{Ì H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H$m _Ü`[mZ
78.15 Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ 13.11 H$m{ oZåZm§oH$V gyÌ H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ odídgZr`Vm
g§_H$ kmV oH$`m J`m h¡ •
odídgZr`Vm JwUm§H$ =
= 0.88
C[`w©·V gyÌ H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ H$Ý`mAm| H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm
H$m g§_H$ 0.88 kmV hm{Vm h¡ AV• V¡`ma H$s JB© CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J«y[ H{$
obE odídgZr` h¡ $&
4.2.2 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •
àñVwV em{YH$m`© _| aoMV CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm H«$_e• 7dt H$jm H$s
dmof©H$ [arjm Am¡a 8dt H$jm H$s gÌm§V [arjm H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H{$ gmW ghgå]ÝY
kmV H$aH{$ Om±Mr JB© h¡ $& _yb Am±H$S>m | g{ àm{S>·Q> odoY Ûmam ghgå]ÝY JwUm§H$
r kmV H$aZ{ H$m gyÌ h_{§ [hb{ hr odoXV h¡2
g§j{[ _|, Xm{ A§H$_mbmAm| H{$ [mañ[naH$ PwH$mdm| H{$ _Ü` gå]ÝY H$m{ hr
ghgå]ÝY H$hV{ h¢ $& ghgå]ÝY F$UmË_H$ VWm YZmË_H$ Xm{Zm| hr oXem _| hm{
K
K-11 -
M [K-M]
KO 2
r =N(EXY) – (EX)(EY)
[NEX2)–(EX)2] [N(EY 2)–(EY)2]
2 EM.H{$.H$n[b. gm§p»`H$s H{$ _yb VÎd.gm§p»`H$s H{$ _yb VÎd.gm§p»`H$s H{$ _yb VÎd.gm§p»`H$s H{$ _yb VÎd.gm§p»`H$s H{$ _yb VÎd. odZm{X [wñVH$ _§oXa-AmJam. 1975.
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gd© odÚmb`, Jm{Vm H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a ogVå]a 2009
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CÎma H$gm¡Q>r CÎma H$gm¡Q>r CÎma H$gm¡Q>r CÎma H$gm¡Q>r CÎma H$gm¡Q>r (x) Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ (y) H{$H{$H{$H{$H{$
gmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaU
N>mÌm|H$s N>mÌm|H$s N>mÌm|H$s N>mÌm|H$s N>mÌm|H$s x y x2 y2 xy ghgå]ÝY ghgå]ÝY ghgå]ÝY ghgå]ÝY ghgå]ÝY
g§»`m- g§»`m- g§»`m- g§»`m- g§»`m-N
25 1976 1657 157858 112083 131086 0.07
ghgå]ÝY kmV H$aZ{ H$m gyÌ •
r =N(EXY) – (EX)(EY)
[N(EX2–(EX)2)] [N(EY 2)–(EY)2]
3 am_[mb qgh Ed§ e_m©. Am{.[r. e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm §p»`H$s.e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm §p»`H$s.e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm §p»`H$s.e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm §p»`H$s.e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm §p»`H$s. AJ«dmb
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Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _| ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM AË`§V oZåZ YZmË_H$
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H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡KVm kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE odZm{X
gd© odÚmb`, Jm{Vm H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a ogVå]a 2009
H$s gÌm§V [arjm _| H$Ý`mAm| H{$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM ghgå]ÝY kmV
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VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.2
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gmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaU
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20 1563 1465 125417 112161 114729 0.08
ghgå]ÝY kmV H$aZ{ H$m gyÌ •
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[N(EX2–(EX)2)] [N(EY 2)–(EY)2]
92
4.2.3CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ Am±H$S> { •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ Am±H$S> { •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ Am±H$S> { •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ Am±H$S> { •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ Am±H$S> { •
bpãY H$gm¡Q>r Am¡a CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm Hw$_ma Am¡a
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H$gm¡Q>r àH$maH$gm¡Q>r àH$maH$gm¡Q>r àH$maH$gm¡Q>r àH$maH$gm¡Q>r àH$ma OmoVOmoVOmoVOmoVOmoV à_m[rH$aU H{$ g§_H$à_m[rH$aU H{$ g§_H$à_m[rH$aU H{$ g§_H$à_m[rH$aU H{$ g§_H$à_m[rH$aU H{$ g§_H$
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CÎma Hw$_ma 0.60 0.07
H$gm¡Q>r H$Ý`m 0.88 0.08
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93
4.3.1]woÕ _mZm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •]woÕ _mZm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •]woÕ _mZm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •]woÕ _mZm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •]woÕ _mZm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •
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91-95 02 02
86-90 04 05
81-85 04 02
76-80 03 03
71-75 01 04
66-70 05 02
61-65 02 03
56-60 03 03
51-55 01 01
N 25 25
_Ü`_mZ 74.68 74.60
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àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ 25 74.68 11.80 gmW©H$ Zht h¡
ehar Hw$_ma 3.36 0.02
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 25 74.60 11.90
ehar Hw$_ma
VmobH$m 4.4 Am¡a 4.5 H$m{ X{IZ{ g{ kmV hm{Vm h¡ oH$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$
Hw$_mam| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 74.68 Am¡a 74.60 h¡ $&
àñVwV J« y[ H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 0.02 h¡ Om{ gmW©H$ Zht h¡ $& AV• à`m{JmË_H$
H$m`© H{$ obE M`oZV ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H${ Om{¶S>{
g_{b h¡ $&
4.3.2.2 ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|
H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&
Ý`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV
J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ,
_mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.6 Am¡a
4.7 _| h¡ $&
96
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.6
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZàmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZàmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZàmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZàmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ
dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±
àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar
H$Ý`mE± H$Ý`mE± H$Ý`mE± H$Ý`mE± H$Ý`mE± H$Ý`mE±H$Ý`mE±H$Ý`mE±H$Ý`mE±H$Ý`mE±
91-95 06 01
86-90 04 08
81-85 03 04
76-80 05 04
71-75 - 01
66-70 - -
61-65 01 01
56-60 - -
51-55 01 01
N 20 20
_Ü`_mZ 82.80 82.00
_mZH$ odMbZ 10.44 9.32
97
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.7
ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$
bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&
J«y[J«y[J«y[J«y[J«y[ Ý`mXe© Ý`mXe© Ý`mXe© Ý`mXe© Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa
àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m (N) odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV
àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ 20 82.80 10.44 gmW©H$ Zht h¡
ehar H$Ý`m 3.13 0.25
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 20 82.00 9.32
ehar H$Ý`m
VmobH$m 4.6 Am¡a 4.7 H$m{ X{IZ{ g{ [Vm MbVm h¡ oH$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$s ehar j{Ì H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ
H«$_e• 82.80 Am¡a 82.00 h¡ oOgH$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 0.25 h¡ Om{ gmW©H$ Zht
h¡ $& AV• à`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE M`oZV ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s
H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ Om{¶S>{ g_{b h¡ $&
4.3.2.3 J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$
g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&
Ý`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV
J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ ohÝXr odf` H$s bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU,
_Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa VmobH$m H«$_m§H$
4.8 Am¡a 4.9 _| h¡ $&
98
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.8
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm §H$m § { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ Xem©Z {dmbràmßVm §H$m § { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ Xem©Z {dmbràmßVm §H$m § { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ Xem©Z {dmbràmßVm §H$m § { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ Xem©Z {dmbràmßVm §H$m § { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ Xem©Z {dmbr
VmnbH$m $&VmnbH$m $&VmnbH$m $&VmnbH$m $&VmnbH$m $&
dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±
àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma
91-95 1 –
86-90 5 6
81-85 2 4
76-80 4 4
71-75 3 2
66-70 3 2
61-65 2 3
56-60 5 3
51-55 – 1
N 25 25
_Ü`_mZ 74.48 74.52
_mZH$ odMbZ 11.68 12.00
99
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.9
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $Xem©Z{dmob VmobH$àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $Xem©Z{dmob VmobH$àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $Xem©Z{dmob VmobH$àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $Xem©Z{dmob VmobH$àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $Xem©Z{dmob VmobH$mmmmm &&&&&
J«y[J«y[J«y[J«y[J«y[ Ý`mXe© Ý`mXe© Ý`mXe© Ý`mXe© Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa
àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m (N) odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV
àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ 25 74.48 11.68
J«må` Hw$_ma
3.34 0.01 gmW©H$ Zht h¡
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 25 74.52 12.00
J«må` Hw$_ma
VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.8 Am¡a 4.9 H$m{ X{IZ{ g{ [Vm MbVm h¡ oH$ J«må` j{Ì
H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 74.48 Am¡a 74.52
h¡ Ed§ H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 0.01 h¡ Om{ gmW©H$ Zht h¡ $& AV• àm`m{nJH$ H$m`© H{$ obE
M`oZV J«må` j{Ì H{$ Hw$_mam| H$m Om{¶Sm g_{b h¡ $&
4.3.2.4 J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|
H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm &H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm &H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm &H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm &H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm &
Ý`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s
H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$
odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.10 Am¡a 4.11
_| h¡ $&
100
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.10
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$
bpãY H$gm ¡Q >r H { $ àmßVm §H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am ¡a _mZH$bpãY H$gm ¡Q >r H { $ àmßVm §H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am ¡a _mZH$bpãY H$gm ¡Q >r H { $ àmßVm §H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am ¡a _mZH$bpãY H$gm ¡Q >r H { $ àmßVm §H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am ¡a _mZH$bpãY H$gm ¡Q >r H { $ àmßVm §H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am ¡a _mZH$
odMbZodMbZodMbZodMbZodMbZ
dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±
àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` j{Ì oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` j{Ì àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` j{Ì oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` j{Ì àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` j{Ì oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` j{Ì àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` j{Ì oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` j{Ì àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` j{Ì oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` j{Ì
H$Ý`mH$Ý`mH$Ý`mH$Ý`mH$Ý`m H$Ý`m H$Ý`m H$Ý`m H$Ý`m H$Ý`m
91-100 01 02
81-90 12 12
71-80 04 04
61-70 02 01
51-60 01 01
N 20 20
_Ü`_mZ 81.00 82.35
_mZH$ odMbZ 8.61 10.07
101
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.11
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVaàmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVaàmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVaàmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVaàmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa
J«y[ H{$ Ý`mXe©J«y[ H{$ Ý`mXe©J«y[ H{$ Ý`mXe©J«y[ H{$ Ý`mXe©J«y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa
àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m (N) odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV
àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ 20 81.00 8.61 gmW©H$ Zht h¡
J«må` H$Ý`mE± 2.96 0.45
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 20 82.35 10.07
J«må` H$Ý`mE±
VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.10 Am¡a 4.11 H{$ AZwgma J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ 81.00 Am¡a
82.35 h¡ Am¡a H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 0.45 h¡ Om{ oH$ gmW©H$ Zht h¡ $AV• àm`m{nJH$
H$m`© H{$ obE M`oZV J«må` j{Ì H$s àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H${
Om{ ¶S{ g_{b h¡ $&
4.3.3àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s Om±M •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s Om±M •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s Om±M •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s Om±M •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s Om±M •
ehar j{Ì Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$
N>mÌm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m oddaU VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.12 _| ]Vm`m
J`m h¡$&
102
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.12
ehar - J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãYehar - J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãYehar - J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãYehar - J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãYehar - J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãY
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡aH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡aH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡aH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡aH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a
gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&
$ odÚmb`$ odÚmb`$ odÚmb`$ odÚmb`$ odÚmb` OmoV OmoV OmoV OmoV OmoV _Ü`_mZ _Ü`_mZ _Ü`_mZ _Ü`_mZ _Ü`_mZ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa
àH$ma àH$ma àH$ma àH$ma àH$ma àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ AZw[mV AZw[mV AZw[mV AZw[mV AZw[mV
ehar odÚmb` Hw$_ma 74.68 74.60 0.02 gmW©H$ Zht h¡
H$Ý`m 82.80 82.00 0.25 gmW©H$ Zht h¡
J«må` odÚmb` Hw$_ma 74.48 74.52 0.01 gmW©H$ Zht h¡
H$Ý`m 81.00 82.35 0.45 gmW©H$ Zht h¡
VmobH$m 4.12 H{$ AZwgma ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ §oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| Am¡a
H$Ý`mAm| H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV H«$_e• 0.02 Am¡a 0.25 h¡ Om{ gmW©H$ Zht h¡ $& J«må` j{Ì
H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ §oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a H$Ý`mAm{| H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV
H«$_e• 0.01 Am¡a 0.45 h¡ Om{ gmW©H$ Zht h¡ $& AV• àñVwV em{Y H$m © _| M`oZV Mmam|
odÚmb`m| H{$ g^r N>mÌm| H$s à`m{J [yd© ohÝXr odf` H$s obãY g_mZ h¢ $& AV• ]woÕ
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ AmYma [a M`oZV Ý`mXe© H{$ Om{¶S>{ g_{b h¡ $&
4.3.3.1 ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$
bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU •
Ý`mXe© H{$ obE M`oZV ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{ $ndÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$
Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU,
_Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa VmobH$m H«$_m§H$
4.13 Am¡a 4.14 _| Xem©`m J`m h¡ $&
103
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.13
ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ N>mÌm|ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ N>mÌm|ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ N>mÌm|ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ N>mÌm|ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ N>mÌm|
H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&
dJ© AÝVambdJ© AÝVambdJ© AÝVambdJ© AÝVambdJ© AÝVamb Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±
àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar/J«må` oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar/J«må` àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar/J«må` oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar/J«må` àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar/J«må` oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar/J«må` àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar/J«må` oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar/J«må` àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar/J«må` oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar/J«må`
91-100 10 05
81-90 34 41
71-80 20 22
61-70 15 12
51-60 11 10
N 90 90
_Ü`_mZ 77.83 77.94
_mZH$ odMbZ 11.27 11.50
104
VmobH$m - VmobH$m - VmobH$m - VmobH$m - VmobH$m - 4.14
ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m _Ü`_mZ,ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m _Ü`_mZ,ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m _Ü`_mZ,ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m _Ü`_mZ,ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m _Ü`_mZ,
_mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&_mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&_mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&_mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&_mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&
J« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa
àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m (N) odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV
àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ 90 77.83 11.27 gmW©H$ Zht h¡
ehar/J«må` 1.69 0.07
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 90 77.94 11.50
ehar/J«må`
VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.13 Am¡a 4.14 _| X{I gH$V{ h¡ oH$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[
H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 77.83 Am¡a 77.94 Ed§ H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 0.07 h¡ Om{
gmW©H$ Zht h¡ AV• àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ g^r N>mÌm| H{$ Om{¶S>{ g_{b h¡ &
4.4 à`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$mà`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$mà`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$mà`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$mà`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m
t-[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$ ñ[ï>Vm &[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$ ñ[ï>Vm &[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$ ñ[ï>Vm &[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$ ñ[ï>Vm &[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$ ñ[ï>Vm &
1. ndo^ÝZ àH$ma H{$ Xm{ g_yhm| H{$ _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa H$s gmW©H$Vm H$s Om±M
AbJ-AbJ odoY Ûmam H$s OmVr h¡ $& ]¶S> { g_yhm| _| Bg H$s Om±M H$m
AmYma H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV H$m _mZ hm{Vm h¡, oOgH$s JUZm gå]pÝYV g_yhm|
H{$ _mZH$ odMbZm| AWdm _mZH$ ÌwoQ>`m| H{$ AmYma [a H$s OmVr h¡ $& N>m{Q> {
g_yhm| _| BgH$s Om±M H$m AmYma Q>r-_mZ hm{Vm h¡ $& Q>r-_mZ H$s JUZm
àmßVm§H$m| g{ grY{ hr H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ $& VwbZmË_H$ g_yhm{ AWdm
ghgå]pÝYV g_yhm{ _| _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa H$s gmW©H$Vm H$s Om±M _| Xm{Zm|
105
g_yhm{ H{$ gh-gå]ÝY JwUm§H$ (r) H$m{ ^r Ü`mZ _| aIZm [¶S>Vm h¡ $&
2. Xm{ N>m{Q> { g_yhm| H{$ _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa H$s gmW©H$Vm H$s Om±M ^r H«$mpÝVH$
AZw[mV H{$ AmYma [a H$s Om gH$Vr h¡, [aÝVw E{gr pñWoV _| àm`•
t-[arjU H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ grY{ àmßVm§H$m| g{ hr _Ü`_mZ H{$ AÝVa H$s
gmW©H$Vm H$s Om±M H$s Om gH$Vr h¡, ·`m|oH$ N>m{Q> { g_yhm| _| Am±H$¶S>{ N>m{Q> { d
H$_ ahV{ h¡ $& Bg àH$ma H{$ [arjU H$m C[`m{J N>m{Q> { Am§H$¶S>m| H{$ obE hr
C[`w·V ahVm h¡ $& àm`• odÚmWu hr A[Z{ àoVoXZ H{$ à`m{Jm| _| E{g{ N>m{Q> {
Am±H$¶S>m | H$m à`m{J H$aV{ h¢ Am¡a àm`• E{g{ [arjU H$m gå]ÝY odÚmWu
(student) g{ hr ahVm h¡, Bgr H$maU Bg{ odÚmWu (student) H$m
[arjU (Test) H$hm OmVm h¡ `hm± student [yam Z H$hH$a, H{$db ‘t’
hr H$hm OmVm h¡ t-H{$ _mZ H$s odd{MZm àm`• H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV H{$ _mZ H$s
odd{MZm H$s hr ^m±oV hm{Vr h¡, o\$a ^r BZ Xm{Zm| [arjUm| H{$ à`m{J _|
oZåZoboIV AÝVa X{IZ{ _| AmV{ h¡ $&
3. H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV [arjU VWm t-[arjU _| AÝVa
H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV [arjU H$m C[`m{J àm`• Xm{ ]¶S> { g_yhm| H{$ _Ü`_mZm| H{$
AÝVa H$s gmW©H$Vm H$s Om±M H{$ obE oH$`m OmVm h¢ O] oH$ t-[arjU H$m
C[`m{J Xm{ N>m {Q> { g_yhm| H{$ _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa H$s gmW©H$Vm H$s Om±M H{$
obE oH$`m OmVm h¡ $& `hm± N>m{Q>{ Am¡a ]¶S>{ Ý`mXe© g{ VmË[`© h¡ •-
O] - N 30 g{ H$_ h¡ Vm{ N>m{Q>m Ý`mXe© Am¡a
106
N 30 g{ AoYH$ h¡ Vm{ ]S>m Ý`mXe© h¡ $&4
4. Xm{ àoVXe© _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa H$s gmW©H$Vm H{$ obE àm`• Z [arjU
(z-Test) AWdm t-AZw[mV [arjU (t-Ratio Test) H$m à`m{J oH$`m
OmVm h¡ $& z-[arjU EH$ O¡g{ hr h¡ [aÝVw ]¶S> { àoVXem} H{$ obE àm`•
z-[arjU VWm N>m{Q> { àoVXem~ H{$ obE t-[arjU eãX `w½_ H$m à`m{J oH$`m
OmVm h¡ $& [arjUm| H{$ Zm_ _| `h AÝVa Xm{ àoVXe© _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa H{$
àoVM`Z odVaU H$s àH¥$oV H{$ H$maU h¢ $& AmJ{ àoVXe© H{$ N>m{Q> {-]¶S>{ hm{Z{
H$s ñ[ï>Vm H$r JB© h¡ $& Xm{Zm| hr [arjUm| H{$ obE JUZm gyÌ g_mZ h¡ $&
t-odVaU H{$ g_mZ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU Xm{ _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa H$s gmW©H$Vm H{$
Bg t-[arjU _| t-AZw[mV H$s JUZm H$s OmVr h¡ $& t-AZw[mV dmñVd _|
Xm{ _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa VWm Bg AÝVa H$s _mZH$ ÌwoQ> H$m AZw[mV h¡ $&
5. ñ[ï>Vm• oH$gr t-AZw[mV H$s gmW©H$Vm àmo`·Vm ñVa H{$ g§X^© _| hr
oZYm©naV H$s OmVr h¡ $& àm`• 0.05 VWm 0.01 H{$$gmW©H$Vm ñVam| H$m
C[`m{J t-AZw[mV H$s gmW©H$Vm H{$ oZYm©aU H{$ obE oH$`m OmVm h¡ $&
6. ]¶S>{ àoVXem~ H{$ obE EH$ [wÀN>r` [najU H$s pñWoV _| t-AZw[mV H$m _mZ
1.66 g{ AoYH$ hm{Z{ [a 0.05 ñVa [a VWm 2.33 g{ AoYH$ hm{Z{ [a
0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ H$hm Om`{Jm, O] oH$ oÛ-[wÀN>r` [arjU hm{Z{ [a
0.05 ñVa [a VWm 2.58 g{ AoYH$ hm{Z{ [a 0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ H$hm
Om`{Jm $&5$
4 EM. H { $. H$o[b. gm § p»`H$s H { $ _ yb VÎd.gm § p»`H$s H { $ _ yb VÎd.gm § p»`H$s H { $ _ yb VÎd.gm § p»`H$s H { $ _ yb VÎd.gm § p»`H$s H { $ _ yb VÎd. odZm {X [ wñVH$ _ § oXa. AmJam.
1975. PP-625, 633-34.
5 Eg.[r. J w ßV m. AmY w oZH $ _ m[Z Ed § _ y ë`m § H $Z.AmY w oZH $ _ m[Z Ed § _ y ë`m § H $Z.AmY w oZH $ _ m[Z Ed § _ y ë`m § H $Z.AmY w oZH $ _ m[Z Ed § _ y ë`m § H $Z.AmY w oZH $ _ m[Z Ed § _ y ë`m § H $Z. emaXm [ w ñVH $ ^dZ,
Bbmhm]mX. 2005. PP-533, 532.
107
4.5 à`m{J [ümV² ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm|à`m{J [ümV² ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm|à`m{J [ümV² ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm|à`m{J [ümV² ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm|à`m{J [ümV² ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm|
H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU &H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU &H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU &H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU &H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU &
àñVwV em{Y H$m`© _| à`m{J [yd} ]woÕ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m| H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m J`m $& oOgH$m
oddaU Am[ 4.3 _| X{I gH$V{ h¡ $& g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m oZ_m©U H$aH{$ EH$ J« y[ H$m{
àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ Am¡a Xyga{ J« y[ H$m{ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ _| ]m±Q>m $& àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m{ oejU
gm_J«r H$s gh`Vm g{ [¶T>m`m Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$m{ é¶T> ndoY g{ [¶T>m`m $& à`m{J
[yU© hm{Z{ H{$ [ümV² Xm{Zm| J« y[ H$m{ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r X{H$a àmßVm§H$ àmßV oH$`{ J`{ $&
à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z oH$`m
J`m $&
4.5.1ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m | H$m AÜ``Z $àmßVm§H$m | H$m AÜ``Z $àmßVm§H$m | H$m AÜ``Z $àmßVm§H$m | H$m AÜ``Z $àmßVm§H$m | H$m AÜ``Z $&
à`m{J àümV² ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$
AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa VmobH$m 4.15 Am¡a 4.16 _| Xem©`m J`m h¡ $&
108
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.15
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmobH$màmßVm§H$m { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmobH$màmßVm§H$m { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmobH$màmßVm§H$m { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmobH$màmßVm§H$m { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmobH$m
dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±
àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma ehar Hw$_ma ehar Hw$_ma ehar Hw$_ma ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma
91-100 02 –
81-90 07 –
71-80 12 –
61-70 02 01
51-60 02 04
41-50 – 03
31-40 – 09
21-30 – 08
N 25 25
_Ü`_mZ 78.40 37.20
_mZH$ odMbZ 9.92 10.85
109
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.16
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&
J« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa
àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m (N) odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV
àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ 25 78.40 9.92
ehar Hw$_ma 2.94 14.00 0.01
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 25 37.20 10.85
ehar Hw$_ma
VmobH$m 4.15 Am¡a 4.16 _{§ X{I gH$V{ h¡ oH$ ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a
oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 78.40 Am¡a
37.20 h¡ oOgH$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 14.00 h¡ Om{ 0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ h¡ $&
[naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm 1
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
[naH$ë[Zm-1 H$m ñdrH$ma Zht oH$`m OmVm, ·`m| oH$ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam|
H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ 37.20 h¡ $& àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m
_Ü`_mZ 78.40 h¡, Om{ AoYH$ h¡ AV• Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ àmßVm§H$m| _| gmW©H$ A§Va
X{Im OmVm h¡ $& AV• H$h gH$V{ h¡ oH$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ àmßVm§H$m| [a oejU
gm_J«r H$m Aga ñ[ï> ê$[ g{ hþAm h¡ $& AV• oejU gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam hþAm à`m{J
AgaH$maH$ h¡ $&
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m| H$m oMÌmË_H$ oddaU Ama{I H«$_m§H$ 1 _| Xem©`m J`m h¡ $&
111
4.5.2ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m { § H$m [arjU &àmßVm§H$m { § H$m [arjU &àmßVm§H$m { § H$m [arjU &àmßVm§H$m { § H$m [arjU &àmßVm§H$m { § H$m [arjU &
à`m{J àümV² àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ ehar j{Ì H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$
AZw[mV Ed§ gmW©H$Vm ñVa H$m oddaU VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.17 Am¡a 4.18 _|
Xem©`m J`m h¡ $&
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.17
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmboH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmboH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmboH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmboH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmboH$m $&
dJ© AÝVambdJ© AÝVambdJ© AÝVambdJ© AÝVambdJ© AÝVamb Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±
àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[ ehar H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar H$Ý`m ehar H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar H$Ý`m ehar H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar H$Ý`m ehar H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar H$Ý`m ehar H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar H$Ý`m
91-100 02 –
81-90 09 –
71-80 06 –
61-70 03 –
51-60 – 01
41-50 – 03
31-40 – 03
21-30 – 05
11-20 – 04
1-10 – 04
N 20 20
_Ü`_mZ 80.40 26.30
_mZH$ odMbZ 8.33 14.25
112
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.18
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$
CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mVCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mVCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mVCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mVCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV
Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&
J« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa
àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m (N) odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV
àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ 20 80.40 8.33
ehar H$Ý`m 3.69 14.65 0.01
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 20 26.30 14.25
ehar H$Ý`m
VmobH$m 4.17 Am¡a 4.18 g{ ñ[ï> hm{Vm h¡ oH$ ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 80.40
Am¡a 26.30 h¡ oOgH$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 14.65 h¡, Om{ 0.01 ñVa [a
gmW©H$ h¡ $&
[naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm 2
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
[naH$ë[Zm 2 H$m ñdrH$ma Zht oH$`m OmVm h¡ ·`m| oH$ ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV
J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ 26.30 g{ àm`m{oJH$
J«y[ H$m _Ü`_Z 80.40 AoKH$ h¡ AV• Xm{Zm| J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
113
àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va ñ[ï> h¡ $& AV• X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h¡ oH$
àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$ àmßVm§H$m| [a oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H$m Aga ñ[ï> ê$[ g{ X{Im
OmVm h¡ $& Bg g{ H$h gH$V{ h¡ oH$ AÜ``Z – AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gm_J«r
AgaH$maH$ ogÕ hþB© h¡ $&
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m oMÌmË_H$ oddaU Ama{I 2 _| àñVwV oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
115
4.5.3J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&
à`m{J [ümV² J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$
AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa H$m oddaU VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.19 Am¡a 4.20 _|
Xem©`m J`m h¡ $&
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.19
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $&
dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±
àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma
91-100 02 –
81-90 07 –
71-80 12 –
61-70 04 03
51-60 – 06
41-50 – 03
31-40 – 09
21-30 – 02
11-20 – 02
N 25 25
_Ü`_mZ 79.04 42.60
_mZH$ odMbZ 6.99 14.20
116
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.20
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVaàmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVaàmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVaàmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVaàmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa
Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&
J« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa
àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m (N) odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV
àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ 25 79.04 6.99
J«må` Hw$_ma 3.16 11.50 0.01
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 25 42.60 14.20
J«må` Hw$_ma
VmobH$m 4.19 Am¡a 4.20 H{$ AZwgma J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$
Hw$_mam| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 79.04 Am¡a 42.60 h¡ oOgH$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV
11.50 h¡ Om{ 0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ h¡ $&
[naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm 3
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
[naH$ë[Zm 3 H$m ñdrH$ma Zht oH$`m OmVm h¡ ·`m| oH$ J«må` j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV
J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H$m _Ü`_mZ 42.60 g{ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ 79.04 AoYH$
h¡ Am¡a H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 11.05 h¡ Om{ 0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ h¡ $& AV• Xm{Zm| J«y[
H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| _| gmW©H$ A§Va X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h¡ $&
C[`w©·V oddaU g{ kmV hm{Vm h¡ oH$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| [a
oejU gm_J«r H$m Aga X{Im OmVm h¡ $&
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m| H$m oMÌmË_H$ oddaU Ama{I 3 _| Xem©`m J`m h¡ $&
118
4.5.4J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&àmßVm§H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&àmßVm§H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&àmßVm§H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&àmßVm§H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&
à`m{J [ümV² J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$
AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa H$m oddaU VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.21 Am¡a 4.22 _|
Xem©`m J`m h¡ $&
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.21
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m | H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $&àmßVm§H$m | H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $&àmßVm§H$m | H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $&àmßVm§H$m | H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $&àmßVm§H$m | H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $&
dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb dJ© AÝVamb Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±Amd¥oÎm`m ±
àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[ J«må` H$Ý`m J«må` H$Ý`m J«må` H$Ý`m J«må` H$Ý`m J«må` H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` H$Ý`m
91-100 03 –
81-90 08 –
71-80 05 01
61-70 – 02
51-60 04 06
41-50 – –
31-40 – 09
21-30 – 02
N 20 20
_Ü`_mZ 78.15 44.25
_mZH$ odMbZ 13.11 14.19
119
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.22
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm §H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$VmàmßVm §H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$VmàmßVm §H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$VmàmßVm §H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$VmàmßVm §H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm
ñVa $&ñVa $&ñVa $&ñVa $&ñVa $&
J« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa
àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m (N) odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV
àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ 20 78.15 13.11
J«må` H$Ý`m 4.32 7.84 0.01
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 20 44.25 14.19
J«må` H$Ý`m
VmobH$m 4.21 Am¡a 4.22 H{$ AZwgma àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s J«må` j{Ì
H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 78.15 Am¡a 44.25
h¡, oOgH$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 7.84 h¡ Om{ 0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ h¡ $&
[naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm 4
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m { § H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m { § H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m { § H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m { § H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m { § H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
[naH$ë[Zm 4 H$m ñdrH$ma Zht oH$`m OmVm h¡ ·`m| oH$ J«må` j{Ì H$s
H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| _| oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H{$ _Ü`_mZ
120
44.25 g{ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m _Ü`_mZ 78.15 D§$Mm h¡ oOgH$m
H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 7.84 h¡ Om{ 0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ h¡ $& AV• Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| _| A§Va X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h¡ $&
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122
4.6 à`m{J [ümV² OmoV Am¡a j{Ì H{$ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$à`m{J [ümV² OmoV Am¡a j{Ì H{$ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$à`m{J [ümV² OmoV Am¡a j{Ì H{$ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$à`m{J [ümV² OmoV Am¡a j{Ì H{$ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$à`m{J [ümV² OmoV Am¡a j{Ì H{$ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
àmßVm§H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&àmßVm§H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&àmßVm§H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&àmßVm§H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&àmßVm§H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&
4.5 _| ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam|
Am¡a H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r _| kmV gmW©H$ A§Va H¡$gm h¡ ? Bg ]mV H$m{ kmV
oH$`m h¡ $& oH$ÝVw à`m{J [ümV² o^ÝZ j{Ì Am¡a o^ÝZ OmoV H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r
H{$ àmßVm§H$m| _| H¡$gm A§Va oejU gm_J«r H{$ H$maU hþAm h¡ oOgH$m oddaU 4.6 _|
h¡ Om{ oZåZm§oH$V h¡ $&
4.6.1ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$
CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&
à`m{J [ümV² ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s
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AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.23 _| Xem©`m J`m h¡ $&
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.23
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$
CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mVCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mVCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mVCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mVCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV
Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr gmaUr $&Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr gmaUr $&Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr gmaUr $&Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr gmaUr $&Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr gmaUr $&
J« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa
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ehar 25 78.40 9.92
àm`m{oJH$ Hw$_ma 3.60 14.43 0.01
ehar 20 26.30 14.25
oZ`§oÌV H$Ý`m
123
VmobH$m 4.23 _| X{I gH$V{ h¡ oH$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ N>mÌm| H{$
àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 78.40 Am¡a 26.30 h¡ Ed§ _mZH$ odMbZ H«$_e•
9.92 Am¡a 14.25 h¢ oOgH$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 14.43 h¡ Om{ 0.01 ñVa [a
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ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$
CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
[naH$ë[Zm 5 H$m ñdrH$ma Zht oH$`m J`m h¡ ·`m| oH$ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm|
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0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ h¡ $& AV• Xm{Zm| N>mÌm| H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va X{IZ{ H$m{
o_bVm h¡ $& Bg Vah àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ AoKH$ hm{Z{ g{ H$h gH$V{ h¡ oH$
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125
4.6.2ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[
H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $&
à`m{J [ümV² ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ,
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VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.24
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$
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AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&
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ehar 20 80.40 8.33
àm`m{oJH$ H$Ý`m 3.39 10.52 0.01
ehar 25 37.20 10.85
oZ`§oÌV Hw$_ma
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126
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A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&
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hm{Vm h¡ $& O¡g{ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ 80.40 h¡ oH$ÝVw oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$m
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128
4.6.3J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$sJ«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$sJ«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$sJ«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$sJ«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s
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à`m{J [ümV² J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s
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odÚmb` àm`m{oJH$ 80.40 8.33
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135
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gm_J«r H$m à^md AgaH$maH$ ogÕ hwAm h¡ $&
136
4.8 à`m{J [ümV² àmßV Am±H$S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&à`m{J [ümV² àmßV Am±H$S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&à`m{J [ümV² àmßV Am±H$S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&à`m{J [ümV² àmßV Am±H$S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&à`m{J [ümV² àmßV Am±H$S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&
àñVwV em{Y _| odo^ÝZ gm§p»`H$s H{$ C[`m{J g{ oejU gm_J«r H$m Aga Im{µOm J`m
h¡ $& àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Om±MZ{ H{$ obE oZåZm§oH$V gyÌ H$m
C[`m{J oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
C[`w©·V gyÌ hm{b{S>m`Zm Am¡a Wm{_g (1979) H{$ em{YH$m`© _| à`w·V ì`mdhmnaH$
gmW©H$Vm kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE h¡ $&
4.8.1ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm •H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm •H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm •H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm •H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm •
VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.27 H{$ AZwgma ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$
odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ 78.40 Am¡a
37.20 h¡ $& oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _mZH$ odMbZ 10.85 h¡ $&
C[`w©·V Am±H$S>m| H$m{ oZåZm§oH$V gyÌ _| aIH$a ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$
kmV oH$`m J`m $&
1. ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm =à`m{JmË_H$ J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ
oZ`§oÌV J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ
oZ`§oÌV J«y[H$m _mZH$ odMbZ
13
>
6
2. Agam§H$ =(à`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ) – (oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ)
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ
1. ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm =à`m{JmË_H$ J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ
oZ`§oÌV J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ
oZ`§oÌV J«y[H$m _mZH$ odMbZ
13
>
13
>= (78.40) – (37.20) (10.85)
= 41.20 3.61>
6 _h{e [r. amdb, A§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«rA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«rA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«rA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«rA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r
H$s aMZm Am¡a à^md,H$s aMZm Am¡a à^md,H$s aMZm Am¡a à^md,H$s aMZm Am¡a à^md,H$s aMZm Am¡a à^md, AàH$Q> _hmem{Y à]§Y, JyOamV odÚm[rR>,
Ah_Xm]mX, 2003
137
C[`w©·V gmW©H$Vm A§H$ H$m{ X{IH$a H$h gH$V{ h¡ oH$ ehar j{Ì H{$ Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$
Hw$_mam| H{$ Am±H$¶S>m| H$m YZmË_H$ ^{X oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ _mZH$ odMbZ g{ 11.41 JwZm
AoKH$ h¡ AV• Am±H$¶S> { { H{$db A§H$emór` Ñoï> g{ hr Zht oH$ÝVw ì`mdhmnaH$ Ñoï>
g{ ^r gmW©H$ h¡ $&
C[`w ©·V [ÕoV g{ Agam§H$ H$m _yë` 3.79 h¡ $& Agam§H$ H$m `h _yë` 1 g{
AoKH$ h¡ AV• à`m{J AgaH$maH$ ahm h¡ E{gm H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ $&
4.8.2ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$
CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`dhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`dhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`dhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`dhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`dhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&
VmobH$m 4.27 H{$ AZwgma ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ odÚmb`m|
H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 80.40 Am¡a 26.30
h¡ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ 14.25 h¢ $& C[`w ©·V Am±H$S>m | H$m{ oZåZ gyÌ _| aIH$a
ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ kmV oH$`m h¡ $&
Agam§H$ =(à`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ) – (oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ)
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ
= 78.40 – 37.20 41.12 10.85 10.85
= 3.79=
ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm =à`m{JmË_H$ J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ
oZ`§oÌV J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ
oZ`§oÌV J«y[H$m _mZH$ odMbZ
13
>
13
>= (80.40) – (26.30) (14.25)
= 54.10 (14.25)
= 54.10 4.75
>
>
13
138
ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m gmW©H$Vm A§H$ ehar j{Ì H{$ Xm{Zm|
J« y[m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ gmW©H$Vm A§H$ H{$ ]rM YZmË_H$ ^{X oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ _mZH$
odMbZ g{ 11.38 JwZm AoYH$ h¡ $& AV• [naUm_ H{$db A§H$emór` odoY g{ hr
Zht oH$ÝVw ì`mdhmoaH$ Ñoï> g{ ^r gmW©H$ h¡ $&
C[`w©·V [ÕoV g{ Agam§H$ 3.79 àmßV hþAm h¡ $& Agam§H$ H$m kmV _yë` 1 g{
AoYH$ h¡ AV• à`m{J AgaH$maH$ ahm h¡ E{gm kmV hm{Vm h¡ $&
4.8.3J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaJ«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaJ«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaJ«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaJ«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma
H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&
VmobH$m 4.27 H{$ AZwgma J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H$m
_Ü`_mZ 79.04 Am¡a 42.60 h¡ Ed§ J«må` j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ
14.20 h¡ $& àmßV Am±H$S>m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ oZåZ àH$ma h¡$&
Agam§H$ =(à`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ) – (oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ)
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ
= 80.40 – 26.30 54.10 14.25 14.25
= 3.79=
ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm =à`m{JmË_H$ J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ
oZ`§oÌV J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ
oZ`§oÌV J«y[H$m _mZH$ odMbZ
13
>
13
>= (79.04) – (42.60) (14.20)
= 36.44 (14.20)
= 36.44 4.73
>
>
13
139
C[`w©·V gmW©H$Vm A§H$ g{ H$h gH$V{ h¡ oH$ J«må` j{Ì H{$ Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$
àmßVm§H$m| H$m YZmË_H$ ^{X oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ _mZH$ odMbZ g{ 7.70 JwZm AoYH$ h¡,
AV• [aoUm_ H{$db A§H$emoó` odoY g{ hr Zht oH$ÝVw ì`mdhmnaH$ Ñoï> g{ ^r
gmW©H$ h¡ $&
C[`w©·V [ÕoV g{ Agam§H$ 2.56 kmV hþAm h¡ $& Agam§H$ H$m _yë` 1 g{ AoKH$ h¡
AV• à`m{J AgaH$maH$ ahm h¡ $&
4.8.4J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$
CÎma H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&
VmobH$m 4.27 H{$ AZwgma J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ odÚmb`m|
H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ 78.15 Am¡a 44.25 h¡ Ed§
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ 14.19 h¡ C[`w©·V Am±H$S>m| H$m{ oZåZ gyÌ _| aIH$a
ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ kmV oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
Agam§H$ =(à`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ) – (oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ)
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ
= 79.04 – 42.60 36.44 14.20 14.20
= 2.56=
ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm =à`m{JmË_H$ J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ
oZ`§oÌV J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ
oZ`§oÌV J«y[H$m _mZH$ odMbZ
13
>
13
>= (78.15) – (44.25) (14.19)
= 33.9 4.73>
140
J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$
àmßVm§H$m| H$m gmW©H$Vm A§H$ H{$ ]rM YZmË_H$ g§]§Y X{Im OmVm h¡ $& `h àmßVm§H$
oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ _mZH$ odMbZ g{ gmV JwZm AoYH$ h¡ $& AV• [naUm_ H{$db
A§H$emoó` X¥oï> g{ hr Zht ì`mdhmnaH$ Ñoï> g{ ^r gmW©H$ h¡ $&
C[`w©·V [ÕoV g{ Agam§H$ 2.38 àmßV hþAm h¡ $& Agam§H$ H$m kmV _yë` 1
g{ AoKH$ h¡ AV• à`m{J AgaH$maH$ ahm h¡ $& oejU gm_J«r AoYH$ AgaH$maH$
ogÕ hþB© h¡ $&
4.9 à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vmà`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vmà`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vmà`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vmà`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm
C[`w©·V Mmam| J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a
Agam§H$ VmobH$m 4.28 _| Xem©E h¡ $&
VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 4.28
à`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$rà`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$rà`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$rà`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$rà`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$r
ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ Xem©Vr VmobH$m $ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ Xem©Vr VmobH$m $ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ Xem©Vr VmobH$m $ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ Xem©Vr VmobH$m $ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ Xem©Vr VmobH$m $
H«$_ H«$_ H«$_ H«$_ H«$_ j{Ì j{Ì j{Ì j{Ì j{Ì OmoV ì`mdhmnaH$ Agam§H$OmoV ì`mdhmnaH$ Agam§H$OmoV ì`mdhmnaH$ Agam§H$OmoV ì`mdhmnaH$ Agam§H$OmoV ì`mdhmnaH$ Agam§H$
gmW©H$Vm gmW©H$Vm gmW©H$Vm gmW©H$Vm gmW©H$Vm
1. ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a Hw$_ma 41.20 3.61 3.79
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ odÚmb` H$Ý`m 54.10 4.75 3.79
2. J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a Hw$_ma 36.44 4.73 2.56
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ odÚmb` H$Ý`m 33.9 4.73 2.38
>
>
>
>
Agam§H$ =(à`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ) – (oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ)
oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ
= 78.15 – 44.25 33.9 14.19 14.19
= 2.38=
141
VmobH$m 4.28 H$m oZarjU H$aZ{ g{ kmV hm{Vm h¡ oH$ g^r J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| [a oejU
gm_J«r gh AÜ`m[Z H$m à`m{J AgaH$maH$ ogÕ hþAm h¡ $& O¡g{ oH$ Agam§H$ H$m
_yë` 1 H{$ Amg[mg kmV hþAm h¡ AV• oejU gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam oejm H$m`© H$aZ{ g{
N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| Am¡a oejm Xm{Zm| AgaH$maH$ ogÕ hþE h¡ $&
4.10 g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •
àñVwV AÜ`m` 4 _| CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a à_m[rH$aU H{$
obE à`w·V o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ gyÌ àXÎmm| H{$ odíb{fU Ed§ ñ[ï>rH$aU H$s odo^ÝZ odoY`m±,
Xm{Zm| g_{b Om{¶S>m| H{$ g_mZ ñVa H$s Om±M Am¡a VmobH$mE± àñVwV H$s JB© h¢ $& em{Y
H$m`© H{$ obE V¡`ma H$s JB© [naH$ë[ZmAm| H$m gm§p»`H$s H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ ñ[ï>rH$aU
oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
AÜ`m` 5 _| em{YH$m`© gmam§e, oZîH$f©, gwPmd e¡ojH$ \$obVmW© Am¡a ^mdr
em{Y H$s oXemAm| H$m oZX}e oH$`m J`m h¡ $&
AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` 5
em{K gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmdem{K gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmdem{K gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmdem{K gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmdem{K gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmd
àñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZm
gma m §egmam §egmam §egmam §egmam §e
oZîH$f ©oZîH$f ©oZîH$f ©oZîH$f ©oZîH$f ©
e ¡ojH$ \$obVmW©e¡ojH$ \$obVmW©e¡ojH$ \$obVmW©e¡ojH$ \$obVmW©e¡ojH$ \$obVmW©
em{Y H$m`© H{$ gwPmdem{Y H$m`© H{$ gwPmdem{Y H$m`© H{$ gwPmdem{Y H$m`© H{$ gwPmdem{Y H$m`© H{$ gwPmd
^mdr em{Y H$s oXemE±^mdr em{Y H$s oXemE±^mdr em{Y H$s oXemE±^mdr em{Y H$s oXemE±^mdr em{Y H$s oXemE±
g_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Z
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
143
AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` 5
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145
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H{$ N>mÌm| H$s OmoV H{$ AmYma [a àmßV e¡ojH$ bpãY [a Aga kmV H$aZm &
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1. ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
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146
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147
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148
3. J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H${ àmßVm§H$m| H$m
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7. g_mZ j{Ì H{$ à`m{J _| J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma
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·`m| oH$ ehar àm`m{oJH$ Hw$_mam| - H$Ý`mAm| H$m Agam§H$ 3.79 h¡ Am¡a J«må`
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AV• Agam§H$ H$m _yë` 1 g{ AoYH$ h¡ $& AWm©V à`m{J AgaH$maH$ ahm h¡ $&
5.4 e¡njH$ \$obVmW© •e¡njH$ \$obVmW© •e¡njH$ \$obVmW© •e¡njH$ \$obVmW© •e¡njH$ \$obVmW© •
1. é¶T> odoY H{$ Ûmam [¶T>mE JE ehar j{Ì H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| g{ kmV hm{Vm h¢
oH$ E{g{ Hw$_mam| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam [¶T>m`m Om` Vm{ CZH$s e¡ojH$
bpãY AoYH$ Cƒ hm{ gH$Vr $&
2. é¶T> odoY H{$ Ûmam [¶T>mB© JB© ehar j{Ì H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m [arjU
H$aZ{ g{ kmV hm{Vm h¢ oH$ E{gr H$Ý`mAm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam [¶T>m`m
OmE± Vm{ CZH$s e¡ojH$ bpãY Cƒ hm{ gH$Vr $Wr &
150
3. é¶T> odoY H{$ Ûmam [¶T>mE JE J«må` j{Ì H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| g{ kmV hm{Vm h¡
oH$ E{g{ Hw$_mam| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam [¶T>m`m OmE± Vm{ CZH$s e¡ojH$
bpãY Cƒ hm{ gH$Vr $Wr &
4. é¶T> odoY H{$ Ûmam [¶T>mB© JB© J«må` H$Ý`mAm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m [arjU H$aZ{ g{
kmV hm{Vm h¢ oH$ E{gr H$Ý`mAm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam [¶T>mB© OmE± Vm{
CZH$s e¡ojH$ bpãY Cƒ hm{ gH$Vr Wr$&
5. j{Ì H{$ g§X^© _| e¡ojH$ bpãY H$m [arjU H$aZ{ g{ kmV hm{Vm h¡ oH$ ehar
Am¡a J«må` j{Ì _| é¶T> odoY H{$ Ûmam [¶T>mE JE Hw$_mam| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$
Ûmam [¶T>m`m OmE Vm{ Hw$_mam| H$s e¡ojH$ bpãY [a g{ j{Ì H$m Aga Xya hm{
gH$Vm Wm $&
6. j{Ì H{$ g§X^© _| e¡ojH$ bpãY H$m [arjU H$aZ{ g{ kmV hm{Vm h¡ oH$ ehar
Am¡a J«må` j{Ì _| é¶T> odoY H{$ Ûmam [¶T>mB© JB© H$Ý`mAm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$
Ûmam [¶T>m`m OmE Vm{ H$Ý`mAm| H$s e¡ojH$ bpãY [a g{ j{Ì H$m Aga Xya hm{
gH$Vm Wm $&
7. OmoV H{$ g§X^© _| e¡ojH$ bpãY H$m [arjU H$aZ{ g{ kmV hm{Vm h¡ oH$ ehar
Am¡a J«må` j{Ì _| é¶T> odoY H{$ Ûmam [¶T>mE JE Hw$_mam| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$
Ûmam [¶T>m`m OmE Vm{ CZH$s e¡ojH$ bpãY [a g{ OmoV H$m Aga Xya hm{
gH$Vm Wm $&
8. OmoV H{$ g§X^© _| e¡ojH$ bpãY H$m [arjU H$aZ{ g{ kmV hm{Vm h¡ oH$ ehar
Am¡a J«må` j{Ì _| é¶T> odoY H{$ Ûmam [¶T>mB© JB© H$Ý`mAm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$
Ûmam [¶T>m`m OmE Vm{ CZH$s e¡ojH$ bpãY [a g{ OmoV H$m Aga Xya hm{
gH$Vm Wm $&
9. é¶T> odoY H{$ Ûmam [¶T>mE JE N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| g{ kmV hm{Vm h¡ oH$ N>mÌm| H$m{
oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam [¶T>m`m OmE Vm{ CZH$s e¡ojH$ bpãY ]T> gH$Vr Wr $&
151
5.5 em{Y H$m`© H{$ obE gwPmd •em{Y H$m`© H{$ obE gwPmd •em{Y H$m`© H{$ obE gwPmd •em{Y H$m`© H{$ obE gwPmd •em{Y H$m`© H{$ obE gwPmd •
oejU gm_J«r g{ gå]pÝYV em{Y H$m`© H{$ g§X^© _| gwPmd •
1. oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z N>mÌm| H$s Am`w Am¡a _mZogH$ ñVa H$m{ Ü`mZ _|
aIH$a odf`dñVw H{$ g§X^© _| H$aZm MmohE $&
2. oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z BH$mB© g{ gwg§JV MmQ>©g, _woÐV oÌ[na_mU Xe©H$, _yb
[XmW©, àoV_m, DVD, H¡$g{Q> AmoX H$m C[`m{J H$aH{$ oejU àoH«$`m agàX
Ed§ am{MH$ ]Zm gH$V{ h¡ $&
3. oejU gm_J«r _| g_mZ àoVeV Ñí`, lì`, Ñí`-lì` Am¡a _woÐV gm_J«r
H$m C[`m{J H$aZm MmohE $&
4. O¡g{ _mÜ`o_H$ ñVa H{$ [mR>ç[wñVH$m| H{$ obE àíZ ]¢H$, AÜ`m[Z [m{Wr AmoX
oZOr àH$meZm| H{$ Ûmam àH$moeV hm{Vr h¡, d¡g{ hr àË`{H$ [mR>ç[wñVH$ H{$ obE
oH$gr g§ñWmZ Ûmam oejU gm_J«r H$s H$sQ> V¡`ma H$aH{$ odÚmb`m| _| C[bãY
H$admB© OmE± Vm{ `h H$m`© AoYH$ ^mg_mZ hm{ gH$Vm h¡ $&
5. oejU gm_J«r odf`dñVw [¶T>mV{ dµµ·V Z oXImH$a [ya{ odf`dñVw$ H$m{ [yU© hm{Z{
VH$ N>mÌm| H{$ gå_wI aIZm AoYH$ à^mdr hm{ gH$Vm h¡ $&
6. oejU gm_J«r N>mÌm| H$m{ ñ[e© H$aZ{ Am¡a hmW _| b{H$a X{IZ{ H{$ obE X{Zr
MmohE oOgg{ N>mÌ Bg{ AÀN>r Vah X{I gH{$ $&
7. oejU gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V o\$ë_ AmoX H$m{ [mR>`[wñVH$ H{$ [mÌm| H{$
oMÌU H$s ñ[ï>Vm H{$ obE à`w·V H$aZm h¡ Vm{ [mR> H{$ àma§^ _| oXImZm
AoYH$ AÀN>m hm{Jm $&
152
5.6 ^mdr em{Y H$s oXemE± •^mdr em{Y H$s oXemE± •^mdr em{Y H$s oXemE± •^mdr em{Y H$s oXemE± •^mdr em{Y H$s oXemE± •
^mdr em {Y H$Vm ©Am | H { $ obE em {Y H$s ^mdr oXemE± Ed§ em {Y H{ $ odf`
oZåZm§oH$V h¡$ •
1. H$jm 9dt Am¡a 10dt$ H{$ ohÝXr odf` _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m
_yë`m§H$Z$ &
2. oejH$ àoejU _hmodÚmb`m| H{$ [mR>çH«$_ H{$ ododY odf`m| _| à`w·V
oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Z $&
3. oejU gm_J«r gh AÜ`m[Z H{$ g§X^© _| AÜ`m[H$, N>mÌ Am¡a Ao^^mdH$m| H{$
éPmZm| H$m _yë`m§H$Z $&
4. àmWo_H$ ñVa H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejU gm_J«r gh AÜ`m[Z H$m o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ
Mam| H{$ g§X^© _| Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Z $&
5.7 g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •
àñVwV em{Y _| AÜ`m` 2 _| gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z oH$`m J`m
oOgg{ em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` Am¡a [naH$ë[Zm oZ_m©U H$m`© gab hm{ J`m $& AÜ`m` 3 _{ §
em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Am¡a em{Y oZ`m{OZ AmYmnaV g_`-gmaUr V¡`ma H$aH{$ BH$mB©
Am¡a oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m $& à`m{J bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ AmKma [a g_{b
Om{¶Sm| H$s aMZm H$s JB© $& g_{b Om{ ¶Sm odoY H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ N>mÌm| H$m{ Xm{ J« y[ _| ]m±Q>m
J`m $& àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m{ oejU gm_J«r gh AÜ`m[Z H$adm`m Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m{
é¶T> odoY g{ AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$aH{$ à`m{J àümV Xm{Zm| J« y[ H$s bpãY CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$
_mÜ`_ g{ kmV H$s JB© $& AV• oejU gm_J«r H{$ M`Z Am¡a AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H{$ oZîH$f©
H{$ AmYma [a H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ oH$ `h em{Y AJa oejH$ H{$ obE oejU gm_J«r H{$
M`Z _| ghm`H$ hm{Jm Vm{ em{YmWu H$m `h à`mg g\$b _mZm OmE±Jm &
153
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H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z, AàH$moeV [rEM.S>r _hmem{Y à]§Y• gm¡amï>
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160
[naoeï> [naoeï> [naoeï> [naoeï> [naoeï> C
161
[naoeï> [naoeï> [naoeï> [naoeï> [naoeï> D
8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejUdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejUdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejUdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejUdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejUgm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zgm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zgm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zgm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zgm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Z
bpãY H$gm¡Q>rbpãY H$gm¡Q>rbpãY H$gm¡Q>rbpãY H$gm¡Q>rbpãY H$gm¡Q>r([rEM.S>r H$s C[moY h{Vw V¡`ma H$s JB© H$jm ([rEM.S>r H$s C[moY h{Vw V¡`ma H$s JB© H$jm ([rEM.S>r H$s C[moY h{Vw V¡`ma H$s JB© H$jm ([rEM.S>r H$s C[moY h{Vw V¡`ma H$s JB© H$jm ([rEM.S>r H$s C[moY h{Vw V¡`ma H$s JB© H$jm 7dt H$ { odf`dñVw AmYmnaV H$gm¡Q>r oOgH$m { ]woÕdt H$ { odf`dñVw AmYmnaV H$gm¡Q>r oOgH$m { ]woÕdt H$ { odf`dñVw AmYmnaV H$gm¡Q>r oOgH$m { ]woÕdt H$ { odf`dñVw AmYmnaV H$gm¡Q>r oOgH$m { ]woÕdt H$ { odf`dñVw AmYmnaV H$gm¡Q>r oOgH$m { ]woÕ
H$gm¡Q>r g{ àmßV àmßVm§H$m { H$m { R>m {g ê$[ X{H$a g_{b Om{S>m | H$m oZ_m©U H$aZ{ h{Vw à`w·V H$s JB© h¡$&)H$gm¡Q>r g{ àmßV àmßVm§H$m { H$m { R>m {g ê$[ X{H$a g_{b Om{S>m | H$m oZ_m©U H$aZ{ h{Vw à`w·V H$s JB© h¡$&)H$gm¡Q>r g{ àmßV àmßVm§H$m { H$m { R>m {g ê$[ X{H$a g_{b Om{S>m | H$m oZ_m©U H$aZ{ h{Vw à`w·V H$s JB© h¡$&)H$gm¡Q>r g{ àmßV àmßVm§H$m { H$m { R>m {g ê$[ X{H$a g_{b Om{S>m | H$m oZ_m©U H$aZ{ h{Vw à`w·V H$s JB© h¡$&)H$gm¡Q>r g{ àmßV àmßVm§H$m { H$m { R>m {g ê$[ X{H$a g_{b Om{S>m | H$m oZ_m©U H$aZ{ h{Vw à`w·V H$s JB© h¡$&)
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162
odf` • ohÝXrodf` • ohÝXrodf` • ohÝXrodf` • ohÝXrodf` • ohÝXr
bpãY H$gm ¡Q >rbpãY H$gm ¡Q >rbpãY H$gm ¡Q >rbpãY H$gm ¡Q >rbpãY H$gm ¡Q >r
H$jm 7dt H{$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ A§H$ • 100
N>mÌ H$m Zm_ •
H$jm • dJ© • dJ©H«$_m§H$ •
odÚmb` H$m Zm_ •
qbJ • b¶S>H$m b¶S>H$s
j{Ì • ehar J«må`
g_` • 3-00 KÊQ>{
CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd© oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [¶T> { $&CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd© oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [¶T> { $&CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd© oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [¶T> { $&CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd© oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [¶T> { $&CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd© oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [¶T> { $&
1. gd©àW_ H$gm¡Q>r H$m{ [¶Tm{ $&
2. AJa àíZ `m CÎma obIZ{ _| H$m{B© H$oR>ZmB© h¡ Vm{ Am[ gw[admB©Pa$H{$ gmW ]mV
H$a§{ $&
3. Bg H$gm¡Q>r _| Hw$b 10 àíZ h¢, g^r àíZm| H{$ CÎma obIZm Amdí`H$ h¢ $&
4. g^r àíZm| H{$ A§H$ 10 h¢¡ Ed§ g§[yU© H$gm¡Q>r 100 A§H$m| H$s h¢ $&
5. g^r àíZm| H{$ CÎma àíZm| H{$ ZrM{ oX`{ J`{ na·V ñWmZ _| obIZm h¡ $&
6. H$gm¡Q>r H{$ g^r àíZ 7dt H$jm H$s ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ _| g{ [yN> { J`{ h¢ AV•
Am[ Bg H$gm¡Q>r H$m{ obIZ{ g{ [hb{ H$jm 7dt H{$ ohÝXr odf`dñVw H$m{ `mX H$a
broOE $&
7. H$gm¡Q>r hmW _| AmZ{ H{$ ]mX 10 o_ZQ> VH$ [oT>E ]mX _| obIZm àma§^ H$a{ $&
8. Bg H$gm¡Q>r H{$ CÎma Zrbr [{Z g{ obI| &
10. Bg H$gm¡Q>r _| Ama§^ _| EH$ H$m{ï>H$ _| Am[Z{ H$jm 7dt H$s dmof©H$ [arjm _|
ohÝXr odf` _| àmßV oH$E A§H$ obIZm h¢ &
163
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -1 "ß`mam X {e _hmZß`mam X {e _hmZß`mam X {e _hmZß`mam X {e _hmZß`mam X {e _hmZ' H$odVm H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$odVm H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$odVm H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$odVm H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$odVm H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma
EH$-Xm{ dm·` _| oboIE $&EH$-Xm{ dm·` _| oboIE $&EH$-Xm{ dm·` _| oboIE $&EH$-Xm{ dm·` _| oboIE $&EH$-Xm{ dm·` _| oboIE $& (10)
1. g] OJ H$s Am±Im{ H$m Vmam H$m¡Z h¡ ?
2. [J [rN>{ H$m¡Z Zht hQ>mV{ ?
3. g]H$m{ amh H¡$g{ oXImV{ h¡ ?
4. oH$g H{$ obE ]obXmZ H$a|J{ ?
5. H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr oXemE± h_mar h¡ ?
6. Mmam| oXemAm| _| ·`m H$aZm hm{Jm ?
7. _mW{ H$m daXmZ ·`m h¡ ?
164
8. "ß`mam X{e _hmZ' H$odVm H{$ H$od H$m¡Z h¡ ?
9. g] X{em| g{ h_mam X{e H¡$gm h¡ ?
10. h_ma{ X{e H$m Zm_ ·`m h¡ ?
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -2 "AdÝVrAdÝVrAdÝVrAdÝVrAdÝVr' H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ dm·`m| H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ dm·`m| H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ dm·`m| H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ dm·`m| H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ dm·`m|
_| oboIE $&_| oboIE $&_| oboIE $&_| oboIE $&_| oboIE $& (10)
1. bm{J H$m¡Z-g{ Adga H$s VmH$ _| ahV{ W{ ?
2. _{h_mZ o_R>mB©`m| H$m ·`m H$a ahm Wm ?
3. AdÝVrZ{ _{h_mZ H$s µO{] _| ·`m S>mbm ?
4. ì`m[mar Z{ oH$VZ{ àíZ [yN>{ ?
165
5. ì`m[mar H{$ àým| H{$ CÎma X{Z{ H{$ obE oH$gH$m{ ]wbdm`m J`m ?
6. AdÝVr oH$g [a gdma hm{H$a Xa]ma _| [hþ±Mm ?
7. [hb{ ì`m[mar H$m àíZ ·`m Wm ?
8. Xyga{ ì`m[mar àíZ ·`m Wm ?
9. Vrga{ ì`m[mar H$m àíZ ·`m Wm ?
10. "AmH$me _| oH$VZ{ Vma{ h¡' àíZ H$m AdÝVr Z{ ·`m CÎma oX`m ?
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -3 "_mZdVm OmJ CR>r_mZdVm OmJ CR>r_mZdVm OmJ CR>r_mZdVm OmJ CR>r_mZdVm OmJ CR>r' H$hmZr H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$hmZr H{ $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$hmZr H{ $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$hmZr H{ $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$hmZr H{ $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma
oboIE $&oboIE $&oboIE $&oboIE $&oboIE $& (10)
1. g§V oH$g{ A[Zm Y_© _mZV{ W{ ?
166
2. Xm{Zm| [j ·`m OmZZ{ H{$ obE g§V H{$ [mg J`{ $?
3. g§VZ{ oH$g{ Hw$oQ>`m H{$ Am±JZ _| éH$Z{ H{$ obE H$hm ?
4. g§V H{$ obE Iwer H$s ]mV ·`m Wr ?
5. g§V H{$ [wH$maZ{ [a H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z Am`m ?
6. o]ëbr H$m{ AmVm X{IH$a Jm±d dmb{ ·`m gm{MZ{ bJ{ ?
7. g§VZ{ IaJm{e Am¡a o]ëbr H$m{ ·`m§ oX`m ?
8. Hw$Îm{ H$m Zm_ ·`m Wm ?
9. IaJm{e, o]ëbr Am¡a Hw$Îm{ H$m ñd^md H¡$gm hm{Vm h¡ ?
167
10. g§V Z{ J«m_rU bm{Jm| g{ ·`m H$hm± ?
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -4 "MVwa oMÌH$maMVwa oMÌH$maMVwa oMÌH$maMVwa oMÌH$maMVwa oMÌH$ma' H$odVm H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& H$odVm H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& H$odVm H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& H$odVm H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& H$odVm H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $&
(10)
1. oMÌH$ma gwZgmZ OJh [a ·`m ]Zm ahm Wm ?
2. oMÌH$ma H{$ [mg H$m¡Z Am J`m ?
3. `_amO H$m{ gm_Z{ X{IH$a oMÌH$ma H$m{ ·`m hþAm ?
4. oMÌH$ma Z{ `_amO H{$ o_Ì H$m{ ·`m H$hm ?
5. `_amO H$m o_Ì H¡$g{ ]¡R> J`m ?
6. oMÌH$ma H¡$g{ oIgH$ J`m ?
168
7. [rR> Yw_mH$a ]¡R>m e{a ·`m gm{MZ{ bJm ?
8. oMÌH$ma oH$g_| ]¡R>H$a Mbm J`m ?
9. ^mJV{ hþE oMÌH$ma H$m{ e{aZ{ ·`m H$hm ?
10. oMÌH$ma Z{ e{a H$m{ H$mJµO H$b_ ·`m| oX`{ ?
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -5 "Z_©XmZ_©XmZ_©XmZ_©XmZ_©Xm' oZ]§Y H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& oZ]§Y H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& oZ]§Y H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& oZ]§Y H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& oZ]§Y H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& (10)
1. "Z_©Xm' eãX H$m AW© ·`m h¡ ?
2. "Z_©Xm' H$m{ Xyga{ H$m¡Z-g{ Zm_ g{ [hMmZV{ h¡ ?
3. "Z_©Xm' H$hm± g{ ]hVr h¡ ?
4. "Z_©Xm' H$m OÝ_-ñWmZ H$hm± h¡ ?
169
5. O]b[wa _| Z_©Xm H{$ gmW H$m¡Z gr ZXr o_bVr h¡ ?
6. g^r ZoX`m± Z_©Xm _| o_bH$a H¡$gr hm{ OmVr h¡ ?
7. Z_©Xm H$s `mÌm oH$VZ{ oH$bm{_rQ>a H$s h¡ ?
8. qdÜ`mMb Am¡a gmV[wS>m H$s KmoQ>`m| H$m _mJ© oH$VZm bå]m h¡ ?
9. "gaXma gam{da' ·`m h¡ ?
10. H$]radQ> H$hm± pñWV h¡ ?
170
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -6 (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) "[¶T>mB© H$m _hÎd[¶T>mB© H$m _hÎd[¶T>mB© H$m _hÎd[¶T>mB© H$m _hÎd[¶T>mB© H$m _hÎd' ]VmV{ hþE Am[ A[Z{ o_Ì H$m{ [Ì oboI]VmV{ hþE Am[ A[Z{ o_Ì H$m{ [Ì oboI]VmV{ hþE Am[ A[Z{ o_Ì H$m{ [Ì oboI]VmV{ hþE Am[ A[Z{ o_Ì H$m{ [Ì oboI]VmV{ hþE Am[ A[Z{ o_Ì H$m{ [Ì oboIEEEEE & & & & & (5)
171
(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma "o[Vm H$m [Ìo[Vm H$m [Ìo[Vm H$m [Ìo[Vm H$m [Ìo[Vm H$m [Ì' aMZm H{$ AmYma [a oboIE & aMZm H{$ AmYma [a oboIE & aMZm H{$ AmYma [a oboIE & aMZm H{$ AmYma [a oboIE & aMZm H{$ AmYma [a oboIE & (5)
1. Jm±YrOr Z{ [Ì H$hm± g{ nbIm Wm ?
2. oS>ßQ>r JdZ©a H$s H¥$[m g{ Jm±YrOr H$m{ ·`m [Vm Mbm ?
3. [wÌ H$m{ oH$g ]mV H$m Ag§Vm{f Wm ?
4. Jm±YrOr A[Z{ [wÌ g{ ·`m ]ZZ{ H$s Amem aIV{ W{ ?
5. H$m_ H$s AoYH$Vm _| _Zwî` H$m{ ·`m H$aZm MmohE ?
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -7 oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $&oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $&oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $&oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $&oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& (10)
1. H$b H$aZ{ dmb{ H$m`© H$m{ H$]ra H$] H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$hV{ h¡ $&
2. H$]ra ^JdmZ g{ oH$VZr `mMZm H$aVm h¡ ?
172
3. H$]ra oH$g{ ^wIm Z OmZ{ H$s ]mV H$aV{ h¡ ?
4. Vwbgr H{$ AZwgma g§gma _| H¡$g{ bm{J hm{V{ h¡ ?
5. Vwbgr nH$gH$m{ o_bH$a MbZ{ H$m{ H$hV{ h¡ $?
7. ahr_ ]¶S>{ H$m{ X{IH$a N>m{Q>{ H{$ g§X^© _| ·`m H$hV{ h¡ ?
8. Ohm± gwB© H$m_ AmVr h¡ dhm± ·`m H$m_ Zht AmVm ?
9. ]¶S>{ [{¶S> [a \$b H$hm± bJV{ h¡ ?
10. Ka _| Xm_ ]¶T>Z{ [a ·`m H$aZm MmohE ?
173
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -9 (A) oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $& (A) oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $& (A) oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $& (A) oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $& (A) oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $& (5)
AdÝVr EH$ hg_wI ì`o·V Wm $& Jar]m| H$m Vm{ dh oà` o_Ì Wm $&
BgboE bm{J Cg{ ]hþV MmhV{ W{ $& Hw$N> bm{J E{g{ ^r W{ Om{ CÝh| oM¶T>mZ{ Am¡a
ZrMm oXImZ{ H{$ Adga H$s VmH$ _| ahV{ W{ $& [aÝVw AdÝVr A[Zr gyP-]yP g{
CbQ>m CÝht bm{Jm| H$m{ _yI© ]Zm oX`m H$aVm Wm $&
174
(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m ohÝXr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $&oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m ohÝXr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $&oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m ohÝXr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $&oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m ohÝXr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $&oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m ohÝXr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $& (5)
dpfy ¬ S>Þdõ\m R>¡ dÝeâ]¡$idp¬ Aph¡gu d¥L$g `h®[dpmp_u AdfL¬ $V$L$
`lpX$u. S>Þd kde¡ lz ¬ A¡L$ ]y $bmp-`p[mp TfZp¬ S>¡hu Ry> ¬. fõ[pdp¬ L¡ $V$gpe
_p_p-dp¡V$p TfZp_u kp\¡ kp\¡ dp¡V$u _]$uAp¡ dpfpdp¬ dm¡ R>¡, S>¡d L¡ $
d¬]$lpV$dp¬ d¬S>f _]$u, _ftkl `yfdp¬ i¡f A_¡ i½$f _]$uAp¡, l$p¡i¬Npbp]$dp¬
[php, L$pS>g A_¡ _p_u [php [\p S>bg`yfdp¬ lfZ _]$u. Ap b^u dpfpdp¬
kdpe_¡ A¡L$ê$` b_u Åe R>¡.
175
(H $)(H $)(H $)(H $)(H $) oZåZm§nH$V àíZm| H{$ gyMZmZwgma CÎma oboIE g^r àíZ H{$ A§H$ g_mZ h¡&oZåZm§nH$V àíZm| H{$ gyMZmZwgma CÎma oboIE g^r àíZ H{$ A§H$ g_mZ h¡&oZåZm§nH$V àíZm| H{$ gyMZmZwgma CÎma oboIE g^r àíZ H{$ A§H$ g_mZ h¡&oZåZm§nH$V àíZm| H{$ gyMZmZwgma CÎma oboIE g^r àíZ H{$ A§H$ g_mZ h¡&oZåZm§nH$V àíZm| H{$ gyMZmZwgma CÎma oboIE g^r àíZ H{$ A§H$ g_mZ h¡&
(A)(A)(A)(A)(A) oZåZm§oH$V eãXm| H{$ odam{YmWu eãX oboIE $&oZåZm§oH$V eãXm| H{$ odam{YmWu eãX oboIE $&oZåZm§oH$V eãXm| H{$ odam{YmWu eãX oboIE $&oZåZm§oH$V eãXm| H{$ odam{YmWu eãX oboIE $&oZåZm§oH$V eãXm| H{$ odam{YmWu eãX oboIE $& (02)
(1) g_ñ`m # (2) Y_© #
(3) g‚mZ # (4) J«m_rU #
(])(])(])(])(]) H$mì`[§o·V [yU© H$soOE $&H$mì`[§o·V [yU© H$soOE $&H$mì`[§o·V [yU© H$soOE $&H$mì`[§o·V [yU© H$soOE $&H$mì`[§o·V [yU© H$soOE $& (02)
dra og[mhr h_
g]g{ Ý`mam ß`mam ohÝXwñVmZ $&
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g_` • 3-00 KÊQ>{ Hw$b A§H$ • 100
H$gm¡Q>r H{$ CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd} oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [o¶T>E $&H$gm¡Q>r H{$ CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd} oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [o¶T>E $&H$gm¡Q>r H{$ CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd} oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [o¶T>E $&H$gm¡Q>r H{$ CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd} oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [o¶T>E $&H$gm¡Q>r H{$ CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd} oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [o¶T>E $&
1. gd©àW_ H$gm¡Q>r H$m{ [¶T>{ $&
2. AJa àíZ `m CÎma obIZ{ _| H$m{B© H$oR>ZmB© h¡ Vm{ gw[admB©Pa$ H{$ gmW ]mV H$a{§$&
3. Bg H$gm¡Q>r _| Hw$b 10 àíZ h¡§, g^r àíZm| H{$ CÎma obIZm Amdí`H$ h¡§ $&
4. g^r àíZ H{$ A§H$ 10 h¡§ $& g§[yU© H$gm¡Q>r 100 A§H$m|$ H$s h§¡ $&
5. g^r àíZm| H{$ CÎma àíZ H{$ ZrM{ oXE J`{ na·V ñWmZm| _| obI| $&
6. H$gm¡Q>r H{$ g^r àíZ H$jm 8dt H$s [R>rV BH$mB©`m| _| g{ [yN>{ J`{ h¡ $&
7. H$gm¡Q>r hmW _| AmZ{ H{$ ]mX 10 o_ZQ> VH$ [oT>E ]mX _| obIZ{ H$m àma§^ H$a{$&
8. Bg H$gm¡Q>r H{$ CÎma Zrbr [{Z g{ obI| &
9. Bg H$gm¡Q>r H$s g_`mdoY-3-00 K§Q>{ h¡§ $&
185
ààààà ý -ý -ý -ý -ý -1 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) "_ram H { $ Xm { [X_ram H { $ Xm { [X_ram H { $ Xm { [X_ram H { $ Xm { [X_ram H { $ Xm { [X' H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým | H { $ EH$-Xm { H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým | H { $ EH$-Xm { H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým | H { $ EH$-Xm { H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým | H { $ EH$-Xm { H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým | H { $ EH$-Xm {
dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE $&dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE $&dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE $&dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE $&dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE $& 5 ( )
1. gmdZ H$s ]Xna`m _ram H$m{ H¡$gr bJVr h¡ ?
2. _ram Z{ oH$g YZ H$s ]mV H$s h¡ ?
3. "IM} Z IyQ>{ Mm{aZ byQ>{ oXZ-oXZ ]¶T>V gdm`m' _ramZ{ E{gm ·`m{§ H$hm h¡ ?
4. gV H$s Zmd H${ I{doQ>`m H$m¡Z h¡ ?
5. _ram Z{ H$m¡Z-gm YZ [m`m h¡ ?
(]) nZåZoboIV eãXm| H{$ [`m©`dmMr eãX oboIE $& 5 ( )
1. ]Xoa`m • 2. Jwé •
3. Xm_U • 4. gVJwé •
5. oJaYa • 6. Zmd •
186
7. gmdZ • 8. ^dgmJa •
9. ]{bm • 10. oH$a[m •
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -2 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""ahr_ H{$ Xm{h{ahr_ H{$ Xm{h{ahr_ H{$ Xm{h{ahr_ H{$ Xm{h{ahr_ H{$ Xm{h{''''' H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ §
_| CÎma oboIE _| CÎma oboIE _| CÎma oboIE _| CÎma oboIE _| CÎma oboIE $ &$ &$ &$ &$ & 5 ( )
1. Qy>Q>{ _w·Vmhma g{ ·`m VmË[`© h¡ ?
2. ahr_ oH$gH$m{ _am hþAm _mZV{ h¡ ?
3. ahr_ Z{ g‚mZ H$s VwbZm oH$gg{ H$s h¡ ?
4. ]¶S>m{ § H$m ]¶S>ß[Z oH$g_| h¢ ?
5. ^¥Jw F$fr Z{ oH$g{ bmV _mar Wr ?
(]) odbm{_ (odéÓmWu) eãX oboIE $&(]) odbm{_ (odéÓmWu) eãX oboIE $&(]) odbm{_ (odéÓmWu) eãX oboIE $&(]) odbm{_ (odéÓmWu) eãX oboIE $&(]) odbm{_ (odéÓmWu) eãX oboIE $& 5 ( )
1. µJar] # 6. o_Ì #
2. ohV # 7. Am[oÎm #
187
3. ]¶S>m # 8. ZwH$gmZ #
4. gwOZ # 9. oXZ #
5. XrZ # 10. Za #
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -3 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""Iwbm Amg_mZIwbm Amg_mZIwbm Amg_mZIwbm Amg_mZIwbm Amg_mZ''''' H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma
EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & 5 ( )
1. Iwbm Amg_mZ H{$ H$od H$m¡Z h¡ ?
2. b¶S>oH$`m± Kam| H$m{ ·`m H$a ahr Wr ?
3. VJ¶S>{-VJ¶S>{ Zm¡OdmZ ·`m b{H$a Mb{ ?
4. `wdoV`m| H$m{ oH$gH$m I`mb Zht Wm ?
5. d{ g] [ZKQ> [a ·`m H$a ahr Wr ?
188
(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZm§oH$V odYmZm| H{$ H$maU X{H$a [yU© H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V odYmZm| H{$ H$maU X{H$a [yU© H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V odYmZm| H{$ H$maU X{H$a [yU© H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V odYmZm| H{$ H$maU X{H$a [yU© H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V odYmZm| H{$ H$maU X{H$a [yU© H$soOE & 5 ( )
1. gmam OhmZ Iwe hþAm, ·`m| oH$...
2. bm{J Jmªd Am¡a ]mµOma Mb{ ·`m| oH$...
3. [ZKQ> [a ^r¶S> g{ dmVmdaU ]Xbm, ·`m| oH$...
4. gy`© H$s oH$aU| OZOrdZ ]Xb X{Vr h¡, ·`m| oH$...
5. Iwbm Amg_mZ, ·`m{§ oH$...
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -4 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m±Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m±Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m±Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m±Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m±''''' H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma
EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & 5 ( )
1. H$odVm H$m _w»` [mÌ oH$g ì`dgm` g{ Ow¶S>m h¡ ?
189
2. Jr`a H${ D$[a ·`m bQ>H$m ahVm Wm ?
3. `mÌr H{$ [yN>Z{ [a S>mB©da Z{ H¡$gr AZw^yoV H$s ?
4. bmI H$hZ{ [a H$m¡Z Zht _mZVr h¡ ?
5. Jwbm]r Myo¶S>`m± oH$gH$s h¡§ ?
(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZm§oH$V _whmdam| H{$ AW© X{H$a dm·` _| à`m{J H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V _whmdam| H{$ AW© X{H$a dm·` _| à`m{J H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V _whmdam| H{$ AW© X{H$a dm·` _| à`m{J H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V _whmdam| H{$ AW© X{H$a dm·` _| à`m{J H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V _whmdam| H{$ AW© X{H$a dm·` _| à`m{J H$soOE & 5( )
1. PQ>H$m ImZm •
2. A_mZV g_PZm •
3. hmdr hm{Zm •
4. ]¶S>r _y±N>dmbm •
190
5. g§VmZ H{$ àoV à{_ •
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -5 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""Yra{-Yra{Yra{-Yra{Yra{-Yra{Yra{-Yra{Yra{-Yra{''''' H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{
dm·`m{ § _| oboIE &dm·`m{ § _| oboIE &dm·`m{ § _| oboIE &dm·`m{ § _| oboIE &dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & 5 ( )
1. _Zwî` H$m{ g]Hw$N> H¡$g{ àmßV hm{Vm h¡ ?
2. H$od _§oOb VH$ H¡$g{ [hþ±Mm ?
3. D$[a CR>Z{ H{$ obE H$od H$m{ oH$gH$s MwZm¡Vr Zht Wr ?
4. OrdZ _| Hw$N> [mZ{ H{$ obE ·`m H$aZm [¶S>Vm h¡ ?
5. H$od H$m Kmd oH$gg{ ^a J`m ?
191
(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZoboIV dm·`m| H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$roOE &oZåZoboIV dm·`m| H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$roOE &oZåZoboIV dm·`m| H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$roOE &oZåZoboIV dm·`m| H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$roOE &oZåZoboIV dm·`m| H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$roOE & 5 ( )
1. h_ ·`m gmW b{H$a Am`{ h¡, ·`m b{H$a Om`|J{ $&
2. N>b H$[Q> g{ H$hr H$m{B© ogoÕ Zht o_bVr $&
3. oJaZ{ [a am{Zm Zht MmohE, h±gV{-h±gV{ CR>Z{ dmb{ H$m{ IwXm ^r gmW X{Vm h¡ $&
4. Oha [rH$a hr e§H$a, ZrbH§$R> H$hbmE $&
5. OrdZ _| BÝVOma H$aZ{ [a g]Hw$N> o_bVm h¡, [a Yra{-Yra{ à`ËZ Omar aIZm
MmohE $&
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -6 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""ogH§$Xa Am¡a [wéogH§$Xa Am¡a [wéogH§$Xa Am¡a [wéogH§$Xa Am¡a [wéogH§$Xa Am¡a [wé''''' [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ g§ojßV [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ g§ojßV [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ g§ojßV [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ g§ojßV [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ g§ojßV
CÎma oboIE & CÎma oboIE & CÎma oboIE & CÎma oboIE & CÎma oboIE & 5 ( )
1. ZmQ>çm§e H{$ [mÌm| H{$ Zm_ oboIE $&
2. ogH§$Xa oH$g{ A[Zm g]g{ ]¶S>m eÌw _mZVm h¡ ?
192
3. g_a H$m¡Z Wm ?
4. ogH§$Xa H$hm± H$m amOm Wm ?
5. g{ë`wH$g Z{ ·`m JbVr H$s Wr ?
(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZoboIV g§dmX H$m¡Z ]m{bVm h¡ ?oZåZoboIV g§dmX H$m¡Z ]m{bVm h¡ ?oZåZoboIV g§dmX H$m¡Z ]m{bVm h¡ ?oZåZoboIV g§dmX H$m¡Z ]m{bVm h¡ ?oZåZoboIV g§dmX H$m¡Z ]m{bVm h¡ ? 5 ( )
1. h_| A[Z{ AmXo_`m| H$s JbVr H$m A\$gm{g h¡ $&
2. h_| Am[H$s VH$Xra Z{ Zht OrVm, h_| Am[H{$ Ym{I{ Z{ OrVm h¡ $&
3. ·`m amOXyV H{$ d{e _| Am`{ amOm H$m{ _maZm R>rH$ h¡ &
193
4. _hmamO g{ _m\$s _m±Jm| $&
5. Vw_ `hm± Am¡a Bg ob]mg _|$&
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -7 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""g¶S>H$ H$s$ ]mVg¶S>H$ H$s$ ]mVg¶S>H$ H$s$ ]mVg¶S>H$ H$s$ ]mVg¶S>H$ H$s$ ]mV''''' [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ EH$ Xm{ [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ EH$ Xm{ [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ EH$ Xm{ [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ EH$ Xm{ [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ EH$ Xm{
dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE & dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE & dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE & dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE & dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE & 5 ( )
1. "g¶S>H$ H$s ]mV' oZ]§Y H{$ b{IH$ H$m Zm_ ·`m h¡ ?
2. Ahë`m [ËWa H¡$g{ hm{ JB© ?
3. g¶S>H$ oH$gH$s àVrjm H$aVr h¡ ?
4. [oWH$m| H$m{ N>m`m H$m¡Z àXmZ H$aVm h¡ ?
194
5. g¶S>H$ bm{Jm| g{ ·`m A[{jm aIVr h¡ ?
(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZoboIV odYmZm| _| g{ ghr odYmZ H{$ AmJ{ oZåZoboIV odYmZm| _| g{ ghr odYmZ H{$ AmJ{ oZåZoboIV odYmZm| _| g{ ghr odYmZ H{$ AmJ{ oZåZoboIV odYmZm| _| g{ ghr odYmZ H{$ AmJ{ oZåZoboIV odYmZm| _| g{ ghr odYmZ H{$ AmJ{ (PPPPP ) oMh²Z H$soOE Am¡aoMh²Z H$soOE Am¡aoMh²Z H$soOE Am¡aoMh²Z H$soOE Am¡aoMh²Z H$soOE Am¡a
µJbV H{$ AmJ{ µJbV H{$ AmJ{ µJbV H{$ AmJ{ µJbV H{$ AmJ{ µJbV H{$ AmJ{ (OOOOO ) oMh²Z H$soOE $&oMh²Z H$soOE $&oMh²Z H$soOE $&oMh²Z H$soOE $&oMh²Z H$soOE $& 5 ( )
1. g¶S>H$ oH$grH$m ^r Ka Zht $&
2. g¶S>H$ H$adQ> ]XbVr ahVr h¡ $&
3. g¶S>H$ ]{hm{gr H$s ZtX gm{ ahr h¡ $&
4. g¶S>H$ g]H$m{ odX{e b{ OmVr h¡ $&
5. g¶S>H$ oH$gr H$m bú` Zht h¡ $&
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -8 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""B©XJmhB©XJmhB©XJmhB©XJmhB©XJmh''''' H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{
dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & 5 ( )
1. H$hmZr H{$ _w»` [mÌ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z h¡ ?
2. oH$g Y_© H{$ bm{J am{µO{ aIV{ h¡ ?
3. B©X H{$ oXZ bm{J H$hm± OmV{ h¡ ?
195
4. hmo_X H{$ [mg oH$VZ{ [¡g{ W{ ?
5. hmo_XZ{ _{b{ _| g{ ·`m§ IarXm ?
(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZoboIV odYmZm| H{$ ZrM{ oXE J`{ odH$ë[m| _| g{ CoMVoZåZoboIV odYmZm| H{$ ZrM{ oXE J`{ odH$ë[m| _| g{ CoMVoZåZoboIV odYmZm| H{$ ZrM{ oXE J`{ odH$ë[m| _| g{ CoMVoZåZoboIV odYmZm| H{$ ZrM{ oXE J`{ odH$ë[m| _| g{ CoMVoZåZoboIV odYmZm| H{$ ZrM{ oXE J`{ odH$ë[m| _| g{ CoMV 5 ( )
odH$ë[ Ty> ± ¶T>H$a odYmZm| H$s [yoV© H$soOE & odH$ë[ Ty> ± ¶T>H$a odYmZm| H$s [yoV© H$soOE & odH$ë[ Ty> ± ¶T>H$a odYmZm| H$s [yoV© H$soOE & odH$ë[ Ty> ± ¶T>H$a odYmZm| H$s [yoV© H$soOE & odH$ë[ Ty> ± ¶T>H$a odYmZm| H$s [yoV© H$soOE & (((((CÎma àíZ H{$ gm_Z{ oboIECÎma àíZ H{$ gm_Z{ oboIECÎma àíZ H{$ gm_Z{ oboIECÎma àíZ H{$ gm_Z{ oboIECÎma àíZ H{$ gm_Z{ oboIE)))))
1. Jm±d _| hb-Mb Wr, ·`m| oH$... $
1. H$m{B© AZOmZ Kwg Am`m Wm $&
2. am{µOm H{$ ]mX B©X H$m oXZ Wm, g] B©XJmh OmZ{dmb{ W{ $&
3. gaH$mar AmX_r Am`{ W{ $&
4. ZmQ>H$ oXIm`m OmVm $Wm $&
2. hmo_X MaIr [a Zht ]¡R>m, ·`m| oH$....
1. CgH{$ [mg og\©$ VrZ [¡g{ W{ $&
2. hmo_X H$m{ M·H$a AmV{ W{ $&
3. hmo_X H$m o_Ì Zht Am`m Wm $&
4. Cg{ [g§X Zht Wm $&
3. Xyga{ b¶S>H{$ ^r oM_Q>m IarXZm MmhV{ W{, ·`m| oH$...
1. d{ AÀN>{ Am¡a gñV{ W{ $&
2. CÝh| oM_Q>m IarXZ{ H{$ obE AbJ g{ [¡g{ oXE J`{ W{ $&
3. hmo_X H{$ oM_Q>{ Z{ g] H$m{ _m{ohV H$a ob`m Wm $&
196
4. dh hmo_X H$s ]am]ar H$aZm MmhV{ W{ $&
4. hmo_X Z{ oM_Q>m IarXm, ·`m| oH$...
1. CgH{$ o_Ì Z{ H$hm Wm $&
2. dh oM_Q>m IarXH$a H§$K{ [a aIZm MmhVm Wm $&
3. A_rZm H$s C±Job`m± Ob OmVr Wr Bg obE hmo_XZ{ oM_Q>m IarXm $&
4. CgH$s _m± Z{ H$hm Wm $&
5. A_rZm H$m _Z JXJX hm{ J`m ·`m| oH$...
1. dh em_ hm{Z{ g{ [hb{ Am`m Wm &
2. dh AÀN>m bJ ahm Wm $&
3. hmo_X H{$ A§Xa Ë`mJ, gX²^md Am¡a odd{H$ X{Im &
4. dh CgH$m ]{Q>m Wm $&
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -9 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A)"""""o_Ì H$m{ [Ìo_Ì H$m{ [Ìo_Ì H$m{ [Ìo_Ì H$m{ [Ìo_Ì H$m{ [Ì''''' [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma oboIE & [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma oboIE & [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma oboIE & [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma oboIE & [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma oboIE &
5 ( )
1. [Ì oH$g{ obIm J`m Wm ?
2. [Ì oH$gZ{ obIm Wm ?
3. oh_m§ew ·`m X{IZ{ H{$ obE J`m Wm ?
197
4. o_Ì H$m{ [Ì obIZ{ _| g§]m{YZ ·`m hm{Jm ?
5. [Ì obIZ{dmb{ H$m [Vm H$m¡Z gr Am{a obIm OmVm h¡ ?
à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -9 (])(])(])(])(]) A[Z{ Ka g{ àdmg H{$ obE [¡g{ _±JdmZ{ H{$ obE o[VmOr H$m{ [ÌA[Z{ Ka g{ àdmg H{$ obE [¡g{ _±JdmZ{ H{$ obE o[VmOr H$m{ [ÌA[Z{ Ka g{ àdmg H{$ obE [¡g{ _±JdmZ{ H{$ obE o[VmOr H$m{ [ÌA[Z{ Ka g{ àdmg H{$ obE [¡g{ _±JdmZ{ H{$ obE o[VmOr H$m{ [ÌA[Z{ Ka g{ àdmg H{$ obE [¡g{ _±JdmZ{ H{$ obE o[VmOr H$m{ [Ì
obnIE $&obnIE $&obnIE $&obnIE $&obnIE $& 5 ( )
198
àý-àý-àý-àý-àý-10 (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) """""og§hJT> odO`og§hJT> odO`og§hJT> odO`og§hJT> odO`og§hJT> odO`''''' [a$ AmYmnaV oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ [a$ AmYmnaV oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ [a$ AmYmnaV oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ [a$ AmYmnaV oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ [a$ AmYmnaV oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{
dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & 5 ( )
1. og§hJT> H{$ C[a H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z g{ àmUr Zht M¶T> gH$V{ W{ ?
2. VmZmOr Z{ Jm{h H$m{ oH$b{ [a oM[H$mZ{ g{ [hb{ ·`m H$hm ?
3. OrOm]mB© H$s ·`m oOVZ{ H$s BÀN>m Wr ?
4. _wJbm| Z{ hoW`ma ·`m| S>mb oXE ?
5. _mVm H{$ [mg OmH$a oedmOr Z{ ·`m H$hm ?
àý-àý-àý-àý-àý-10(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZm§oH$V na·V ñWmZm| H$s [yoV© `m{½` eãX obIH$a H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V na·V ñWmZm| H$s [yoV© `m{½` eãX obIH$a H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V na·V ñWmZm| H$s [yoV© `m{½` eãX obIH$a H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V na·V ñWmZm| H$s [yoV© `m{½` eãX obIH$a H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V na·V ñWmZm| H$s [yoV© `m{½` eãX obIH$a H$soOE &
5 ( )
1. oedmOr H$s _mVm H$m Zm_ Wm $& (OrOm]mB©, Ahë`m]mB©)
2. VmZmOr H{$ [mg Zm_ H$s Jm{h Wr $& (`ed§Vr, O`d§Vr)
3. Am¡a§JO{] Z{ oH$b{ H$s gwajm H$m ^ma H$m{ gm¢[ aIm Wm & (VmZmOr,CX`^mZw)
4. VmZmOr _amR>m H$s \$m¡µO _| gdm}ƒ W{ $& (g¡oZH$, g{Zm[oV)
5. VmZmOr H{$ ^mB© H$m Zm_ Wm $& (gy`m©, CX`^mZw)
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O{ Jar] [a ohV H$a |, V { ‘ ahr_’ ] ¶S > bm {J $&H$hm gwXm_m ]m[wam {, H ¥ $îU o_VmB © Om {J $&&
‘ aoh_Z’ od[Xm h ÿ ± ^br, Om { Wm {a { oXZ hm {` $&ohV AZohV `m OJV _|, OmoZ [aV g] H$m {` $&&
oN>_m ]¶S >Z H$m { MmohE, N>m {Q >Z H$h ± CV[mV$&H$m ‘ ahr_’ hna H$a KQ> {C, Om { ^¥J w _mar bmV $&&
‘’
1 &&
2 &&
3 &&
4 &&
5 &&
6 &&
207
3. Iwbm Amg_mZ Iwbm Amg_mZ Iwbm Amg_mZ Iwbm Amg_mZ Iwbm Amg_mZ
gy`©H$m§V oÌ[mR>r ‘ oZambm’
]hþV oXZm| ]mX Iwbm Amg_mZ $&oZH$br h¡ Yy[, Iwe hþAm OhmZm $&
oXIr oXemE±, PbH{$ [{S>,MaZ{ H$m{ Mb{ T>m{a,Jm`-^¢g-^{S>,
I{bZ{ bJ{ b¶S>H{$ N>{ ¶S>-N>{ ¶S>b¶S>oH$`m± Yam| H$m{ H$a ^mg_mZ $&
bm{J Jm±d-Jm±d H$m{ Mb{,H$m{B© ]mOma, H$m{B© ]aJX H{$ [{¶S> H{$ Vb{
[ZKQ> _| ]¶S>r ^r¶S> hm{ ahr,Zht »`mb AmO oH$ ^rJ{Jr MyZar,
]mV| H$aVr h¢ d{ g] I¶S>r,MbV{ h¢ Z`Zm| H{$ gY{ ]mZ $&
208
àmB©d{Q> ]g H$m S>mBda h¡ Vm{ ·`m hþAm
gmV gmb H$s ]ƒr H$m o[Vm Vm{ h¡ $&
gm_Z{ oJ`a g{ C[a
hþH$ g{ bQ>H$m a·Ir h¢
H$m±M H$s Mma MyoS>`m± Jwbm]r
]g H$s aâVma H{$ _wVmo]H$
ohbVr ahVr h¢....
PwH$H$$a _¢Z{ [yN> ob`m
Im J`m _mZm{ PQ>H$m
AY{¶S> C_« H$m _wÀN>S> am{]rbm M{ham
AmohñV{ g{ ]m{bm • hm± gm’ ]
bmI H$hVm hÿ± Zht _mZVr _woZ`m
Q>m±J{ hþE h¡ H$B© oXZm| g{
A[Zr A_mZV
`hm± Aã]m H$s ZOam| H{$ gm_Z{
_¢ ^r gm{MVm hÿ±
·`m o]JmS>Vr h¢ MyoS>`m±
oH$g Ow_© [{ hQ>m Xy± BZH$m{ `hm± g{ ?
Am¡a S>mBda Z{ EH$ ZµOa Cg{ X{Im
N>bH$ ahm Wm XyoY`m dmËgë` ]¶S>r-]¶S>r Am±Im| _|
VabVm hmdr Wr grY{-gmY{ àíZ [a
Am¡a A] d{ oZJmh| o\$a g{ hm{ JB© g¶S>H$ H$s Am{a
Am¡a _¢Z{ Pw·H$a H$hm
hm± ^mB© _¢ ^r o[Vm hÿ±
dm{ Vm{ ]g `y± hr [yN> ob`m Am[g{
dZm© `{ oH$gH$m{ Zht ^mE±Jr
ZÝht H$bmB©`m| H$s Jwbm]r MyoS>`m±
4. Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m ± Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m ± Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m ± Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m ± Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m ±
ZmJmOw©Z
209
5. Yra{ - Yra{ Yra{ - Yra{ Yra{ - Yra{ Yra{ - Yra{ Yra{ - Yra{
am_Xae o_l
]Zm`m h ¡ _ ¢Z { ` { Ka Kra-Kra {,Iwb{ _ {a { »dm]m | H { $ [a Yra {-Yra {
oH$gr H$m { oJam`m Z IwX H$m { CN>mbmH$Q>m o µOÝXJr H$m g\$a Yra {-Yra {
Ohm ± Am[ [hþ ±M { N>bm §J | bJm H$a,dhm ± _ ¢ ^r [hþ ±Mm _Ja Yra {-Yra {
[hm ¶S >m { § H$s H$m {B © MwZm ¡Vr Zht Wr,CR>mVm J`m `m | hr ga Yra {-Yra {
Z h ±gH$a Z am {H$a oH$gr-_| C ¶S > {bm,o[`m IwX hr A[Zm Oha Yra {-Yra
oJam _| H$ht Vm { AH{$b{ _ | am {`m,J`m XX© g{ Ymd ^a Yra {-Yra {
O_t I{V H$s gmW b{H$a Mbm Wm,CJm Cg_| H$m {B © eha Yra {-Yra {
o_bm ·`m Z _wPH$m{ E{ XwoZ`m Vwåhmar,_whã]V o_br h¡ AJa Yra {-Yra {
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
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210
(ñWmZ • ogH§$Xa H$m emhr V§]y)
(g_` • g§Ü`m)
(ogH§$Xa A[Z{ Xa]ma _| qghmgZ [a ]¡R>m h¡ $& Am§o^, g{ë`wH$g, `w_Zrg Am¡a Xyga{-
Xa]mar A[Z{-A[Z{ ñWmZ [a ]¡R>{ h¡ $& Xa]mna`m| _| g_a ([wé H$m [wÌ) ^r h¡, Om{ `yZmZr d{e
_| h¡ $& ogH§$Xa H{$ oga H{$ C[a h_r_-AañVy Am¡a H$od hm{_a H$s Vñdra| bJr h¡ $& EH$mEH$
ogH§$Xa I¶S>m hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a ]m{bZ{ bJVm h¡ $& Xa]ma _| gÝZmQ>m N>m OmVm h¡ $&
ogH§$Xa • OrV H{$ A_a X{dVmAm| H$s Vmar\$ hm{, oOÝhm|Z{ h_mar _XX H$s Am¡a h_
AO_mB©e H$s AmJ g{ Iam gm{Zm ]ZH$a oZH$b{ $& h_ A[Z{ V_m_ og[moh`m|
H$s ]hmXwar Am¡a ohå_V H$s Vmar\$ H$aV{ h¡, Om{ AmO H$s Iwoe`m| _| emo_b
h¢ $& b{oH$Z BZg{ ^r Á`mXm h_ CZ ]hmXwam| H$s Vmar\$ H$aV{ h¢, Om{ AmO H$s
Iwoe`m| _| emo_b Zht, _Ja oOZH$s ê$h| _m¡V H{$ [aX{ H{$ [rN>{ g{ h_mar
Iwer X{IVr h¡ Am¡a X{I-X{IH$a _wñH$amVr h¢ $& `yZmZ qOXm]mX ! `yZmZr
\$m¡O qOXm]mX ! `yZmZr ehrX qOXm]mX !
Xa]mar • (oMëbmH$a) Ab{H$Pm§S>a qOXm]mX, oZH$mQ>m {a qOXm]mX $& `yZmZr ehrX
oO§Xm]mX $&
(g_a Mw[ ahVm h¡ $& CgH{$ gmW H$m Xa]mar CgH$r Va\$ h¡amZr g{ X{IVm h¡,
Am¡a g_PZ{ H$m `ËZ H$aVm h¡ oH$ BgZ{ OrV H$m O`H$ma ·`m| Zht bJm`m ?)
ogH§$Xa • h_Z{ BOmOV Xr, AmO H$s H$ma©dmB© ewê$ H$s OmE $&
(ogH§$Xa ]¡R> OmVm h¡ $& `w_Zrg hmW g{ Bemam H$aVm h¡ $& BgH{$ gmW hr
]mOm ]OZ{ bJVm h¡ $& g_a ]¶S> { Ü`mZ g{ X{IVm h¡ $& [wé Mma `yZmZr
6. ogH§$Xa Am¡a [wé ogH§$Xa Am¡a [wé ogH§$Xa Am¡a [wé ogH§$Xa Am¡a [wé ogH§$Xa Am¡a [wé
am_Xae o_l
211
og[moh`m| H{$ [ha{ _| àd{e H$aVm h¡ $& dh Bg g_` ]§Xr h¡, _Ja CgH$m V{O
A^r VH$ d¡gm hr h¡, g_a Vbdma [a hmW aIVm h¡ $& ogH§$Xa I¶S>m hm{
OmVm h¡ $& ]mOm ]§X hm{ OmVm h¡ $& g_a h¡amZ hm{Vm h¡ $& [wé emZ Am¡a em§oV
g{ I¶S>m ahVm h¡, O¡g{ Cg{ Bg Xa]ma g{ H$m{B© dmñVm Zht $&)
ogH§$Xa • AmBE h_ma{ ]hmXwa Xwí_Z, h_mam Xa]ma Am[H$m ñdmJV H$aVm h¡ $& h_
Am[H$m ñdmJV H$aV{ h¢ $& h_mam ñdmJV H$]yb H$am{ $&
[wé • AJa ñdmJV H$m _Vb] (hmW H$s hWH$o¶S>`m± oXImH$a) hWH$o¶S>`m± [hZmZm
h¡, Vm{ h_ _mZV{ h¢ Am[Z{ ñdmJV H$s gmar eV} [yar H$a Xr h¢ $& dZm©...
(]mV AYyar N>m{ ¶S> X{Vm $&)
ogH§$Xa • (ZmamOr g{) g{ë`wH$g, _hmamO H$m{ hWH$¶S>r oH$gZ{ bJmB© h¡ ? h_ MmhV{ h¢,
Xa]ma H{$ ]mX BgH$m [Vm bJm`m OmE Am¡a oOgZ{ `h JbVr H$s hm{ Cg{ gOm
Xr OmE $& (_hmamO g{) _hmamO, h_| A[Z{ AmXo_`m| H$s JbVr H$m A\$gm{g
h¡ $& CZg{ JbVr hþB© h¡ $&
(ogH§$Xa ]¡R> OmVm h¡, Xa]ma H{$ bm{J ^r ]¡R> OmV{ h¢ $& Bg ]rM _| g{ë`w·g
[wé H$s hWH$¶S>r CVma b{Vm h¡ $& g_a H{$ M{ha{ [a Iwer PbH$Vr h¡ $& dh
em§oV H$s gm±g b{Vm h¡ $&)
ogH§$Xa • _hmamO [wé ! Am[Z{ X{Im, h_mar VH$Xra ]¶S>r h¡, oOgZ{ Am[H$m{ EH$ oXZ _|
OrV ob`m $&
[wé • (oZ^©`Vm g{) h_| Am[H$s VH$Xra Z{ Zht OrVm, h_| Am[H{$ Ym{I{ Z{ OrVm
h¡ $& AJa Am[H$s VH$Xra BVZr ]¶S>r Wr, Vm{ Am[Z{ oXZ H{$ COmb{ _| ZXr
·`m| [ma Zht H$s $? Am¡a Am[Z{ amV H{$ A±Y{a{ H$m ·`m| ghmam ob`m ?
ogH§$Xa • ß`ma Am¡a b¶S>mB© _| Ym{ImK¶S>r g] Hw$N> R>rH$ h¡ $&
[wé • Vm{ ·`m amOXyV H{$ d{e _| AmE ]mXemh H$m{ _maZm ^r R>rH$ h¡ ?
212
ogH§$Xa • `h Am[Z{ h_ [a _{ha]mZr Zht H$s Wr, A[Zr VmH$V [a ^am{gm oH$`m Wm
Am¡a Am[H$m{ _mby_ hm{, `hr Am[H$s JbVr Wr, ·`m Am[ A[Zr JbVr [a
AmO A\$gm{g Zht H$aV{ $&
[wé • AJa h_ E{gr JboV`m± H$aV{ EH$ hOma ]ma [H$¶S> { OmE± Am¡a BgH{$ ]mX h_|
o\$a Adga o_b{, Vm{ h_ o\$a ^r `hr H$a|J{ $& Am¡a BgH{$ obE h_| Oam ^r
[N>Vmdm Zht hm{Jm $& [N>Vmdm H$m`a H{$ obE hm{Vm h¡, [N>Vmdm draVm H{$ obE
Zht hm{Vm $& draVm H$^r Zht [N>VmVr $&
ogH§$Xa • h_Z{ ]mXemh ]hþV X{I{ h¡, Am¡a ]hþV g{ ]mXemhm| H$m{ ham`m ^r h¡, b{oH$Z
Oyo[Q>a H$s H$g_ ! h_Z{ Am[ O¡gm ]hmXwa Am¡a oXb{a ]mXemh AmO VH$
Zht X{Im $&
[wé • (_wñH$amH$a) h_Z{ ^r ]hþV g{ _hmamO X{I{ h¢, Am¡a ]hþV g{ _hmamOmAm| H{$
amO N>rZ{ h¢ $& [a Vra Am¡a Vbdma H$s gm¡J§Y $& h_Z{ ^r Am[ O¡gm Am{N>m
Am¡a K_§S>r amOm AmO VH$ Zht X{Im $& (g{ë`wH$g A[Zr Vbdma oZH$mbH$a
AmJ{ ]¶T>Vm h¡ $&)
g{ë`wH$g • AX] g{ ]mV H$am{, Oyo[Q>a H{$ ]{Q> { Am¡a `yZmZ H{$ g]g{ ]¶S> { ]mXemh H{$
gm_Z{ I¶S>{ hm{, Am¡a CgH{$ og[moh`m| H$m IyZ Ja_ h¡ $&
(g_a ^r Vbdma [a hmW aIH$a CR>Zm MmhVm h¡, _Ja éH$ OmVm h¡ $&
ogH§$Xa Vm¶S> OmVm h¡ Am¡a _wñH$amVm h¡ $& _Ja g_a Zht OmZVm oH$ ogH§$Xa
Z{ Cg{ X{I ob`m h¡ $& dh Bgr Vah oZ^©`Vm g{ ]¡R>m ahVm h¡ $& [wé g{ë`wH$g
H$s Va\$ X{IVm h¡ Am¡a H$hVm h¡ ...)
[wé • (]{[admhr g{) • Vw_ H$m¡Z hm{, BVZm ^r Zht OmZV{ oH$ O] Xm{ amOm Am[g _|
]mV| H$a ah| hm| Vm{ ]rM _| ]m{bZ{ g{ Xm{Zm| H$m A[_mZ hm{Vm h¡ $& AJa Vw_
h_ma{ AmX_r hm{V{ Vm{ h_ Vwåh| Xa]ma g{ oZH$mb X{V{ Am¡a H$hV{ OmAm{,
Xa]ma _| ]{g_P Am¡a ]{AX] Zht Am gH$V{ $&
213
(Am§o^ h¡amZ hm{H$a X{IVm h¡ $& g_a H$m M{ham Ao^_mZ g{ M_H$Z{ bJVm
h¡ $& Xa]mar S>a OmV{ h¡ $& d{ Zht g_PV{, A] ·`m hm{Jm $&)
ogH§$Xa • g{ë`wH$g, Vw_Z{ JbVr H$s h¡ $& _hmamO g{ _m\$s _m±Jm{ $&
g{ë`wH$g • (_hmamO [wé H{$ gm_Z{ PwH$H$a) • _hmamO _¢ _m\$s MmhVm hÿ ± _wPg{ ^yb
hþB© $& (Am§o^ Am¡a ^r h¡amZ hm{Vm h¡ $&)
[wé • h_Z{ j_m oH$`m $&
ogH§$Xa • ([wé H$s Am{a _w ¶S>H$a Z_«Vm g{) • h_ Am[H$s ]hmXwar g{ Iwe hþE $& A]
Am[ \$a_mBE Am[H{$ gmW H¡$gm gwbyH$ oH$`m OmE ?
[wé • (oZ^©`Vm g{) • O¡gm EH$ _hmamO H$m{ Xyga{ _hmamO H{$ gmW H$aZm MmohE $&
ogH§$Xa • Am[ Am¡a ^r H$hZm MmhV{ h¢ ?
[wé • (]{[admhr g{) • h_| Om{ Hw$N> H$hZm Wm, dh h_Z{ [hb{ Odm] _| H$h oX`m $&
h_ Am¡a Hw$N> Zht H$hZm MmhV{ $&
ogH§$Xa • `w_Zrg, _hmamO [wé H{$ `{ Xm{Zm| Odm] gwZhar ha\$m| _| obIH$a h_ma{ IOmZ{
_| aI{ OmE± $& O] h_ `yZmZ OmE±J{ Vm{ dhm± H{$ bm{Jm| H$m{ oXImE±J{ oH$ XwoZ`m
_| E{g{ AmX_r ^r h¢, Om{ b¶S>mB© hmaV{ h¢, _Ja ohå_V Zht hmaV{ $&
(`w_Zrg oga PwH$mVm h¡ $& Am§o^ H$m{ AM§^m hm{Vm h¡ $&)
ogH§$Xa • (A[Zr ]mV Omar H$aV{ hþE) • O] h_ `yZmZ OmE±J{, Vm{ A[Z{ bm{Jm| H$m{
]VmE±J{, oH$ XwoZ`m _| E{g{ ^r AmX_r h¢, Om{ A[Zr oH$ñ_V H{$ gm_Z{ ^r oga
Zht PwH$mV{, Am¡a oOZH{$ ]ƒ{ ^r _m¡V H{$ _w±h _| OmZ{ g{ Zht Y]amV{ $&
([wé Mm¢H$H$a X{IVm h¢ $&)
ogH§$Xa • (g_a H$s Va\$ A±Jwbr CR>mH$a) • AmAm{ amOHw$_ma & AmJ{ AmAm{ & h_
Vwåhmam ^r ñdmJV H$aV{ h¢ & Vw_ ^r ]hmXwa hm{ & Vwåhma{ [wQ²>R>{ ^r _O]yV h¢ &
214
(g_a AmJ{ AmVm h¡ $& Xm{ og[mhr hmW CR>mV{ h¡ ± $& ogH§$Xa Bemam H$aH{$
og[moh`m| H$m{ bm¡Q>m X{Vm h¡ $& g_a AH{$bm AmJ{ ]¶T>Vm h¡ $&)
[wé • (h¡amZ hm{H$a g_a g{) • g_a $& Vw_ `hm± Am¡a Bg ob]mg _| ? `h ·`m
]mV h¡ ?
g_a • (ohMoH$MmV{ hþE) • o[VmOr
ogH§$Xa • (]mV H$mQ>H$a) • ]hmXwa ]m[ H$m ]hmXwa ]¡Q>m, ]m[ H$s oJaâVmar H{$ ]mX
Amam_ g{ Ka _| Z ]¡R> gH$m, Am¡a Bg ob]mg _| h_| H$Ëb H$aZ{ Am J`m $&
b{oH$Z - (g_a g{) Zm¡OdmZ, A\$gm{g H$am{ oH$ h_mar Am±I Z{ Vwåh| [hMmZ
ob`m, Am¡a Vw_ h_| H$Ëb Z H$a gH{$ $& h_mar VH$Xra O]aXñV h¡ $& h_ ]M
JE Am¡a h_ Vwåhmar ]hmXwar H$s Vmar\$ H$aV{ h¢ $&
([wé A[Z{ [wÌ H$s Va\$ Jd© g{ X{IVm h¡ $&)
ogH§$Xa • ([wé g{) • OmBE, h_Z{ Am[H$m{ AmOmX oH$`m $& Am[H{$ ]{Q> { H$m{ AmOmX
oH$`m $& Am[H{$ og[moh`m| H$m{ AmOmX oH$`m $Am¡a BVZm hr Zht h_Z{ O{hb_
ZXr H{$ Amg[mg H$m oOVZm ^r BbmH$m OrVm h¡, dh ^r Am[H{$ hdmb{
oH$`m $& (g{ë`wH$g g{) g{ë`wH$g, \$m¡Om| H$m{ I]a ^{O Xm{ oH$ dh OrVm hþAm
BbmH$m BZH{$ hdmb{ H$a X| $&
215
7. g¶S>H$ H$s ]mV g¶S>H$ H$s ]mV g¶S>H$ H$s ]mV g¶S>H$ H$s ]mV g¶S>H$ H$s ]mV
adrÝÐZmW R>mHw$a
“ _¢ g¶S>H$ hÿ ± $& Ahë`m O¡g{ _woZ H${ em[ g{ [ËWa hm{ JB© Wr, R>rH$ d¡g{ hr _| ^r
em`X oH$gr H{$ em[ g{ oMaoZoÐV gwXrY© AOJa H$s ^m±oV dZ-O§Jb Am¡a [hm¶S>-[hmo¶S>`m| g{
JwOaVr hþB© [{ ¶S>m| H$s N>m`m H{$ ZrM{ g{ Am¡a Xya VH$ \¡$b{ hþE _¡XmZm| _| C[a g{ X{e-X{emÝVam|
H$m{ Y{aVr hþB© ]hþV oXZm| g{ ]{hm{er H$s ZtX gm{ ahr ahÿ ± $& O¶S>-oZÐm _| [¶S>r-[¶S>r _¢ A[ma
YraO H{$ gmW A[Zr Yyb _| bm{Q>H$a em[ H$s AmoIar Ko¶S>`m| H$m BÝVOma H$a aht hÿ ± $&
h_{em g{ Ohm±-Vhm± pñWa hÿ±, AodMb hÿ±, h_{em g{ EH$ hr H$adQ> gm{ aht hÿ±, _Ja o\$a ^r
_wP{ [b-^a H$s \w$agV Zht oH$ µOam Amam_ H$a by± $& BVZm ^r \$wagV Zht oH$ A[Z{
ogahmZ{ H{$ [mg EH$ N>m{Q> { g{ N>m{Q>m Zrb{ a§J H$m dZ-\$yb ^r oIbm gHy±$ $& _¢ ]m{b Zht
gH$Vr; [a AÝY{ H$s Vah g] Hw$N> _hgyg H$a gH$Vr hÿ± $& _{ar Bg Jhar O¶S>-oZÐm _| bmIm|
MaUm| H{$ eãX oXZ-amV Xw•ñdßZ H$s Vah Yy_V{ ahV{ h¢ $& _¢ MaUm| H{$ ñ[e© g{ CZH{$ öX`m|
H$m{ [¶T> b{Vr hÿ±, _¢ g_P OmVr hÿ± H$m¡Z Ka Om ahm h¡, H$m¡Z [aX{e Om ahm, H$m¡Z H$m_ g{ Om
ahm h¡, H$m¡Z Amam_ H$aZ{ Om ahm h¡, H$m¡Z CËgd _| Om ahm h¡, Am¡a H$m¡Z í_emZ H$m{ Om ahm
h¡ $& oOgH{$ gwI H$s Ka-J¥hñWr h¡, ñZ{h H$s N>m`m h¡; dh ha H$X_ [a gwI H$s Vñdra
ItMVm h¡, Amem H{$ ]rO ]m{Vm OmVm h¡ $& OmZ [¶S>Vm h¡, Ohm±-Ohm± CgH{$ [¡a [¶S>V{ h¢ dhm±-
dhm± jU ^a _| _mZm| EH$-EH$ bVm A§Hw$naV Am¡a [woî[V hm{ CR>{Jr $& oOgH{$ Ka Zht, Aml`
Zht, CgH{$ [Xj{[ _| Z Amem h¡, Z AW© h¢, CgH{$ H$X_m| _| Z Xm`m± h¡; Z ]m`m± h¡; CgH{$
[¡a H$hV{ h¢, _¢ Mby± Vm{ ·`m|, Am¡a R>hê±$ Vm{ oH$g obE ? CgH{$ H$X_m| g{ _{ar gyIr hwB© Yyb
_mZm{ Am¡a ^r gyI OmVr h¡ $&
“ g§gma H$s H$m{B© ^r H$hmZr _¢ [yar Zht gwZ [mVr $& AmVr g¡H$¶S>m|-hOmam| dfm~ g{ _¢
bmIm|-H$am{ ¶S>m| bm{Jm| H$s oH$VZr h±gr, oH$VZ{ JrV, oH$VZr ]mV| gwZVr AmB© hÿ±, [a Wm{¶S>r-gr
]mV gwZ [mVr hÿ± $& ]mH$s gwZZ{ H{$ obE O] H$mZ bJmVr hÿ± V] X{IVr hÿ± oH$ dh AmX_r hr
Zht ahm $& B©g Vah Z OmZ{ oH$VZ{ `wJm| H$s oH$VZr Qy>Q>r-\y$Q>r ]mV| Am¡a o]Ia{ hþ`{ JrV _{ar
Yyb H{$ gmW Yyb ]Z J`{ h¢, Am¡a Kyb ]ZH$a A] ^r C¶S>V{ ahV{ h¢, H$m¡Z H$h gH$Vm h¡ $?
216
“ dh gwZm{, H$m{B© Jm ahr h¡ – H$hV{ - H$hV{ H$h Zhr [mB© $& Am{h, R>ham{, Oam JrV
H$m{ [yam H$a OmAm{, [yar ]mV Vm{ gwZ b{Z{ Xm{ _wP{, [a H$hm± R>har dh ? JmV{ - JmV{ Z OmZ{
H$hm± Mbr JB© ! AmoIa VH$ _¢ gwZ hr Z [mB© $& ]g, AmO AmYr amV VH$ CgH$s [J-ÜdoZ
_{a{ H$mZm| _| Jy ±OVr ah{Jr $& _Z hr _Z gm{My ±Jr, H$m¡Z Wr dh $? dhm± Om ahr Wr Z OmZ{ ?
Om{ ]mV Z H$h [mB© Cgr H$m{ o\$a H$hZ{ JB© $& A] H$s ]ma O] o\$a Cgg{ ^|Q>{ hm{Jr, dh O]
_w±h CR>mH$a BgH{$ _w ±h H$s Va\$ VmH{$Jm, V] ‘ H$hV{-H$hV{’ o\$a ‘ H$h Zhr [mB©’ Vm{ ? V]
Cgg{ o\$a _w ±h _m{ ¶S>H$a oga ZrMm H$aH{$, ]hþV Yra{-Yra{ bm¡Q>V{ g_` o\$a AJa dh JmVr
Om`, H$hV{-H$hV{ H$h Zht [mB© Vm{ ?
‘‘ g_moßV Am¡a ñWmo`Ëd em`X H$ht hm{Jm, [a _wP{ Vm{ Zht oXImB© X{Vm $& EH$ MaU
oMh²Z H$m{ ^r Vm{ _¢ Á`mXm X{a VH$ H$m_ [a Zht aI gH$Vr $& _{a{ C[a bJmVma MaU -oMh²Z
[¶S> ah{ h¡; [a Z`{ [m±d AmH$a [yamZ{ oMh²Zm| H$m{ [m|N> OmV{ h¢ $& Om{ Mbm OmVm h¡ dh Vm{
[rN>{ Hw$N> N>m{ ¶S> hr Zht OmVm $& H$XmoMV² CgH{$ oga H{$ ]m{P g{ Hw$N> o_bVm ^r h¡ Vm{ hOmam|
MaUm| H{$ Vb{ bJmVma Hw$Mbm OmH$a Hw$N> hr X{a _| dh Yyb _| o_b OmVm h¡ $& [aÝVw EH$
]mV A^r X{I ahr hÿ ±, dh `h oH$ oH$gr-oH$gr _hm[wawf H{$ [wî[-ñVy[ H{$ AÝXa E{gm EH$
A_a ]rO [¶S> J`m h¡ Om{ Yyb _| [¶S>H$a ^r A§Hw$naV Am¡a doÛ©V hm{H$a _{a{ ]Jb _| ñWm`r
ê$[ g{ odamO ahm h¡ Am¡a [oWH$m| H$m{ N>m`m àXmZ H$a ahm h¡ $&
‘‘ _¢ oH$gr H$m ^r bú` Zht h± ÿ $& g] H$m C[m` _mÌ hÿ ± $& _¢ oH$gr H$m Ka Zht hÿ ±,
[a g]H$m{ Ka b{ OmVr hy ± $& _yP{ oXZ-amV `hr gÝVm[ gVmVm ahVm h¡ oH$ _wP [a H$m{B©
Vo]`V g{ H$X_ Zht aIZm MmhVm $& _wP [a H$m{B© I¶S>m ahZm [gÝX Zht H$aVm $& oOZH$m Ka
]hþV Xya h¡ d{ _wP{ hr H$m{gV{ Am¡a em[ X{V{ ahV{ h¢ $& _¢ Om{ CÝh| [a_ Y¡`© H{$ gmW CZH{$ Ka
H{$ Ûma VH$ [hþ ±Mm X{Vr hy ±, BgH{$ obE H¥$VkVm H$hm± [mVr hÿ ± ? d{ A[Z{ Ka OmH$a Amam_
H$aV{ h¢, Ka [a AmZÝX _ZmV{ h¢, Ka _| CZH$m gwI-goå_bZ hm{Vm h¡, o]Nw> ¶S> { hþE g] o_b
OmV{ h¡; Am¡a _wP [a H{$db WH$mdQ> H$m ^md XagmV{ h¢, H{$db AoZÀN>m H¥$V l_ hþAm
g_PV{ h¢, _wP{ H{$db odÀN>{X H$m H$maU _mZV{ h¢ $& ·`m§ Bgr Vah ]ma-]ma Xya hr g{, Ka
H{$ Pam{I{ _| g{ [§I [gmaH$a ]mha AmVr hþB© _Ywa hmñ`-bhar _{a{ [mg AmV{ hr eyÝ` _|
217
o]brZ hm{ Om`m H$a{Jr ? Ka H{$ Cg AmZÝX H$m EH$ H$U ^r, EH$ ]y±X ^r, _¢ Zht [mC±Jr ?
‘‘ H$^r-H$^r dh ^r [mVr hÿ± $& N>m{Q>{-N>m{Q>{ ]ƒ{ Om{ h±gV{-h±gV{ _{a{ [mg AmV{ h¢ Am¡a
em{aJwb _MmV{ hþE _{a{ [mg AmH$a I{bV{ h¢, A[Z{ Ka H$m AmZÝX d{ _{a{ [mg b{ AmV{ h¢ $&
CZH{$ o[Vm H$m Amerdm©X Am¡a _mVm H$m ñZ{h Ka g{ ]mha oZH$bH$a, _{a{ [mg AmH$a, g¶S>H$
[a hr _mZm{ A[Zm Ka ]Zm b{Vm h¡ $& _{ar Kyb _| d{ ñZ{h X{ OmV{ h¢, ß`ma-N>m{ ¶S> OmV{ h¢ $&
_{ar Kyb H$m{ d{ A[Z{ de _| H$a b{V{ h¡ § Am¡a A[Z{ N>m{Q> {-N>m{Q> { H$m{_b hmWm| g{ CgH$s T> {ar
[a hm¡b{-hm¡b{ W[oH$`m± X{-X{H$a [a_ ñZ{h g{ Cg{ gwbmZm MmhV{ h¢ $& A[Zm oZ_©b öX`
b{H$a ]¡R>{-]¡R>{ d{ CgH{$ gmW ]m§V{ H$aV{ h¡§ $& hm`-hm`, BVZm ñZ{h, BVZm ß`ma [mH$a ^r _{ar
`h Yyb CgH$m Odm] VH$ Zht X{ [mVr ! _{a{ obE H¡$gm em[ h¢ `h ?
‘‘ N>m{Q> {-N>m{Q> { H$m{_b [m±d O] _{a{ C[a g{ Mb{ OmV{ h¢ V] A[Z{ H$m{ _¢ ]¶S>r H$oR>Z
AZw^d H$aVr hÿ±; _mby_ hm{Vm h¡ CZH{$ [m±dm| _| bJVr hm{Jr $& Cg g_` _wP{ Hw$gw_-H$br H$s
Vah H$m{_b hm{Z{ H$s gmY hm{Vr h¡ $& A[Z{ _Z H$s ]mV _¢ g_Pm Zht gH$Vr; [a oH$gr H$od
Z{ H$hm h¡ –
‘‘ Oh±-Oh± AéU MaU Mob OmVm,
Vh±-Vh± MaoZ hm{` __ JmVm $&”
‘‘ AéU MaU E{gr H$R>m {a KaVr [a ·`m| MbV{ h¢ ? oH$ÝVw `oX Z MbV{ Vm{ em`X
Zht ^r har-har Kmg [¡Xm Z hm{Vr $&
‘‘ àoVoXZ oZ`o_V ê$[ g{ Om{ _{a{ C[a MbV{ h¢ CÝh| _¢ AÀN>r Vah [hMmZVr hÿ ± $&
[a d{ Zht OmZV{ oH$ CZH{$ obE _¢ oH$VZr àVrjm oH$`m H$aVr h±ÿ $& _¢ _Z-hr-_Z CZH$r _yoV©
H$s H$ë[Zm H$a b{Vr hÿ± $& ]hþV oXZ hþE, E{gr hr EH$ àoV_m A[Z{ H$m{_b MaUm| H$m{ b{H$a
Xm{[ha H$m{ ]hþV Xya g{ AmVr, N>m{Q> {-N>m{Q> { Zy[wa éZPwZ-éZPwZ H$aH{$ CgH{$ [m±dm| _| am{-am{H$a
]OV{ ahV{ $& em`X CgH{$ Am{R> ]m{bZ{ H{$ Am{R> Z W{, em`X CgH$s ]¶S>r-]¶S>r Am±I| g§Ü`m
H{$ AmH$me H$s ^m±oV åbmZ Ñoï> g{ oH$gr H{$ _w±h H$s Am{a X{IVr ahVt $& Cg M]yVa{ dmb{ dQ>
d¥j H{$ ]mB© Va\$, Ohm± _{ar EH$ emIm Jm±d H$s Am¡a Mbr JB© h¡ dhm±, [{ ¶S> H{$ ZrM{ dh
218
hmar-WH$s Mw[Mm[ I¶S>r ahVr Am¡a Xygam EH$ H$m{B© A[Zm oXZ ^a H$m H$m_ [yam H$aH{$
AZ_Z{ _Z g{ JmZm JmVm hþAm CgH{$ gm_Z{ g{ Jm±d H$s Am{a Mbm OmVm $& em`X dh oH$gr
H$s Am{a X{IVm Z Wm, H$ht ^r R>hamVm Z Wm, Am¡a grYm Ka H{$ Ûma [a OmH$a A[Zm [wadr
JrV IV_ H$aVm Wm $& CgH{$ Mb{ OmZ{ [a dh ]mobH$m A[Z{ WH{$ hþE [¡am| g{ o\$a Cgr amñV{
g{ bm¡Q> OmVr, oOgg{ dh AmB© Wr $& ]mobH$m O] bm¡Q>Vr V] _mby_ hm{Vm oH$ AÝYH$ma hm{
Am`m h¡ $& g§Ü`m H{$ AÝYH$ma H$m R>§S>m ñ[e© _¢ A[Z{ A§J-àË`§Jm| [a [yar Vah AZw^d H$aZ{
bJVr $& O] Jm{Yyob H{$ g_` H$s H$m¡Am| H$s H$m±d-H$m±d o]ëHw$b W_ OmVr, [oWH$m| H$m
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ahH$a PaPa - PaPa eãX H$a CR>V{, dh Cgr Vah àoVoXZ AË`ÝV _§X JoV g{ AmVr Am¡a
d¡g{ hr Yra{-Kra{ Mbr OmVr $& EH$ oXZ \$mJwZ H{$ AÝV H{$ oXZm| _|, Xm{[ha H$m{ O] Am_ H{$
]m¡a hdm g{ P¶S> ah{ W{, dh Xygam Om{ AmVm Wm dh Z Am`m $& Cg oXZ ]hþV amV-]rV{
]mobH$m Ka bm¡Q> JB© $& O¡g{ A^r ]rM-]rM _| [{ ¶S>m| g{ gyI{ [Îm{ P¶S> ah{ h¢ d¡g{ hr H$^r-
H$^r Xm{-EH$ ]y±X Am±gy _{ar Zrag Ja_ Yyb [a [¶S>V{ Am¡a gyI OmV{ W{ $& o\$a, CgH{$ Xyga{
hr oXZ Xm{[ha H$m{ dh ]mobH$m Cgr [{ ¶S> H{$ ZrM{ AmH$a I¶S>r hþB©, [a Cg oXZ ^r dh Z
Am`m $& o\$a amV H$m{ dh Yra{-Kra{ Ka H$s Va\$ Mb Xr $& Hw$N> Xya OmH$a Cgg{ Mbm Z
J`m, _{a{ C[a Yyb _¢ bm{Q> JB© ]{Mmar, Am¡a Xm{Zm| hmWm| g{ _w ±h T>H$H$a N>mVr \$m¶S>-\$m¶S>H$a
am{Z{ bJr $&
‘‘ H$m¡Z hm{ o]oQ>`m ? ·`m Bg oZO©Z amoÌ _| ^r H$ht H$m{B© _{ar N>mVr [a odlm_ b{Z{
AmVm h¡ $& Vy oOgH{$ [mg g{ bm¡Q>r h¡, ·`m dh _wPg{ ^r H$R>m{a h¡ ? VyZ{ oOg{ [wH$ma-[wH$ma
H$a H$m{B© Odm] Zht [m`m, ·`m dh _wPg{ ^r ]¶T>H$a Jy ±Jm h¡ ? VyZ{ oOgH$s Va\$ X{Im h¡
·`m dh _wPg{ ^r Á`mXm AÝYm h¡ ?
‘‘ ]mobH$m CR> ]¡R>r, I¶S>r hm{ JB©, Am±I| [m|N> S>mbt Am¡a o\$a _wP{ N>m{ ¶S>H$a Mbr
JB© $& em`X dh Ka bm¡Q> JB©, em`X dh A] ^r emÝV _wI g{ Ka H$m H$m_-Y§Ym H$aVr
hm{Jr, em`X dh oH$gr g{ ^r A[Z{ Xw•I H$s ]mV Zht H$aVr hm{Jr $& hm±, oH$gr-oH$gr oXZ
dh g§Ü`m g_` Ka H{$ Am±JZ _| MÝÐ_m§ H$s Mm±XZr _| [¡a \¡$bmE ]¡R>r oXImB© X{Vr h¡ $& Cg
219
d·V H$m{B© ]wbmVm Vm{ dh Mm¢H$ [¶S>Vr Am¡a PQ> CR>H$a ^rVa Mbr OmVr [a _¢Z{ CgH{$ Xyga{
oXZ g{ AmO VH$ H$^r CgH{$ MaUm| H$m ñ[e© Zht oH$`m $&
‘‘ E{g{ oH$VZ{ hr [m±dm| H{$ eãX Zrad hm{ J`{ h¢ $& _¢ ·`m CZH$s `mX aI gH$Vr hÿ± ?
og\©$ CZ [m±dm| H$s H$éU Zy[wa ¿doZ A] ^r H$^r-H$^r `mX Am OmVr h¡ $& [a _wP{ ·`m K¶S>r
^a ^r em{H$ `m g§Vm[ H$aZ{ H$s Nw>Q> ²Q>r o_bVr h¡ ? em{H$ oH$g-oH$g H{$ obE H$a| ? E{g{
oH$VZ{ hr AmV{ h¡§ Am¡a Mb{ OmV{ h¢ $&
‘‘ Cµ\$, H¡$gr H$¶S>r Km_ h¡ ! EH$-EH$ ]ma gm±g N>m{ ¶S>Vr hÿ ± Am¡a V[r hþB© Kyb gwZrb
AmH$me H$m{ YwAm±Yma H$aH{$ C¶S>r Mbr OmVr h¡ $& A_ra Am¡a Jar], gwIr Am¡a Xw•Ir, `m¡dZ
Am¡a ]w¶T>m[m, h±gr Am¡a am{Zm, OÝ_ Am¡a _¥Ë`w g] Hw$N> _{a{ C[a EH$ hr gm±g _| Yyb H{$ óm{V
H$s Vah C¶SVm Mbm Om ahm h¡ $& BgobE g¶S>H$ H$s Z h±gr h¡ Z am{Zm $& Ka hr ]rV{ hþE [a
em{H$ H$aVm h¡, dV©_mZ H{$ obE gm{MVm h¡, ^odî` H{$ obE Amem _| Sy >]m ahVm h¡ $& [a
g¶S>H$ ! dh Vm{ dV©_mZ H{$ àË`{H$ [b _| hµOmam|-bmIm| Z`{-Z`{ AoVoW`m| H$m{ b{H$a hr
ì`ñV ahVr h¡ $& E{g{ ñWmZ [a A[Z{ [X-Jm¡ad [a odídmg H$aH{$, AË`ÝV X[© H{$ gmW [¡a
aIVm hþAm H$m¡Z A[Z{ oMa MaU-oMh²Z aI OmZ{ H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡ ? oOZH{$ obE `hm± H$s
hdm _| Vw_ XrY© oZ•ídmg N>m{ ¶S> OmV{ hm{, Vwåhma{ Mb{ OmZ{ [a ·`m d{ Vwåhma{ obE odbm[
H$aV{ ah|J{ $& Vwåhma{ d{ XrY© oZ•ídmg Z`{ AoVoW`m| H$s Am±Im{ _| Am±gy ItM bm`|J{ ? hdm
[a hdm ·`m oQ>H$ gH$Vr h¡ ? Zht, Zht, ì`W© H$s H$m{oee h¡ $& _¢ A[Z{ C[a Hw$N> ^r [¶S>m
ahZ{ Zht X{Vr; Z h±gr, Z am{Zm $& og\©$ _¢ hr AH{$br [¶S>r hþB© hÿ±, Am¡a [¶S>r ahÿ±Jr $&”
220
8. B©XJmh B©XJmh B©XJmh B©XJmh B©XJmh
à{_M§X
a_OmZ H{$ [ya{ Vrg am{ µOm| H{$ ]mX AmO B©X AmB© h¡ $& oH$VZm _Zm{ha, oH$VZm Hw$hmdZm
à^mV h¡ $& AmO H$m gy`© X{Im{, oH$VZm ß`mam, oH$VZm erVb h¡, _mZm{ g§gma H$m{ B©X H$s
]YmB© X{ ahm h¡ $! Jm±d _| oH$VZr hbMb h¡ ! B©XJmh OmZ{ H$s V¡`mna`m± hm{ ahr h¢ $& oH$gr H{$
Hy$V} _| ]Q>Z Zht h¢, [¶S>m{g H{$ Ka _| gwB©-VmJm b{Z{ Xm¡ ¶S>m Om ahm h¡ $& oH$gr H{$ OyV{ H$¶S>{ hm{
J`{ h¢, CZ_| V{b S>mbZ{ H{$ obE V{br H{$ Ka ^mJm OmVm h¡ $& OëXr-OëXr ]¡bm| H$m{ gmZr-
[mZr X{ X| $& B©XJmh g{ bm¡Q>V{-bm¡Q>V{ Xm{[ha hm{ OmEJr $& VrZ H$m{g H$m [¡Xb amñVm, o\$a
g¢H$¶S>m | AmXo_`m| g{ o_bZm-^|Q>Zm $& Xm{[ha H{$ [hb{ bm¡Q>Zm Ag§^d h¡ $& b¶S>H{$ g]g{
Á`mXm àgÝZ h¢ $& oH$grZ{ EH$ am{ µOm aIm h¡, dh ^r Xm{[ha VH$, oH$gr Z{ dh ^r Zht,
b{oH$Z B©XJmh OmZ{ H$s Iwer CZH{$ ohñg{ H$s MrµO h¡ $& am{O{ ]¶S>{-]y¶T>m| H{$ obE hm|J{ $& BZH{$
obE Vm{ B©X h¡ $& am{O B©X H$m Zm_ aQ>V{ W{ $& AmO dh Am JB© $& A] OëXr [¶S>r h¡ nH$ bm{J
B©XJmh ·`m| Zht MbV{ $& CZH{$ A[Zr O{]m| _| Vm{ Hw$]{a H$m YZ ^am hþAm h¡ $& ]ma-]ma O{]
g{ A[Zm IµOmZm oZH$mbH$a oJZV{ h¢ Am¡a Iwe hm{H$a o\$a aI b{V{ h¢ $& _h_yX oJZVm h¡,
EH$ Xm{ Xg ]mah ! CgH{$ [mg ]mah [¡g{ h¢ $& _m{hogZ H{$ [mg EH$ Xm{ VrZ AmR> Zm¡ [ÝÐh
[¡g{ h¢ $& BÝht AZoJZV [¡gm| g{ AZoJZV MrO| bmE±J{ - oIbm¡Z{, o_R>mB©`m±, o]Jwb, J|X
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oOgH$m ]m[ JV df© h¡µO{ H$s ^|Q> hm{ J`m $& o\$a EH$ oXZ _m± ^r _a JB© $& A] hmo_X A[Zr
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B©X H$m oXZ Am¡a CgH{$ Ka _| XmZm Zht B©g A§YH$ma Am¡a oZamem _| dh Sy>]r Om ahr h¡ $&
oH$gZ{ ]wbm`m Wm, Bg oZJm{¶S>r B©X H$m{ $&
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221
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Am¡a B©X H$m Ë`m¡hma ! Aëbmh hr ]{¶S>m [ma bJmE $&
hmo_X ^rVa XmXr g{ H$hVm h¡, “ Vw_ S>aZm Z ht Aå_m, g]g{ [hb{ AmC±Jm !”
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ImVm h¡ $? X{Im{ Z, EH$-EH$ XwH$ma [a _Zm| hm|Jr $&
ghgm B©XJmh ZµOa AmB© $& B_br H{$ KZ{ d¥jm| H$s N>m`m h¡ $& ZrM{ [·H$m \$e© h¡, Cg
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h¡ $& `hm± H$m{B© YZ Am¡a [X Zht X{IVm $& BZ J«m_rUm|Z{ ^r ]Oy oH$`m Am¡a o[N>br [§o·V _|
I¶S>{ hm{ JE $& oH$VZm gw§Xa g§MmbZ h¡, oH$VZr gw§Xa ì`dñWm $& hOmam| oga EH$ gmW ogOX{
_| PwH$ OmV{ h¢, o\$a g] H{$ g] EH$ gmW I¶S> { hm{ OmV{ h¢ & _mZm{ ^mV¥Ëd H$m EH$ gyÌ BZ
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Z_mO IV_ hm{ JB© $& bm{J Am[g _| Jb{ o_b ah{ h¢ A] o_R>mB© Am¡a oIbm¡Zm| H$s
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h¡ $& `h X{Im{, qhS>m{bm h¡ $& EH$ [¡gm X{H$a M¶T> OmAm{ $& H$^r Amg_mZ [a OmV{ hþE _mby_
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_m{hogZ, Zya{ Am¡a gå_r BZ Km{¶S>m{ Am¡a D±Q>m| [a ]¡R>V{ h¢ $& hmo_X Xya I¶S>m h¡ $& VrZ [¡g{ Vm{
CgH{$ [mg h¢ $& A[Z{ H$m{f H$m EH$ oVhmB© Oam-gm M·H$a ImZ{ H{$ obE Zht X{ gH$Vm $&
222
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_m{hogZ H$m{ o^íVr [g§X Am`m $& H$_a PwH$s hþB©, C[a _eH$ aI{ hþE h¡ $& _eH$ H$m _w±h EH$
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CS>{bZm hr MmhVm h¡ $&
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O{] _| KS>r, gwZhar O§Ora, EH$ hmW _| H$mZyZ H$m [m{Wm ob`{ hþE $& _mby_ hm{Vm h¡, A^r
oH$gr AXmbV g{ oOah `m ]hg oH$`{ Mb{ Am ah{ h¢ $& `{ g] Xm{-Xm{ [¡g{ H{$ oIbm¡Z{ h¢ $&
hmo_X H{$ [mg Hw$b VrZ [¡g{ h¢, BVZ{ _h±J{ oIbm¡Z{ H¡$g{ b{ ? oIbm¡Zm H$ht hmW g{ Ny>Q>
[¶S> {, Vm{ Mya-Mya hm{ OmE $& Oam [mZr [¶S> { Vm{ gmam a§J Ywb OmE $& E{g{ oIbm¡Z{ oH$g H$m_
H{$ ! CÝh| b{H$a dh ·`m H$a{Jm ?
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Om_wZ, oH$gr Z{ gm{hZhbdm $& _µO{ g{ Im ah{ h¢ $& hmo_X o]amXar g{ [¥WH²$ h¡ $& A^mJ{ H{$
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o_R>mB`m| H{$ ]mX Hw$N> XwH$mZ| bm{h{ H$s MrOm| H$s h¡, Hw$N> oJbQ> Am¡a Hw$N> ZH$br
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bm{h{ H$s XwH$mZ [a éH$ OmVm h¡ $& H$B© oM_Q>{ aI{ hþE h¢ $& Cg{ »`mb Am`m, XmXr H{$ [mg
oM_Q>m Zht h¡ $& Vd{ g{ am{oQ>`m± CVmaVr h¢ Vm{ hmW Ob OmVm h¡ $& AJa dh oM_Q>m b{ OmH$a
XmXr H$m{ X{ Vm{ oH$VZr àgÝZ hm|Jr $& o\$a CZH$s A±Jwob`m± H$^r Z Ob|Jr $& Ya _| EH$ H$m_
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Iwer hm{Vr h¡ $& o\$a Vm{ oIbm¡Zm| H$s Am{a H$m{B© Am±I CR>mH$a Zht X{IVm $& `m o\$a Ka
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223
Cg{ X{ Xm{ $& Aå_m ]{Mmar H$m{ H$hm± \$wagV h¡ oH$ ]mµOma OmE±, Am¡a BVZ{ [¡g{ hr H$hm± o_bV{
h¢ am{ µO hmW Obm b{Vr h¢ $&
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Vm{ Zht OmVm $&
CgZ{ XwH$mZXma g{ [yN>m, “ `h oM_Q>m oH$VZ{ H$m h¡ ?”
“ N>• [¡g{ bJ|J{ $&”
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224
_h_yX ]m{bm, “ Vm{ `h oM_Q>m H$m{B© oIbm¡Zm h¡ ?”
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225
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228
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obIZ{dmb{ H{$ [V{ H$m \$b{eH$mS> © o\$a
g§]m{YZ H$mS> © Am¡a _Ü`^mJ ñd`§em{YmWuZ{
_mH©$a [{Z g{ obIm Am¡a A§V H$m g§]m{YZ
oM[H$mH$a [Ì b{IZ H$adm`m $&
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dmoO§Ì (TD)
o_R>mB© (_y.[.)
o_R>mB© (_y.[.)
o_R>mB© (_y.[.)
\$b (_y.[.)
Ñí` J{hZm
bH$S>r H$m ]Zm
Ñí` Aó
oIbm¡Zm
Vgdra
Vgdra
]V©Z
]V©Z
_woÐV
_woÐV
_woÐV
_woÐV
MmQ> ©g
MmQ> ©g
MmQ> ©g
oZo_©V
oZo_©V
9.
o_Ì H$m {o_Ì H$m {o_Ì H$m {o_Ì H$m {o_Ì H$m {
[ Ì[ Ì[ Ì[ Ì[ Ì
249
odf`m§J oejU oejU gm_J«r aMZm Am¡a odf`m§J oejU oejU gm_J«r aMZm Am¡a odf`m§J oejU oejU gm_J«r aMZm Am¡a odf`m§J oejU oejU gm_J«r aMZm Am¡a odf`m§J oejU oejU gm_J«r aMZm Am¡a odf`m§J g§X^© odf`m§J g§X^© odf`m§J g§X^© odf`m§J g§X^© odf`m§J g§X^©
gm_J«r gm_J«r gm_J«r gm_J«r gm_J«r H$m Zm_ H$m Zm_ H$m Zm_ H$m Zm_ H$m Zm_ g_yh _mÜ`_ g_yh _mÜ`_ g_yh _mÜ`_ g_yh _mÜ`_ g_yh _mÜ`_
H$m H«$_ H$m H«$_ H$m H«$_ H$m H«$_ H$m H«$_ H$m àH$ma H$m àH$ma H$m àH$ma H$m àH$ma H$m àH$ma
Q> {[ naH$mS> ©a
lì` H¡$g{Q>
OrOm]mB©
oedmOr
qghJT> H$m oH$bm
Xa]ma
OrOm]mB©
oedmOr
Ym{S> { [a VmZmOr
VmZmOr H$s [ËZr
`wÕ _| VmZmOr
CX`^mZw
_mVm H$m{ àUm_
H$aV{ oedmOr
Xm{ [har
[¡a [H$¶S>Vm gy`m©
ga H$Q> { VmZmOr
Vbdma
Jm{h
gm±[
oN>[H$br
odf`mo^_wI H{$ obE ‘ oedmOrZw §
hmbaSw> §’ H$m ldU H$adm`m $&
em {YmWuZ{ [mR> _ | g_modï> g§dmX H{ $
AZwgma oMÌ ZmQ>`m§e V¡`ma oH$`m g^r
oMÌm| H{$ ZrM{ g§dmX obI{ Am¡a CgH$m{
oXdma [a oM[H$mH$a N>mÌm| H$m{ [¶T>m`m $$&
VmZm Or H{$ [mg `ed§Vr Zm_H$ Jm{h Wt$&
oH$bm BVZm grYm Wm H$s Cg [a gm±[
Am¡a oN>[H$br ^r MT> Zht gH$V{ W{ $&
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lì`-C[H$aU
lì`-C[H$aU
Vgdra
Vgdra
Vgdra
Vgdra
ñdoZo_©V oMÌ
ñdoZo_©V oMÌ
ñdoZo_©V oMÌ
ñdoZo_©V oMÌ
ñdoZo_©V oMÌ
ñdoZo_©V oMÌ
ñdoZo_©V oMÌ
ñdoZo_©V oMÌ
ñdoZo_©V oMÌ
ñdoZo_©V oMÌ
Aó
em°[rg
em°[rg
em°[rg
10.
qghJR >qghJR >qghJR >qghJR >qghJR >
o d O `o d O `o d O `o d O `o d O `
C[`w©·V g^r à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam oejU H$m`© oH$`m J`m $&
C[`w ©·V g^r oejU-gm_J«r H$m{ Vgdram| H{$ ê$[ _| [naoeï> - M [a _| X{I{ $&
[naoeï>[naoeï>[naoeï>[naoeï>[naoeï> M
oejU gm_J«roejU gm_J«roejU gm_J«roejU gm_J«roejU gm_J«r
1. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V \$b{e H$mS>©$&
2. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V em°[rg $&
3. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V dmoO̧, Aó, ]V©Z $&
4. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V _yb [XmW© $&
5. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V oIbm¡Z{ $&
6. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V [oV_mE± $&
7. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V Vgdra| $&
8. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V ñdoZo_©V oMÌ ZmQ>`m§e $&
9. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V ñdoZo_©V bH$S>r H$s àoV_mE± $&
10. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V J{hZ{ $&
11. lì` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V ñdoZo_©V lì` H¡$g{Q> $&
12. lì` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V H¡$g{Q> $&
13. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V o\$ë_ $&
14. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V C[H$aU $&
15. oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V ImÚgm_J«r $&
16. _woÐV Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| XñVmd{O Am¡a H$hmoZ`m±
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[aoeï> -[aoeï> -[aoeï> -[aoeï> -[aoeï> -N
AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s Vgdra|AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s Vgdra|AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s Vgdra|AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s Vgdra|AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s Vgdra|
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