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8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Z

An Evaluation of Effect of Teaching-Aids used inTeaching of Hindi in Std VIII

A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

Regn. No. Ed/007/011/2006-07

M M

M M

GuideDr. K. C. ParmarPrincipal / Professor

Hindi Shikshak Mahavidyalay

Gujarat Vidyapith,

Ahmedabad-14

ResearcherAshok M. ParmarAsst. Professor

Hindi Shikshak Mahavidyalay

Gujarat Vidyapith,

Ahmedabad-14

Dept. of EducationGanpat University, Ganpat Vidyanagar

Kherva-382711December 2010

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2.2.3 oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ

2.2.4 oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gå]ÝY _{§ gmdKmoZ`m±

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2.8 àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË` &

2.9 g_m[Z





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3.1.3.2 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm

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3.2 BH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z

3.2.1 BH$mB© M`Z H$s odoY

VII



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3.2.2 oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z

3.2.2.1 oejU gm_J«r H$m dJuH$aU

3.2.2.2 oejU gm_J«r _| g_modï> gm_J«r

H$m àH$ma, M`Z Ed§ aMZm $&

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3.3 g_m[Z

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4.1 àñVmdZm

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4.2.1 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm

4.2.1.1 Hw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r

H$s odídgZr`Vm

4.2.1.2 H$Ý`mAm| H${ J«y[ H${ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r

H$s odídgZr`Vm

4.2.2 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm

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H$s d¡YVm

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H$s d¡YVm

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dmb{ Am±H$¶S>{ $&

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4.3.2 bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s

gmW©H$Vm

VIII



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Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ g_{b

Om{¶S>m| H$s gmW©H$Vm

4.3.2.2 ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$

Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$

g_{b Om{¶S>m| H$s gmW©H$Vm

4.3.2.3 J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$

Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ g_{b

Om{¶S>m| H$s gmW©H$Vm

4.3.2.4 J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$

Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$

g_{b Om{¶S>m| H$s gmW©H$Vm

4.3.3 àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m|

H$s Om±M

4.3.3.1 ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$

Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãY

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m [arjU

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àmßVm§H$m| H$m 't' [najU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$

4.5 à`m{J [ümV² ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV

J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m [arjU

4.5.1 ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam|

H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m AÜ``Z $

4.5.2 ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m {oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s

H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m [arjU

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4.5.3 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam|

H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z

4.5.4 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$r H$Ý`mAm|

H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z

4.6 à`m{J [ümV² OmoV Am¡a j{Ì H{$ AmYma [a N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z

4.6.1 ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV

J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m

VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $

4.6.2 ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a ehar

j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$

àmßVm§H$m{ H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $

4.6.3 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_ma

Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$

àmßVm§H$m| H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z $

4.6.4 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a J«må`

j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z

4.7 à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm| j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$

àmßVm§H$m{ H$m oddaU $

4.8 à`m{J àümV² àmßV Am±H$¶S>m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm

4.8.1 ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m {oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$

odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$s

ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $

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4.8.2 ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m {oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$

odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m|

H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $

4.8.3 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m {oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$

odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$s

ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $

4.8.4 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m {oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$

odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m|

H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $

4.9 à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $

4.10 g_m[Z

em{Y gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmdem{Y gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmdem{Y gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmdem{Y gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmdem{Y gmam§e, oZîH$f© Ed§ gwPmd

5.1 àñVmdZm

5.2 gmam§e

5.3 oZîH$f©

5.4 e¡ojH$ \$obVmW©

5.5 em{Y H$m`© H{$ gwPmd

5.6 ^mdr em{Y H$s oXemE±

5.7 g_m[Z

g§X^©gyMr

[naoeï>

XI

5

VmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mH « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$

oddaUoddaUoddaUoddaUoddaU [¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.10

3.11

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV odÚmb`m| H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌ

A§oV_ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV N>mÌm| H${ odÚmb` H{$ j{ÌmZwgma

à`m{J[mÌ

àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm

bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s BH$mB©`m± Am¡a A§H$ ^mam§H$

ode{fkm| H{$ gwPmd Ed§ gwYma

8dt H$jm H$s BH$mB©`m| H$m M`Z

em{YH$m`© _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H$m g_yh _mÜ`_ H{$ AmYma [a

dJuH$aU

aMZm Ed§ C[`m{J H{$ AmYma [a oejU gm_J«r H$m dJuH$aU

à`w·V oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z Ed§ oZ_m©U odoY

ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUr

J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUr

CÎma H$gm¡Q>r (x) Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$

àmßVm§H$ (y) H{$ gmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaU

CÎma H$gm¡Q>r (x) Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$

àmßVm§H$ (y) H{$ gmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaU

CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ g§_H$m| H$m

oddaU $

ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm|

H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a

_mZH$ odMbZ $

ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam|

H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm

ñVa $

57

58

61

67

69

73

74

75

78

82

83

90

91

92

94

95

VmobH$mgyMrVmobH$mgyMrVmobH$mgyMrVmobH$mgyMrVmobH$mgyMr

XII



4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10

4.11

4.12

4.13

4.14

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$

odMbZ

ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s

H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a

gmW©H$Vm ñVa

J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$

odMbZ Xem©Z{dmbr VmnbH$m

J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa

$Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m

J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s

H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU,

_Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ

J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa

ehar - J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$

bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$

AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $

ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[

H${ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU

Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $

ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m

_Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa

Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $

XIII



4.15

4.16

4.17

4.18

4.19

4.20

4.21

4.22

4.23

4.24

108

109

111

112

115

116

118

119

122

125

ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmobH$m

ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa

Xem©Vr VmobH$m

ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmboH$m

ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s

H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$

odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $

J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $

J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$

AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $

J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU $

J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$

AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $

ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s



ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV

J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$


XIV



4.25

4.26

4.27

4.28

128

131

134

140

J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s



J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$

Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ,

H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $

Xm{Zm| J« y[m| H{$ g^r N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m oddaU

Xem©Vr VmobH$m $

à`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$s

ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ Xem©Vr VmobH$m $

XV

H« $_H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_ Ama{I H$m oddaUAma{I H$m oddaUAma{I H$m oddaUAma{I H$m oddaUAma{I H$m oddaU [¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

ehar àm`m{oJH$ Hw$_ma Am¡a ehar oZ`§oÌV Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r

H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I $

ehar àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a ehar oZ`§oÌV H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$

àmßVm§H$m{ § H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I

J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$

àmßVm§H$m{ § H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I

àm`m{oJH$ J«må` H$Ý`m Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«må` H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r

H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I $

ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|

H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I $&

ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$

Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{§ H{$ Amd¥oÎm odVaU H$m Ama{I $&

J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm|


J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ H$w_mam|


110

114

117

121

124

127

130

133

Ama{IgyMrAma{IgyMrAma{IgyMrAma{IgyMrAma{IgyMr

XVI

H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_H « $_ [naoeï> oddaU[naoeï> oddaU[naoeï> oddaU[naoeï> oddaU[naoeï> oddaU[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >[ ¥ð >

H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$H « $_m §H$

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H$m MmQ> ©g

em{KH$m`© H$m àmê$[

bYw]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r

bpãY H$gm¡Q>r

gh`m{Jr àmWo_H$ Ed§ 8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejH$m| H$s gyMr

BH$mB© M`Z H{$ obE à`w·V _Vmdbr

H$gm¡Q>r oZ_m©U _| gh`m{Jr ode{fkm| H$s gyMr

CÎma H$gm¡Q>r

g_{b Om{ ¶S> {

MòZV BH$mB©`m| H$s odf`dñVw

AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H{$ obE [mR> oZ`m{OZ

odf`m§J H{$ g§X^© _| à`w·V oejU gm_J«r

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158

159

160

161

176

178

181

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199

204

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XVII

AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` AÜ`m` 1


1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

1.11

1.12

àñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZm

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em{Y H$m _hÎdem{Y H$m _hÎdem{Y H$m _hÎdem{Y H$m _hÎdem{Y H$m _hÎd

g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aUg_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU

em{Y H{$ CXX²{íèm{Y H{$ CXX²{íèm{Y H{$ CXX²{íèm{Y H{$ CXX²{íèm{Y H{$ CXX²{í`

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2



1.1 àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •àñVmdZm •

E{gr H$B© dñVwE± h¢ oOZ_| J¥hC[`m{Jr MrO|, àoV_m, ]V©Z, oIbm¡Z{, J{hZ{ AmoX

H$m C[`m{J CgH{$ oZ_m©U Ed§ aMZm H{$ AmYma [a oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ CgH$m AW© Am¡a C[`m{J

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Om{ ¶S>H$a Ed§ CgH{$ C[`m{J g§]§Yr [ÕoV _| [nadV©Z H$aH{$ CgH$m{ Z`m ê$[ àXmZ H$aZm

h¡ $& oejm H{$ j{Ì _| E{g{ AZ{H$ odf`m§J h¡ oOg_| AÜ`m[H$ Mmh{ Vm{ gm_mÝ` dñVwE±,

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H$m{R>mar Am`m{J (1964-66) H${ AZwgma –

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H$amZm Amdí`H$ h¡, Bgg{ dmñVd _| X{e H$s oejm _| H«$mpÝV bmZr Mmhr$&' '

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1.2 oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd •oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd •oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd •oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd •oejU gm_J«r H$m _hÎd •

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oejU gm_J«roejU gm_J«roejU gm_J«roejU gm_J«roejU gm_J«r

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4

1.3 em{Y H$m _hÎd •em{Y H$m _hÎd •em{Y H$m _hÎd •em{Y H$m _hÎd •em{Y H$m _hÎd •

AÜ`m[Z _| [a§[amJV [ÕoV AgaH$maH$ Zht hm{ gH$Vr $& ^mfm H{$ AÜ`m[Z _|

oejH$ ]m{bVm ahVm h¡ dh à^mdH$ Zht hm{Vm, N>mÌm| H$m{ oH$gr odf` H{$ AÜ``Z H{$

obE BpÝÐ` J«mø AZw^d g{ kmZ H$admZm AoV Amdí`H$ h¡ $& àdV©_mZ$ `wJ _| oejU

gm_J«r H${ Ûmam oH$`{ J`{ AÜ``Z - AÜ`m[Z H$m{ _hÎd oX`m J`m h¡ $& AV• AÜ`m[Z

gyÌm| H$m ^r _hÎd ]¶T>m h¡ $& oOg Vah _Zm{d¡kmoZH$ gyÌm| H$m{ AÜ``Z _| ñWmZ o_bm h¡,

Cgr Vah oejH$, N>mÌ Am¡a [mR>çdñVw _| ^r _Zm{odkmZ H$s _hX ^yo_H$m X{IZ{ H$m{

o_bVr h¡ $&3

^mfm `m AÝ` H$m{B© odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z H$s ]mV H$a| Vm{ h_| oZåZ ]mV| Adí` `mX

aIZr MmohE •

We Remember 20 % what we hear

30 % what we see

50 % what we see and hear

80 % what we see and do

90 % what we see, do & hear

h_ C[`w©·V àoVeVm| g{ oejU-gm_J«r H$m _hÎd g_P gH$V{ h¡$& h_ oejU-gm_J«r g{

A_yV© I`mbm| H$m{ _yV© CXmhaUm| g{ ñ[ï> H$a gH$V{ h¡§ $&4

O¡g{ • H$jm 9dt H$s ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ _| ‘ o^jwH$’ H$mì` H$m{ Ao^Z` àUmbr H{$ gmW

[¶T>m`{ Vm{ N>mÌ AÀN>r Vah g{ H$mì` H$m agmñdmXZ H$a gH$V{ h¡ $&

3 Aë[Zm e_m© Ed§ g·g{Zm aod, e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$s Am¡a H$jm-H$j à]ÝYZ.e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$s Am¡a H$jm-H$j à]ÝYZ.e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$s Am¡a H$jm-H$j à]ÝYZ.e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$s Am¡a H$jm-H$j à]ÝYZ.e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$s Am¡a H$jm-H$j à]ÝYZ. O`[wa• BoÊS>`Z

[pãbqeJ hmCg 2007, [¥. 212

4 _wHw§$X _m. [Q>{b, JoUV oejU _m§ ]hþ_mÜ`_ g§[yQ> Zr aMZm AZ{ AgaH$maH$Vm Zm{JoUV oejU _m§ ]hþ_mÜ`_ g§[yQ> Zr aMZm AZ{ AgaH$maH$Vm Zm{JoUV oejU _m§ ]hþ_mÜ`_ g§[yQ> Zr aMZm AZ{ AgaH$maH$Vm Zm{JoUV oejU _m§ ]hþ_mÜ`_ g§[yQ> Zr aMZm AZ{ AgaH$maH$Vm Zm{JoUV oejU _m§ ]hþ_mÜ`_ g§[yQ> Zr aMZm AZ{ AgaH$maH$Vm Zm{

Aä`mg. Aä`mg. Aä`mg. Aä`mg. Aä`mg. AàH$moeV em{Yà]§Y, JyOamV odÚm[rR>, Ah_Xm]mX, 2004, [¥. 2.

5

^mfm AoYJ_ H$s àoH«$`m _| _yV© oejU-gm_J«r à{aH$ ]b g_mZ h¡ &

oejU-gm_J«r g{ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| _| ]¶T>m{Var hm{Vr h¡ Ed§ E{gr oejU-gm_J«r H$s _XX

g{ grIr JB© [mR>çdñVw XrY©H$mb VH$ Aodñ_aUr` hm{ OmVr h¡ $Am¡a odf`dñVw ñWm`r

ê$[ b{Vm h¡ $&

oejU-gm_J«r gh AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$m _hÎd oZåZ àH$ma h¡ $&

1. oejU-gm_J«r ^mfm AoYJ_ H$s àoH«$`m _| Ü`mZ Ed§ Ao^à{aUm ]Zm`{ aIZ{ _|

ghm`H$ h¡ $&

2. ^mfm H$s Hw$N> E{gr BH$mB©`m± oOg{ [¶T>mZ{ _| oZagVm AmVr h¡ Cg{ gagVm g{ [¶T>m`m Om

gH$Vm h¡ $&

3. ^mfm H{$ Hw$N> A_yV© I`mbm| H$m{ C[H$aUm| H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ _yV© ê$[ _| àñVwV H$a gH$V{ h¡ -

O¡g{ ‘ [wî[ H$s Ao^bmfm’ H$mì` H$m oMÌmË_H$ àXe©Z $&

4. ^mfm H{$ AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z _| oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J g{ N>mÌm| H{$ kmZ _| R>m {g d¥oÕ

hm{Vr h¡ $&

5. `h ^mfm oejU AoYJ_ H$m{ Hw$eb, à^mdr Ed§ AmH$f©H$ ]ZmVr h¡ $&

6. ^mfm H{$ o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ H$m¡ebm| H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE `h gm_J«r AoV Amdí`H$ h¡ $&

7. oejU-gm_J«r ^mfm AoYJ_ H$m{ à{aUmXm`r ]Zm gH$Vr h¡ $&

8. oejU-gm_J«r ohÝXr oejH$ H{$ hþÝZa, j_Vm Am¡a Hw$ebVm H$m{ ]¶T>mZ{ _| gh`m{Jr ogÕ

hm{Jr $&

9. oejU-gm_J«r H{$ à`m{J g{ d¡ò·VH$ o^ÝZVm H{$ à^md H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ _| _XX o_b{Jr $&

10. AÜ``Z H$m`© _| AÜ`m[H$m{ § g{ empãXH$ H$WZ g{ _wo·V o_b{Jr Am¡a N>mÌ ñdAÜ``Z H$s

Am{a ]¶T>{J{ $&

11. oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J g{ oejm àoH«$`m _| o^ÝZVm Am¡a JhamB© bm gH|$J{ $&

12. ohÝXr odf` oejU H$s Am{a bm{J Á`mXm AmH$of©V hm|J{ $&

6

13. ohÝXr odf` oejH$ oejU- gm_J«r H$m _hÎd g_PH$a CgH{$$ C[`m{J H$m H$m¡eb àmßV

H$a|J{ $&

14. ohÝXr oejH$ oejU- gm_J«r H$s aMZm Ed§ M`Z H$aZ{ H$m H$m¡eb àmßV H$a|J{ $&5

1.4. g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU •g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU •g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU •g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU •g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU •

“ 8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Zdt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Z”

à`w·V od.(g§.) Om{Vm hþAm, goå_obV, oOgH$m à`m{J oH$`m J`m hm{, bJm`m

hþAm; oH$gr H$m_ _| bJm`m hþAm; Om{ ¶S>m hþAm; EH$ _| o_bm`m hþAm;

oOgH$m oH$gr [a à`m{J oH$`m J`m hm{; JoV_mZ oH$`m hþAm $&

gm_J«r ór.(g§) Amdí`H$ dñVwAm| H$m g_yh, gm_mZ, _mb, à`m{OZ g§]§Yr

dñVwE±, C[H$aU; gmYZ $&

(`hm± odf`dñVw H{$ ^md H$m{ ñ[ï> H$aZ{ dmbr oejU gm_J«r O¡g{ MmQ>©g,

oMÌ, o\$ë_, oIbm¡Z{, _yoV©`m±, ]V©Z, J{hZ{ AmoX)

Aga [§w.(A.) Im{µ µO; [XoMh²Z; N>m[; à^md; JwU; X]md; \$b $&

àmXw^m©d oH$gr dñVw `m ]mV [a oH$gr nH«$`m H$m hm{Z{ dmbm

[naUm_ `m \$b $&

_yë`m§H$Z [w§.(g§.) _yë` oZYm©naV `m oZoüV H$aZ{ H$s oH«$`m $&6

gd©àW_ oejm _| e¡ojH$-CX²X{í` oZnüV oH$E OmV{ h¢, o\$a BZ CX²X{í`m|

H$s àmoßV H{$ obE AoYJ_ AZw^d oXE OmV{ h¢ Am¡a BgH{$ C[am§V AbJ-AbJ

5 gam{OrZr e_m©, oejmemó.oejmemó.oejmemó.oejmemó.oejmemó. Ý y oXëbr • H$m{ñ_m{g ]wH$ ìhr (àm.) ob 2002, [¥ð> 118-19

6 H$mobH$m àgmX Ed§ AÝ`., ]¥hV ohÝXr H$m{e.]¥hV ohÝXr H$m{e.]¥hV ohÝXr H$m{e.]¥hV ohÝXr H$m{e.]¥hV ohÝXr H$m{e. (V¥Vr` g§ñH$aU). dmamUgr • kmZ _US>b

obo_Q>{S>, 2005 [¥. 107.

7

VH$ZrH$m| Ed§ C[H$aUm| H$s ghm`Vm g{ `h [Vm bJmZ{ H$s H$m{oee H$s OmVr h¡ oH$

oejU H$m`© Ûmam [yd© oZYm©naV CX²X {í`m | H$s àmoßV hþB © h ¡ `m Zht $?

oejU-CX²X{í`m| H$s àmoßV H{$ ñVa H$s Om±M H$aZ{ H$s àoH«$`m H$m{ _yë`m§H$Z H$hm

OmVm h¡ $$&

_yë`m§H$Z H$m empãXH$ VmË[`© h¡ - _yë` Am§H$Zm $& ohÝXr oejU _|

_yë`m§H$Z g{ Ame` h¡ Bg ]mV H$s Om±M H$aZm oH$ oejU H{$ [naUm_ ñdê$[

N>mÌm| H{$ ì`dhma _| ·`m [nadV©Z hþAm h¡ $& oejU Ûmam $N>mÌm| H$m{ CZH$s bpãY

oH$g ñVa VH$ hþB© h¡, AÜ`m[H$ A[Z{ oejU H$m`© _| H$hm± VH$ g\$b hþAm h¡,

]ƒm| H$s `m{½`VmE±, éoM`m|, éPmZm| Am¡a ì`dhma _| oH$VZm ]Xbmd hþAm h¡, Bg

]mV H$m AZw_mZ _yë`m§H$Z Ûmam hr g§^d hm{Vm h¡ $& A[Zr oejU-oH«$`m Ûmam h_

N>mÌm| H{$ ì`dhma _| Om{ A[{ojV [nadV©Z bmZm MmhV{ h¢ ? d{ [nadV©Z bmE Om

gH|$J{ `m Zht, oOZ `m{½`VmAm| H$m{ odH$ogV H$aZm MmhV{ W{ d{ `m{½`VmE± odH$ogV

hm{ gH$s h¢ `m Zht Am¡a òX odH$ogV hwB© h¢ Vm{ oH$g gr_m VH$ ? e¡njH$

[napñWoV`m± oH$g gr_m VH$ BZ bú`m| H$m{ àmßV H$aZ{ _| g\$b hþB© h¢ $? oejU

H$m EH$ odñV¥V CX²X{í` h¡ - ]ƒm| H{$ ìò·VËd H$m g§dm©JrU odH$mg dh oH$VZr

g\$bVm Am¡a AZw[mV _| [yam hm{ gH$m h¡ $& BZ g] H$s Om±M H$aZ{ H$s àoH«$`m H$m{

hr _yë`m§H$Z H$hm OmVm h¡ $& Bg àH$ma _yë`m§H$Z Ûmam odf`-dñVw H{$ kmZ H$s

Om±M Vm{ hm{Vr h¡ $& gmW-gmW ]mbH$ H$s éoM`m|, Ao^d¥oÎm`m±, `m{½`VmAm|,

Ñoï>H$m{U AmoX H{$ [nadV©Z VWm odH$mg H$s Om±M ^r H$s OmVr h¡ $& BgobE

_yë`m§H$Z H$m j{Ì [arjm g{ AoYH$ ì`m[H$ hm{Vm h¡, ·`m|oH$ [arjm H$m g§]§Y

H{$db odf`-dñVw H{$ kmZ H$s Om±M g{ hm{Vm h¡ $&7

7 bú_r ^mJ©d, ohÝXr oejU.ohÝXr oejU.ohÝXr oejU.ohÝXr oejU.ohÝXr oejU. ZB© oXëbr • d§XZm [pãbH{$eÝg, 2007, [¥. 110-11.

8

1.5 em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` •em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` •em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` •em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` •em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` •

àñVwV em{Y H{$ CX²X{í` oZåZm§oH$V h¡ •

1. H$jm 8dt H$s ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V H$s Om gH{$ E{gr oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z

Ed§ oZ_m©U H$aZm $&

2. é¶T> odoY Ed§ MòZV oejU-gm_J«r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ oH$`{ J`{ AÜ``Z g{ N>mÌm| H$s

àmßV e¡ojH$ boãY H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z H$aZm $&

3. à`m{J [ümV² N>mÌm| H$s e¡ojH$ bpãY kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U

H$aZm $&

4. H$jm 8dt H{$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ nbE M`Z H$r JB© oejU-gm_J«r H$s odÚmb` H{$

j{ÌmZwgma N>mÌm| H$s e¡ojH$ bpãY [a Aga kmV H$aZm $&

5. H$jm 8dt H{$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ nbE M`Z H$s JB© oejU-gm_J«r H$s odÚmb` H{$

N>mÌm| H$s OmoV H{$ g§X^© _| e¡ojH$ bpãY [a Aga kmV H$aZm &

6. à`m{J H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm kmV H$aZm $&

1.6 em{Y H{$ Ma •em{Y H{$ Ma •em{Y H{$ Ma •em{Y H{$ Ma •em{Y H{$ Ma •

àñVwV em{Y _| g_modï> Ma oZåZm§oH$V h¡ •

1. ñdV§Ì Ma • AÜ`m[Z [ÕoV, oejU gm_J«r gh AÜ`m[Z Ed§

ê$¶T> odoY g{ AÜ`m[Z $&

2. AmolV Ma • ohÝXr odf` H$s CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$ $&

3. oZ`§oÌV Ma • 8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ H$m odf`dñVw $&

4. [nao_V Ma • j{Ì (J«må` Ed§ ehar odÚmb`) Ed§ OmoV$&8

8 oXZ{eM§Ð CMmQ>, oejU AZ{ gm_moOH$ odkmZm{_m§ g§em{YZZw§ [ÕoVemó.oejU AZ{ gm_moOH$ odkmZm{_m§ g§em{YZZw§ [ÕoVemó.oejU AZ{ gm_moOH$ odkmZm{_m§ g§em{YZZw§ [ÕoVemó.oejU AZ{ gm_moOH$ odkmZm{_m§ g§em{YZZw§ [ÕoVemó.oejU AZ{ gm_moOH$ odkmZm{_m§ g§em{YZZw§ [ÕoVemó. A_XmdmX •

gmohË` _wÐUmb` àm.ob. 2009, [¥. 81-83.

9

1. ñdV§Ì Ma (Independent Variable)

ñdV§Ì Ma oH$gr dmVmdaU _| oH«$`merb hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a ì`dhma H$m{ à^modV H$aVm

h¡; ñdV§Ì Ma H$m _m[Z oH$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a à`m{J Ûmam CgH{$ à^md H$m AÜ``Z

oH$`m OmVm h¡ VWm AmolV Ma g{ ghg§]§Y ñWmo[V oH$`m OmVm h¡ $&

2. AmolM Ma (Dependent Variable)

oH$gr ñdV§Ì Ma H$m à^md oOg Ma H{$ AmYma [a kmV oH$`m OmVm h¡ Cg{

AmolV Ma H$hV{ h¡ oOgH$m _yë` ñdV§Ì Ma H{$ _yë` [a AmYmnaV hm{Vm h¡ $&

3. oZ`§oÌV Ma (Control Variable)

à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$m`m} _| à`m{JmË_H$ Ma H$m oZ`§oÌV Ma H{$ ê$[ _| AÜ``Z

oH$`m OmVm h¡ $& BgH$s à^mderbVm gm[{ojV hm{Vr h¡, AV• à^mderbVm H{$

obE oOg g§X^© H$m{ àñVwV oH$`m OmVm h¡, Cg{ oZ`§oÌV Ma H$hV{ h¡ &

4. [nao_V Ma (Moderator Variable)

[nao_V Ma H$m oZoajU em{YH$Vm© Bg obE H$aVm h¡ oH$ oOgg{ em{Y H$m [nagr_Z

hm{ OmVm h¡ Am¡a gm_mÝ`rH$aU H$m j{Ì ì`m[H$ hm{ OmVm h¡, O¡g{- gm_moOH$-

AmoW©H$ ñVa, j{Ì (J«mo_U-ehar), Hw$_ma Am¡a H$Ý`mAm| H$m{ gpå_obV H$aZ{ g{

em{Y H$s [napñWoV [nagro_V hm{Vr h¡ $&

5. _Ü`ñW Ma (Intervening Variable)

_Ü`ñW Ma H$m ñdê$[ A_yV© hm{Vm h¡, Bg obE Bg{ gyP g{ hr [hMmZm Om gH$Vm

h¡ $& e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ _| _Ü`ñW Ma AoYH$ _hÎd[yU© hm{V{ h¡, ·`m| oH$ Ý`mXe©

H$s BH$mB© _mZd hm{Vm h¡ $& CZH$s Ao^d¥oÎm AoYJ_ H$s àoH«$`m H$m T> §J o^ÝZ

hm{Vm h¡ $& `h AmolVMa VWm _mZXÊS> Ma H{$ à^md [a _Ü`ñWVm H$aV{ h¡ $&

10

N>mÌm| H{$ AoYJ_ _| CZH$m [yd©kmZ _hÎd[yU© à^md S>mbVm h¡, oH$ÝVw BgH$m

àË`jrH$aU g§^d Zht h¡ $& oOg VÏ` H$m oZarjU H$aV{ h¡, CgH{$ à^md _|

_Ü`ñW Ma ]mYm CË[ÝZ H$aVm h¡ $& Bg àH$ma Ao^d¥oÎm, Ao^éoM, [yd©kmZ,

AoYJ_, àoH«$`m ñd^md AmoX _Ü`ñW Ma H$m H$m`© H$aV{ h¡ $&9

1.7 em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE± •em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE± •em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE± •em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE± •em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE± •

àñVwV em{Y H$s [naH$ë[ZmE± oZåZm§oH$V h¡ $&

1. ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$

àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&

2. ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H$s CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$

àmßVm§H$m{§ H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&

3. J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$


4. J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$


5. ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&

6. ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma


9 Raghu Raj Sing, Advanced Research Method in Education, Shree

publishers and Distributor, New Delhi-02, 2006. P. 125-27.

11

7. J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma


8. J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mE± Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma


1.8. em{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z •em{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z •em{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z •em{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z •em{Y OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z •

em{Y AÜ``Z H$aZ{ g{ [yd© em{Y H$Vm© H{$ gå_wI `h g_ñ`m hm{Vr h¡ oH$ Ý`mXe©

_| oH$VZ{ gXñ` ah{ oOgg{ d{ OZg§»`m H$m ewÕ ê$[ _| àoVoZoYËd H$a gH{ Am¡a àmßV

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2009-2010 H{$ N>mÌm| H$m{ ì`m[odíd H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¢ $& Bg àH$ma OZg§»`m [a

Ý`mXe© H{$ AmYma [a [naUm_ àmßV oH$E Om gH$V{ h¡ $& Ý`mXe© OZg§»`m [a àoVoZoYÎd

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eha H{$ Xm{ Am¡a Ah_Xm]mX J«må` j{Ì H{$ Xm{ JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s 8dt H$jm

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àñVwV AZwg§YmZ _| MòZV Mma odÚmb`m| _| g{ Xm{ (EH$ ehar Am¡a EH$ J«må`)

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J«y[ _| og¸$m CN>mbH$a ]m±Q>m J`m $&

12

1.9 em{Y H$m gr_m§H$Z •em{Y H$m gr_m§H$Z •em{Y H$m gr_m§H$Z •em{Y H$m gr_m§H$Z •em{Y H$m gr_m§H$Z •

oH$gr ^r AÜ``Z _| gr_m§H$Z Amdí`H$ h¡ $& AV• àñVwV em{Y H$s gr_mE±

oZåZm§oH$V h¡•

1. àñVwV em{Y H$jm 8dr§ H$s Jw.am.em.[m.[w. _§S>b H$s g§H$obV ohÝXr H$s

[mR>ç[wñVH$ _| g{ M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB©`m± VH$ gro_V h¢$&

2. àñVwV em{Y Ah_Xm]mX H{$ J«må` Am¡a ehar odÚmb`m| VH$ hr gro_V h¢ $&

3. àñVwV em{Y H$m Ý`mXe© 8dt H$jm H{$ JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H{$ gZ² 2009-2010 _|

AÜ``ZaV N>mÌm| VH$ gro_V h¢ &

1.10. em{Y odoY •em{Y odoY •em{Y odoY •em{Y odoY •em{Y odoY •

àñVwV em{Y H$m`© H$m àH$ma à`m{JmË_H$ h¡ $&

àñVwV em{Y à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $& Om{ [yU© àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm

h¡ $& àñVwV em{Y AmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZmAmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZmAmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZmAmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZmAmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZm odoY g{

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1.11 em{Y H$s C[`m{oJVm •em{Y H$s C[`m{oJVm •em{Y H$s C[`m{oJVm •em{Y H$s C[`m{oJVm •em{Y H$s C[`m{oJVm •

1. ohÝXr^mfm oejm H{$ j{Ì _| `h Z`m à`mg h¡ $&

13

2. N>mÌm| H{$ obE MòZV Am¡a V¡`ma H$s JB© oejU$ gm_J«r oejH$m| H{$ obE

C[H$maH$ hm{Jr $&

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4. AmÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r oZ_m©U H$aZ{dmbm| H{$ obE oejU$ gm_J«r C[H$maH$ hm{

gH$Vr h¡ $&

5. ôdî` H{$ em{K H$Vm©Am| H{$ obE oejU gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aZ{ _| gabVm ah{Jr $&

1.12 AoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ •AoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ •AoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ •AoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ •AoJ«_ AÜ`m`m| H$m oZ`m{OZ •

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em{YH$m`© H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ [na`m{OZm h¡ Am¡a od^mJ 2 BH$mB© Ed§

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_mÜ`_ g{ AZwg§YmZ H{$ CX²X{í` H{$ AZwgma [naH$ë[ZmAm| H$m{ Om±Mm J`m

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AÜ`m` 5 AZwg§YmZ H{$ CX²X{í`, gmam§e, oZîH$f©, gwPmd Am¡a e¡ojH$ \$obVmWm~ Ed§

^mod em{Y H$s oXemAm| H$m g§H{$V oH$`m J`m h¡ $&



2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9


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H$m AÜ``ZH$m AÜ``ZH$m AÜ``ZH$m AÜ``ZH$m AÜ``Z

AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjmAÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjmAÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjmAÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjmAÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm

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g_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Zg_ m[Z

15




kmZ àmoßV H{$ VrZ [j h¡ • (1) kmZ H$m{ EH$Ì H$aZm (2) kmZ H$m{ Xygam| VH$

[hþ±MmZm (3) kmZ _| d¥oÕ H$aZm $& kmZ H$m `h VÏ` em{Y _| ode{f _hÎd[yU© h¡ ·`m| oH$

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H$m{ àË`{H$ [r¶T>r H{$ gmW Z`{-Z`{ ê$[ _| J«hU H$aZm MmohE $& kmZ H${ odñV¥V ^§ÊS>ma _|

CgH$m oZa§Va `m{JXmZ àË`{H$ j{Ì _| _mZd Ûmam oH$`{ J`{ à`mgm| H$s g\$bVm H$m{

g§ôdV ]ZmZm h¡ $& em{YH$m`© `h oZoüV H$a gH$Vm h¡ oH$ CgH{$ Ûmam àmñVmodH$ em{Y g{

gå]pÝYZ odf` [a odMmaUr` H$m`© [hb{ g{ hr hm{ MwH$m h¡ `m Zht ?

oH$gr ^r odf` H{$ odH$mg _| oH$gr ode{f em{Y [mê$[ H$m ñWmZ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE

em{YH$Vm© H$m{ [yd© ogÕm§Vm| Ed§ em{Ym| g{ AÀN>r Vah AdJV hm{Zm MmohE $& OmZH$mar H$m{

oZoüV H$aZ{ H{$ obE ì`mdhmnaH$ kmZ _| àË`{H$ em{Y [mê$[ H$s àma§oå^H$ AdñWm _|

g¡Õm§oVH$ Ed§ em{Y gmohË` H$m [wZ©oZarjU H$aZm hm{Vm h¡ $&1

d¡kmoZH$ Im{ µOm{ § H{$ H$maU h_ma{ OrdZ [a _erZm| H$m à^md [¶>S>m h¢ $& odo^ÝZ

oejU [ÕoV`m| [a AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$ Am¡a C[H$aUm| H$m à^md ñ[ï ê$[ g{ X{Im Om

gH$Vm h¢ $& dV©_mZ _| oejm Z{ EH$ ]hþ Am`m_r àoH«$`m H$m ê$[ J«hU oH$`m h¡ $& Bg

]XbV{ [nad{e _| oejmodXm| Z{ g_` Ed§ g_mO H$s Amdí`H$VmAm| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a

oejm Ed§ oejU H$m{ ZE à`m{Jm| Am¡a ZdrZV_² VH$ZrH$m| g{ Om{ ¶S>Z{ H$m à`mg oH$`m h¡ $&

ñb{Q>, Mm°H$ Am¡a Q>m{H$ H{$ Xmà{ g{ ]mha oZH$bH$a oejm A] a{oS>`m{, Q> {[naH$mS>©a, TV,

DVD ßb{à, ñbmB©S> àm{O{·Q>a Am¡a H$åß`yQ>a H$s AmYwoZH$ [Q>ar [a Mb ahr h¡ $&

oejU H$s AmKwoZH$ [ÕoV`m|, VH$ZrH$m| Am¡a ghm`H$ C[H$aUm| H{$ odH$mg [a

1 eoeH$bm garZ Ed§ garZ A§OZm., e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`m±e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`m±e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`m±e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`m±e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`m± (5dm± g§.). AmJam•

odZm{X [wñVH$ _§oXa 2005, [¥.56.

16

A] [`m©ßV ]b oX`m Om ahm h¡ & amï>r` e¡ojH$ AZwg§KmZ [nafX Z{ oejU VH$ZrH$s

Zm_H$ EH$ [na`m{OZm Mbm aIr h¡, VmoH$ oejm H{$ j{Ì _| ZB© VH$ZrH$m| H$s Im{µO H$s Om

gH{$ Am¡a o\$a CÝh| bmJy oH$`m Om gH{$ $$&2

2.2 oejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [yd©^yo_H$m •oejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [yd©^yo_H$m •oejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [yd©^yo_H$m •oejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [yd©^yo_H$m •oejU-gm_J«r gå]pÝYV [yd©^yo_H$m •

2.2.1 oejU gm_J«r H$s g§H$ë[Zm • oejU gm_J«r H$s g§H$ë[Zm • oejU gm_J«r H$s g§H$ë[Zm • oejU gm_J«r H$s g§H$ë[Zm • oejU gm_J«r H$s g§H$ë[Zm •

O{åg ·`y.Zm{ëQ>Z Z{ X¥í`-lì` gm_J«r H$m{ A[Zr gå^mì` odkmZ emIm H$s

^yo_H$m _| B©g Vah [na^mofV oH$`m h¡ •

“ oejm H{ ñWyb j{Ì H{$ Cg ^mJ H$m Ao^YmZ$ (Designated) H$aZ{ dmbm

oOgH$m gå]ÝY goMÌ (Am¡a Xyga{ _yoV©H$ - iconic `m gX¥oeH$ anologic) $g§X{em| g{

h¢, ·`m| oH$ `{ AoYJ_ àoH«$`m [a Aga S>mbV{ h¡ $&”

O¡g{ _yoV© EH$ àoV_m h¡ $& gX¥í`Vm dh MrO h¡ Om{ oH$gr Xygar MrO O¡gr hm{Vr

h¡, `h A§gV• VËg_mZ hm{Vr h¡ $& Zm{ëQ>Z H$m H$hZm h¡ oH$ gm_J«r g{ N>mÌ Xm{ o^ÝZ àH$ma

H{$ g§X{em| H$m AÜ``Z H$a{Jm •

(1) _m¡oIH$ g§X{e Om{ CZ MrOm| H{$ g_mZ Zht hm{V{ oOZH{$ obE d{ AmV{ h¡ $&

(2) goMÌ (_yoV©H$) g§X{e Om{ h_| grY{-grY{ CZ MrOm| H$s `mX oXbm X{V{ h¢ oOZH{$

obE d{ AmV{ h¡ $& dh `h ^r ]VmV{ h¡ oH$ Hw$N> g§X{e CZ àË``m| H{$ A§eV• hr g_mZ hm{

gH$V{ h¢ oOZH{$ obE d{ AmV{ h¡, `{ _m°S{ >b hm{ gH$V{ h¢, g§JoV Am¡a ÜdÝ`mZwê$[ eãX

O¡g{ â-â, gZ-gZ, er-er AmoX $&

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C[`w·VVm H$s MMm© H$aV{ hþE ]VmV{ h¡ - MboMÌ, XyaXe©Z Am¡a Hw$N> AÝ` _mÜ`_ oMÌm|

H{$ [nafU (Transmission) m dñVwAm|, ìò·V`m|, KQ>ZmAm| Am¡a X¥í`m| H{$ Xyga{

2 _YwgwXZ oÌ[mR>r, AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU.AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU.AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU.AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU.AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU. ZB© oXëbr • Am{_{Jm

[pãbH{$eÝg 2006, [¥.1.

17

g§d{Xr [wZamd¥oÎm (Replication) H{$ obE ImgH$a Á`mXm C[`w·V h¢, ·`m|oH$ d{ CX²^d

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gå]pÝYV ÜdoZ ldU H$a gH$V{ h¡, _yV© I`mbm| H$m AZw^d H$a gH$V{ h¡, AoYH$

ñ[ï>Vm H{$ obE g_mZ odMma Am¡a g_mZ _woÐV gmohË` H$m C[`m{J H$a gH$V{ h¡ $& E{gr

3 O{åg ·`y. Zm{ëQ>Z, E H$Ýg{ßÀ`wAb ñH$s_ \$ma Xr Am{oS>`m{odOwAb \$sëS>E H$Ýg{ßÀ`wAb ñH$s_ \$ma Xr Am{oS>`m{odOwAb \$sëS>E H$Ýg{ßÀ`wAb ñH$s_ \$ma Xr Am{oS>`m{odOwAb \$sëS>E H$Ýg{ßÀ`wAb ñH$s_ \$ma Xr Am{oS>`m{odOwAb \$sëS>E H$Ýg{ßÀ`wAb ñH$s_ \$ma Xr Am{oS>`m{odOwAb \$sëS>

]wb{oQ>Z Am\$ Xr ñHy$b Am\$ EÁ yH{$eZ,]wb{oQ>Z Am\$ Xr ñHy$b Am\$ EÁ yH{$eZ,]wb{oQ>Z Am\$ Xr ñHy$b Am\$ EÁ yH{$eZ,]wb{oQ>Z Am\$ Xr ñHy$b Am\$ EÁ yH{$eZ,]wb{oQ>Z Am\$ Xr ñHy$b Am\$ EÁ yH{$eZ, BpÊS> mZm yoZdog©Q>r. 1987, [¥.5.

18

àoH«$`m oOZ_| Am±I, H$mZ, _Z, öX` AmoX goH«$` hm{H$a ^mJ b{Vm h¢, dh oejU

gm_J«r H$hbmVr h¡ $&”

oejU-gm_J«r H$m{ àMobV ê$[ _| X¥í`-lmì` gm_J«r (Audio-Visual Aids)

^r H$hV{ h¡ ; `h oejU H$m{ J§^ra am{MH$ VWm à^mdembr ]ZmVm h¡ $& àm`• ]mbH$ _|

oH$gr kmZ H$m{ àmßV H$aZ{ H{$ Mma gmYZ hm{V h¡ •

(1) àË`j kmZ{pÝÐ` gå]ÝK $&

(2) oMÌ `m E{gr AÝ` dñVwE± $&

(3) _m¡oIH$ `m N>[{ hþE eãX $&

(4) oOgH{$ Ûmam ldU{pÝÐ`m| g{ kmZ àmßV hm{ $&

C[`w ©·V Mmam| gmYZm| _| g{ Mm¡W{ gmYZ H$m V]VH$ _hÎd Zht h¡ O]VH$ oH$

CZH$m gå]ÝY àË`j kmZ{pÝÐ`m| g{ ñWmo[V Zht oH$`m OmVm h¡ $&

oejU gm_J«r H{$db oejU _| ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡, EH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r Mmh{

oH$VZr ^r CÎm_ ·`m| Z hm{ dh oejH$ H$m ñWmZ J«hU Zht H$a gH$Vr h¡ $&

g§j{[ _| [mR>m| H$m{ am{MH$ Ed§ gw]m{Y[yU© ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE oejU ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$s

Amdí`H$Vm AZw^d H$s OmVr h¡ Bgg{ g¡Õm§oVH$ _m¡oIH$ Ed§ Zrag [mR>m| H$m{ ghm`H$

C[H$aUm| H{$ à`m{J g{ AoYH$ ñdm^modH$, _Zm{a§OH$ Ed§ C[`m{Jr ]Zm`r Om gH$Vr h¡ $&

dmñVd _| oejU gm_J«r H$m CX²X{í`-ldU Ed§ X¥oï> gå]pÝYV kmZ{pÝÐ`m| H$m{ AoYH$moYH$

goH«$` ]ZmH$a kmZ J«hU H$aZ{ H$m [W àeñV H$aZm h¡ $&

d¡g{ Vm{ AÜ`m[H$ ñd`§ EH$ CÎm_ X¥í`-lì` gm_J«r H$s Vah H$m`© H$aVm h¡ ·`m|

oH$ dh ^r odf` H$m{ gab Ed§ gw]m{Y ]ZmVm h¡, dh ^br^m±oV odf`-dñVw H$m{ g_PmZ{

H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡, o\$a ^r oejH$ ñd`§ _| [yU© Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ $& BgobE

nejU$ gm_J«r H$m à`m{J CgH{$ obE dm§N>Zr` hr Zht AoZdm`© ^r hm{ OmVm h¡, AV• `h

nejU gm_J«r E{g{ gmYZ h¢, oOÝh| h_ Am±Im| g{ X{I gH$V{ h¢, H$mZm| g{ gwZ gH$V{ h¢,

AoYH$ ñ[ï>Vm Ed§ `WmW©Vm H{$ obE _woÐV gm_J«r [¶T> gH$V{ h¢ $& AV• nejU$ gm_J«r

19

E{gr dñVw h¡, oOZ_| Am±I, H$mZ, ZmH$, _Z Am¡a öX` AoYH$ goH«$` hm{H$a ^mJ b{V{ h¡

Bg{ oejU gm_J«r H$hm OmVm h¡ $&

EbodZ ñQ>m|J H{$ AZwgma •EbodZ ñQ>m|J H{$ AZwgma •EbodZ ñQ>m|J H{$ AZwgma •EbodZ ñQ>m|J H{$ AZwgma •EbodZ ñQ>m|J H{$ AZwgma •

“ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ AÝVJ©V CZ g^r gm_J«r H$m{ gpå_obV oH$`m OmVm h¡, oOZ

H$s ghm`Vm g{ [mR>m | _| éoM ]Zr ahVr h¡ VWm d{ CÝh| g\$bVm [yd©H$ g_PV{ hþE

AoYJ_ H{$ CX²X{í`m| H$m{ àmßV H$a b{V{ h¡”

S>¡ÊQ> H{$ AZwgma •S> ¡ÊQ> H{$ AZwgma •S> ¡ÊQ> H{$ AZwgma •S> ¡ÊQ> H{$ AZwgma •S> ¡ÊQ> H{$ AZwgma •

“ oejU-gm_J«r E{gr X¥í`-lì` Am¡a _woÐV gm_J«r h¡ Om{ H$jm _| `m AÝ`

oejU [napñWoV`m| _| oboIV `m ]m{brOmZ{ dmbr [mR>ç gm_J«r H$m{ g_PZ{ _| ghm`Vm

H$aVr h¡ $&”

H$mQ> ©a E. JwS> H{$ AZwgma •H$mQ> ©a E. JwS> H{$ AZwgma •H$mQ> ©a E. JwS> H{$ AZwgma •H$mQ> ©a E. JwS> H{$ AZwgma •H$mQ> ©a E. JwS> H{$ AZwgma •

“ H$m{B© ^r gm_J«r oOgH{$ _mÜ`_ g{ oejU àoH«$`m H$m{ CoXßV AWdm ldU{pÝÐ`

g§d{XZmAm| H{$ Ûmam AmJ{ ]¶T>m`m Om gH{$ dh oejU ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$hr OmVr h¡ $&”

C[`w©·V [na^mfmAm| H{$ AmYma [a H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ oH$ oejU gm_J«r

E{gr X¥í`-lì` gm_J«r, à`wo·V`m± AWdm oejU$ gm_J«r h¡, oOZH{$ à`m{J g{ odo^ÝZ

oejU [napñWoV`m| _| $N>mÌm| Am¡a g_yhm| H{$ _Ü` à^mdr T> §J g{ kmZ H$m g§Mma oH$`m

OmVm h¡ $&4

2.2.2 oejU-gm_J«r H$s ode{fVm • oejU-gm_J«r H$s ode{fVm • oejU-gm_J«r H$s ode{fVm • oejU-gm_J«r H$s ode{fVm • oejU-gm_J«r H$s ode{fVm •

oejU-gm_J«r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ h_ oejU àoH«$`m H$m{ Am{a ^r AoYH$ à^mdr ]Zm

gH$V{ h¡, oOgH$m I`mb h_ oejU gm_J«r H$s oZåZ ode{fVmAm| g{ OmZ gH$V{ h¢ &

oejU-gm_J«r g{ `h gwPmd o_bVm h¡ oH$ VrZ ñVam| [a AZw^d àmßV oH$`{ Om

gH$V{ h¢ $•

4 Am{_àH$me JJ©, oejm _| Ñí`-lì` VH$ZrH$.oejm _| Ñí`-lì` VH$ZrH$.oejm _| Ñí`-lì` VH$ZrH$.oejm _| Ñí`-lì` VH$ZrH$.oejm _| Ñí`-lì` VH$ZrH$. O`[wa • AmodîH$ma [pãbeg©

2007, [¥. 118-19.

20

(1) ìò·V dñVw `m KQ>Zm g{ grY{-grY{ g^r kmZ{pÝÐ`m| H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ hþE g§å[H©$

_| AmVm h¡ $& Am[ Cg{ X{I, gwZ, [¶T> gH$V{ h¢, gy§K gH$V{ h¡, ñdmX b{ gH$V{ h¡, ñ[e©

H$a gH$V{ h¢, AW© oH«$`m g{ OwS>m ahVm h¡ $& Bg Vah g{ `h [na^mfmE± ]ZVr h¡ O¡g{ •

hWm¡S>m dh Om{ _maZ{ H{$ H$m_ AmVm h¡ $&

Hw$gr© Om{ ]¡R>Z{ H{$ H$m_ AmVr h¡ $&

(2) h_ KQ>Zm H{$ g§å[H©$ _| àË`j ê$[ g{ H$_ AmV{ h¡ oH$ÝVw [am{j ê$[ g{ oMÌ,

_m{S> {b `m \$m{Q>m{J«m\$ H{$ Ona`{ AmV{ h¢ $& O¡g{ oH$ C[a ]Vm`m Om MwH$m h¡, dh dñVw `m

KQ>Zm H{$ gmW Hw$N> g_mZVm aIVr h¡ $& `h ‘ g§ojßVrH¥$V’ dmñVod·Vm àË`` H$m{

[hþ±MmZ{ H{$ obE H$mµ\$s hm{Vr h¡ $&

CXmhaU H{$ ê$[ _| EH$ ìò·V A[Zr [wÌr H{$ Cg g_` H{$ ^mar odñ_` H$m{

N>m §`moH$V H$aZm MmhV{ W{ O] CgZ{ [hbr]ma oMo¶S> >`m Ka _| oOamµ\$ H$m{ X{Im $& O]

CgZ{ àË`moeV ê$[ g{ àoVoH«$`m Zht oXImB© Vm{ CÝhm|Z{ Cgg{ [yN>m oH$ ·`m dh OmZVr h¡

oH$ `h ·`m h¡ ? CgZ{ CÎma oX`m, ‘ Or hm±, `h oOamµ\$ h¡, _¢ Cg{ XyaXe©Z [a X{I MyH$s

hÿ ±$&’ oMÌJV àoVH¥$oV Cg{ Cgbr MrO H$s [hMmZ H$aZ{ _| g_W© ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE H$mµ\$s

ogÕ hm{Vr h¡ $&

(3) e¡ojH$ gm_J«r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ KQ>Zm `m dñVw H$m{ EH$ àVrH$ _| ]Xb oX`m OmVm h¡ $& EH$

_woÐV eãX `m gyÌ, oOgH$s dmñVodH$Vm g{ H$m{B© g_mZVm Zht hm{Vr, oOgH{$ obE dh

àoVH$ AmVm h¡ $& _woÐV eãX A[Z{ oZX}oeVr (Referent) H{$ oH$gr ^r JwU H$m àË`j

hr dhZ Zht H$aVm, hmbm±oH$ Hw$N> eãX O¡g{ ey-ey, Ym±`-Ym±`, ^Z-^Z, Ywa-Kwa AmoX$

Hw$N> AW© àH$Q> H$aV{ h¡ $&

hmd©S> © H{$ O{åg ]« wZa Z{ AZw^d H$m Hw$N> E{gm hr oVham odíb{fU àñVwV oH$`m

h¡ $& [hb{ ñVa H$m{ dh Ao^Z`r (Enactine) H$hV{ h¡ $& `hm± [a Hw$N> H$aZm µOéar hm{Vm

h¡ $& Am[ dñVwV• EH$ Jm±R> ]m±YV{ h¡ $& Xyga{ ñVa [a oOg{ _yoV©H$ Zm_ oX`m J`m h¡, Am[

oMÌm{ § `m Ama{Im| H$s Am{a X{IV{ h¢ Am¡a E{gr Jm±R> ]m±YZm grIV{ h¡, Om{ Am[Z{ [hb{

H$^r Zht ]m±Yr Wr$& Vrgam ñVa àVrH$s` h¡ O¡gr oH$ C[a [na^mfm Xr JB© h¡ $& Am[

21

‘ Jm±R>’ eãX H$m{ [¶T>V{ h¡ Am¡a A] BgH$m _mZogH$ oZX}oeVr EH$ E{gm o]å] `m oMÌ h¡

`m Jm±R> bJmV{ g_` H$m Am[H$m dmñVodH$ AZw^d h¡ $&5

2.2.3 oejU gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ • oejU gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ • oejU gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ • oejU gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ • oejU gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ •

em{YH$Vm© Z{ A[Z{ em{Y à]§Y H{$ AÝVJ©V Om{ nejU gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ Ed§

M`Z oH$`m h¡, dh Am[ [naoeï> A _| MmQ> ©g² H{$ ê$[ X{I gH$V{ h¢ $& MmQ> ©g² _| oXImB©

JB© oejU gm_J«r H$m{ H$jm AÜ`m[Z H$aZ{ g{ [hb{ AÜ`m[H$ H{$ Ûmam oZåZ ]mVm| H${

oZ`m{OZ g§å]oÝYV gmdYmoZ`m± aIr h¡§ $&

2.2.4 oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gå]ÝY _| gmdYmoZ`m± • oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gå]ÝY _| gmdYmoZ`m± • oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gå]ÝY _| gmdYmoZ`m± • oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gå]ÝY _| gmdYmoZ`m± • oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gå]ÝY _| gmdYmoZ`m± •

em{YH$Vm© Z{ oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J g{ [hb{ oZåZm§oH$V ]mVm| H$s gmdYmZr aIr

h¢ •

1. grIZ{ H${ CX²X{í`m| H{$ AZwé[ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

2. N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE V¡`ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

3. oejU gm_J«r H$m{ oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s V¡`mar H$s JB© $&

4. N>mÌm| H$m{ gh^mJr hm{Z{ H$m Adga àXmZ oH$`m J`m &

5. AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ oH$`m h¡ $&

6. [naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

oejU-gm_J«r H{$ oZ`m{OZ gå]pÝYV Amdí`H$ ]mV| oZåZm§oH$V h¡ •

oZ`m{OZ _| òX oZåZ ]mVm| H$m Ü`mZ Z aIm OmE± Vm{ oejU gm_J«r H$m à`m{J

ì`W© h¡ $& BgobE oejU àoH«$`m H$m{ g\$b ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE oejU gm_J«r H{$ oZ`m{OZ _|

oZåZm§oH$V ]mVm| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIZr MmohE $& BgH$m oZaW©H$ oZ`m{OZ oejU H$m{

hmZrH$maH$ ]Zm gH$Vm h¡ $&

5 E. H{$. e_m©, AÜ`m[Z _| lì`-X¥í` gmYZ.AÜ`m[Z _| lì`-X¥í` gmYZ.AÜ`m[Z _| lì`-X¥í` gmYZ.AÜ`m[Z _| lì`-X¥í` gmYZ.AÜ`m[Z _| lì`-X¥í` gmYZ. MÊS>rJT> • hna`mUm gmohË` AH$mX_r

1987, [¥. 11.

22

2.2.4.1 oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ grIZ{ H{$ CXX² {í`m| H{$ AZwê$[ h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ grIZ{ H{$ CXX² {í`m| H{$ AZwê$[ h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ grIZ{ H{$ CXX² {í`m| H{$ AZwê$[ h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ grIZ{ H{$ CXX² {í`m| H{$ AZwê$[ h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m oZ`m{OZ grIZ{ H{$ CXX² {í`m| H{$ AZwê$[ h¡ •

O¡gr ^r oejU-gm_J«r H$m à`m{J hm{ CgH{$ MwZmd g{ `h odMma H$a

ob`m OmE± oH$ dh grIZ{ H{$ CXX² {í`m| H$s àmoßV _| oH$VZ{ Am¡a oH$g àH$ma

ghm`H$ hm{Jr; CXmhaU H{$ obE òX MboMÌ H$m à`m{J H$aZm h¡ Vm{ o\$ë_ H$m

MwZmd BZ ]mVm| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a oH$`m OmE± oH$ ·`m oejU H{$ CXX² {í` Bg

MboMÌ g{ ogÕ hm{J{ ? ·`m o\$ë_ Ûmam Om{ AmXe© àñVwV H$aZm h¡ dh ñ[ï> T>§J

g{ àñVwV hm{Vm h¡ ?

2.2.4.2 N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE V¡`ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE V¡`ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE V¡`ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE V¡`ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $N>mÌm| H$m{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE V¡`ma oH$`m J`m h¡ $•••••

Bgg{ àW_ oH$ H$m{B© oejU-gm_J«r à`w·V hm{ N>mÌm| H$m{ CgH{$ obE V¡`ma

H$a b{Zm MmohE $& o\$ë_ oXImZ{ g{ [hb{ H$jm _| Cg ]mV H$m odd{MZ H$a b{Zm

MmohE oOg H{$ g§å]ÝK _| o\$ë_ hm{ $& o]Zm [yd© V¡`mar H{$ o\$ë_ oXImZ{ g{

odÚmoW©`m| H$m{ H$m{B© bm^ [hþ±MmZ{ H$s Amem ì`W© h¡ $&

2.2.4.3 oejU-gm_J«r H$m { oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s `m{OZm ]ZmB© JB© h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m { oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s `m{OZm ]ZmB© JB© h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m { oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s `m{OZm ]ZmB© JB© h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m { oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s `m{OZm ]ZmB© JB© h¡ •oejU-gm_J«r H$m { oH«$`mpÝdV H$aZ{ H$s `m{OZm ]ZmB© JB© h¡ •

AZ{H$ oejH$ oejU-gm_J«r H$m{ H$jm _| b{ OmV{ h¢, o]Zm Bg Am{a Ü`mZ

oX`{ oH$ dh g§MobV hm{Jr ^r oH$ Zht $? EH$ H$Q> {-H$Q> { o\$ë_ H$m{ oXImZ{ g{

H$m{B© bm^ Zht AWdm O] H$jm o\$ë_ X{IZ{ H$m{ V¡`ma h¡ Cg g_` `§Ì H$s

JS>]S>r ]hþV XyofV dmVmdaU CË[ÝZ H$a X{Vr h¡ $&

2.2.4.4 N>mÌm| H$s gh^mnJVm H$m Adga •N>mÌm| H$s gh^mnJVm H$m Adga •N>mÌm| H$s gh^mnJVm H$m Adga •N>mÌm| H$s gh^mnJVm H$m Adga •N>mÌm| H$s gh^mnJVm H$m Adga •

E{gr odoY`m| H$m{ ñWmo[V H$aZ{ H$s M{ï>m H$aZr MmohE oH$ N>mÌ goH«$`

àoVoH«$`m H$a{ Am¡a A[Zm `m{JXmZ X{ $& o\$ë_ H$m{ X{IZ{ H{$ g_` òX N>mÌ EH$

oZpîH«$` lm{Vm H$s ^m±oV Z hm{H$a EH$ goH«$` H$Vm© H{$ ê$[ _| ah{ Vm{ AoYH$ AÀN>m

oejU àXmZ hm{ gH$Vm h¡ $&

23

2.2.4.5 AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ •AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ •AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ •AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ •AZwgaU oH«$`mAm| H$m Am`m{OZ •

ode{f ê$[ g{ oejU gm_J«r oXImZ{ H{$ [ümV AZwgaU oH«$`mE± Amdí`H$

h¢ $& òX oMÌZ{ _yë`m§H$Z AZw^d àXmZ oH$`{ h¡ Vm{ oMÌ X{IZ{ H{$ [ümV odd{MZ

H$aZ{ H$m{ H$hm OmZm MmohE AWdm N>mÌm| H$m{ oH$gr gå]pÝYV g_ñ`m AWdm

odf` H{$ AÜ`m[H$ H$m{ H$hZm MmohE $& oejH$ CÝh| Cg oMÌ [a gå]pÝYV

odoeï> H$m`© ^r H$aZ{ H$m{ X{Jm $& oejH$ oMÌ H{$ odMmam| H$m{ ^r H$jm H$s Xygar

oH«$`mAm{ _| à`m{J H$admE±Jm $&

2.2.4.6 [naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z •[naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z •[naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z •[naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z •[naUm_m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z •

_yë`m§H$Z H$m CXX²{í` `h oZYm©naV H$aZm h¡ oH$ oH$VZr gr_m VH$ CXX²{í`

àmßV hm{ J`{ h¢ $& `hm± [naUm_m| H{$ _yë`m§H$Z g{ VmË[`© `h h¡ oH$ oejH$ `h [Vm

bJm`{ oH$ oOg gm_J«r H$m CgZ{ à`m{J oH$`m h¡, dh CZ CXX² {í`m| H$s àmoßV _|

oOZ H{$ obE CgZ{ gm_J«r à`w·V H$s h¢, oH$g gr_m VH$ gh`m{J X{Vr h¡ $& o]Zm

_yë`m§H$Z H{$ oejU gm_J«r H$m à`m{J ì`W© hr hm{Jm, ·`m| oH$ oejH$ H$m{ [Vm

Zht MbVm oH$ oejU gm_J«r H{$ à`m{J g{ odÚmWu H$m{ H$m{B© bm^ o_bm ^r h¡ `m

Zht.6

2.3 gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$m AW© •

gå]pÝYV gmohË` g{ VmË[`© AZwg§YmZ H$s g_ñ`m g{ gå]pÝYV CZ g^r àH$ma

H$s [wñVH$|, kmZ-H$m{em| g{ h¢ oOZH{$ AÜ``Z g{ AZwg§YmZ H$Vm© A[Zr g_ñ`m H{$ M`Z,

[naH$ë[ZmAm| H{$ oZ_m©U, AÜ``Z H$s ê$[-a{Im V¡`ma H$aZ{ Ed§ H$m`© H$m{ AmJ{ ]¶T>mZ{ _|

ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡ $&

2.3.1 gå]pÝKV gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`© •gå]pÝKV gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`© •gå]pÝKV gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`© •gå]pÝKV gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`© •gå]pÝKV gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`© •

1. g_rjm em{YH$m`© H{$ obE Amdí`H$ g¡Õm§oVH$ [¥ð>^yo_ àXmZ H$aVm h¡ $& àË`{H$

àË`` d YmaUm H$m{ ñ[ï> H$aVm h¡ $&

6 Eg.Eg. _mWwa. oejU H$bm Ed§ e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$soejU H$bm Ed§ e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$soejU H$bm Ed§ e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$soejU H$bm Ed§ e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$soejU H$bm Ed§ e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$s (15dm± g§.). AmJam •

AJ«dmb [pãbH{$eÝg, 2008, [¥. 111-13.

24

2. g_rjm H{$ Ûmam `h ñ[ï> hm{ OmVm h¡ oH$ AZwg§YmZ H$s pñWoV ·`m h¡ ? ·`m H$]

oH$gZ{ Am¡a H¡$g{ AZwg§YmZ oH$`m h¡ ? Bg kmZ H{$ àmßV H$aZ{ [a AÜ``Z H$s

`m{OZm ]ZmZm gwodYmOZH$ hm{ OmVm h¡ $&

3. gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$s g_rjm AZwg§YmZ H{$ obE A[ZmB© OmZ{ dmbr odoY à`m{J

_| bm`{ OmZ{ dmb{ C[H$aU VWm Am|H$S>m | H{$ odíb{fU H{$ obE à`m{J _|

AmZ{dmbr C[`w·V odoY`m| H$m{ ñ[ï> H$aVm h¡ $&

4. g_rjm Bg VÏ` H$m{ ñ[ï> H$aVr h¡ oH$ oH$`m Om ahm AZwg§YmZ H$m`© oH$g gr_m

VH$ g\$b hm{ gH{$Jm Am¡a àmßV oZîH$fm~ H$s C[`m{oJVm ·`m hm{Jr ?

5. g_rjm H$m _hÎd[yU© H$m`© h¡ g_ñ`m H$m [mna^mfrH$aU, AdYmaUm ]ZmZm,

g_ñ`m H$m$ gr_m§H$Z Am¡a [naH$ë[ZmAm| H{$ oZ_m©U _| ghm`Vm H$aZm $&

2.3.2 gå]pÝYV gmohË`-g_rjm H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË`-g_rjm H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË`-g_rjm H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË`-g_rjm H$m AW© •gå]pÝYV gmohË`-g_rjm H$m AW© •

‘ gmohË`-g_rjm’ Xm{ eãXm| h¢ - ‘ gmohË`’ Am¡a ‘ g_rjm’ g{ o_bH$a ]Zm h¡ $&

`hm± [a gmohË` eãX [a§[amJV AW© _| à`m{J Z hm{H$a ^mfm H{$ g§X^© _| à`m{J oH$`m

OmVm h¡, O¡g{ ohÝXr gmohË`, A§J«{Or gmohË`, VWm g§ñH¥$V gmohË` $& oH$gr odf`-dñVw

H{$ AÝVJ©V JÚ-[Ú, ZmQ>H$, C[Ý`mg, H$hmZr AmoX AmV{ h¢ $& AZwg§YmZ H{$ j{Ì _|

gmohË` oH$gr kmZ H$s Am{a g§H{$V H$aVm h¡ Am¡a oOgH{$ AÝVJ©V g¡ÝYmpÝVH$ ì`mdhmnaH$

Am¡a em{K AÜ``Z AmV{ h¢ $&

‘ g_rjm’ eãX g{ VmË[`© h¡ - em{Y H{$ odf` j{Ì H{$ kmZ H$r ì`dñWm H$aZm

VWm `h oXImZm oH$ CgH{$ Ûmam oH$`m J`m AÜ``Z Bg j{Ì _| EH$ `m{JXmZ hm{Jm $&

gmohË` H$s g_rjm H$m H$m`© AË`§V g¥OZmË_H$ h¡ ·`m| oH$ em{YH$Vm© H$m{ AÜ`m[Z H$m{

`wo·V[yd©H$ H$WZ àXmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE àmßV kmZ H$m{ odbjU T>§J g{ EH$Ì H$aZm

hm{Vm h¡ $&

25

2.3.3 gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ AÜ``Z H$m _hÎd •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ AÜ``Z H$m _hÎd •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ AÜ``Z H$m _hÎd •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ AÜ``Z H$m _hÎd •gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ AÜ``Z H$m _hÎd •

dmñVd _| gå]pÝYV gmohË` em{YH$m`© H{$ obE AË`moYH$ _hÎd[yU© h¡ ·`m| oH$

BgH{$ A^md _| em{YH$Vm© CoMV oXem _| EH$ H$X_ ^r AmJ{ Zht ]¶T>m gH$Vm h¡ $& O]

VH$ em{YH$Vm© H$m{ `h kmV Z hm{ oH$ Cg j{Ì _| oH$VZm H$m`© hm{ MwH$m h¡ ? oH$g odoY g{

H$m`© oH$`m h¡ ? VWm CgH{$ oZîH$f© ·`m oZH$b{ h¡ ? V] VH$ dh Z Vm{ g_ñ`m H$m

oZYm©aU H$a gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Z em{YH$m`© H$s ê$[a{Im V¡`ma H$a gH$Vm h¡ $& BgH{$ _hÎd

H$m{ ñ[ï> H$aV{ hþE - JwS>, ]ma Am¡a H{$Q²>g H$hV{ h¡ $•

‘‘ `m{½` oMoH$ËgH$ H{$ obE `h Amdí`H$ h¡ oH$ dh A[Z{ j{Ì _| hm{ ahr Am¡foY

gå]pÝK AmYwoZH$V_² Im{ µOm{ § g{ [naoMV hm{Vm ah{, Cgr àH$ma oejm H{$ oOkmgw N>mÌ

AZwg§YmZ H{$ j{Ì _| H$m`© H$aZ{ dmb{ VWm AZwg§YmZ H$Vm© H{$ obE Cg j{Ì g{ gå]pÝYV

gyMZmAm| Ed§ Im{µOm{§ g{ [oaoMV hm{ `h Amdí`H$ h¡ $&’’

2.3.4 gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ CXX² {í` • gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ CXX² {í` • gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ CXX² {í` • gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ CXX² {í` • gå]pÝYV gmohË` H{$ CXX² {í` •

1. `h AZwg§YmZ H{$ obE ogÕm§V, odMma, ì`dñWmE± VWm [naH$ë[ZmE± àXmZ H$aVm

h¡ Om{ Z`r g_ñ`m H{$ M`Z _| C[`m{Jr hm{ gH$Vm h¡ $&

2. `h AZwg§YmZ H{$ obE oH$`{ J`{ j{Ì _| oH$VZm Am¡a oH$g àH$ma hm{ MwH$m h¡ BgH$s

OmZH$mar X{Vm h¡ $&

3. `h [naH$ë[Zm H{$ obE gmYZ àXmZ H$aVm h¡ $& em{YH$Vm© àmßV AÜ``Zm| H{$

AmYma [a em{Y [naH$ë[ZmE± ]Zm gH$Vm h¡ $&

4. MòZV g_ñ`m H{$ obE oH$g odoY VWm àoH«$`m H$m à`m{J C[`w·V hm{Jm ? H$m¡Z

g{ C[H$aU à`m{J _| bmZm CoMV hm{Jm ? H$m¡Z-gr gm§p»`H$s H$m à`m{J H$aZm

hm{Jm ? Bg g]H$s OmZH$mar X{Vm h¡ $&

5. `h [naUm_m| H{$ odíb{fU H$aZ{ _| ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡ VWm C[`m{Jr oZîH$fm~ VWm

VwbZmË_H$ VÏ`m| H$m{ oZYm©naV H$aVm h¡ AWm©V gå]pÝYV AÜ``Zm| g{ oZH$mb{ J`{

oZîH$fm~ H$s VwbZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ $&

26

6. g_ñ`m H{$ [na^mfrH$aU, AdYmaUm`|, gr_m§H$Z VWm [naH$ë[Zm H{$ oZåZ

CXX²{í`m| _| ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡ $&7

Bruce W. Tackman-(1978)8 Z{ gå]pÝYV gmohË` g_rjm H{$ nZåZ

CX²X{í` ]Vm`{ h¡ •

1. _hÎd[yU© Mam| H$m{ Im{µOZm $&

2. Om{ oH$`m Om MwH$m h¡ Am¡a Om{ H$aZm h¡, CgH$m{ [¥W¸$ H$aZm $&

3. em{YH$m`© H$m ñdê$[ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE àmßV AÜ``Zm| H$m{ EH$oÌV H$aZm $&

4. g_ñ`m H$m AW©, BgH$s C[`w·VVm g_ñ`m g{ BgH$m gå]ÝK Am¡a àmßV AÜ``Zm|

g{ BgH{$ AÝVa H$m{ oZYm©naV H$aZm $&

2.4 gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z •

According to John W. West–

“Practically all human knowledge can be found in books

and libraries. Unlike other animals that must start a new with

each generation, man builds upon the accumulated and recorded

knowledge of the part. His constant adding to the vast store of

knowledge makes possible progress in all areas of human

endeavour”9

7 eoeH$bm garZ Ed§ garZ A§OZm., e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`me¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`me¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`me¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`me¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ odoY`m± (5dm±g§). AmJam •

odZm{X [wñVH$ _pÝXa 2005, [¥. 56-59

8 Bruce W. Tuckman. Conducting Educational Research. New

York : Harcourt Bruce Jovonovich Inc 1978, [¥. 479.

9 John W. Best. Research in Education, New Jersey :

Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall Inc 1978, p. 403.

27

AWm©V² –AWm©V² –AWm©V² –AWm©V² –AWm©V² –

“ ì`mdhmnaH$ X¥oï> g{ gmam _mZd kmZ [wñVH$m| Ed§ [wñVH$mb`m| _| àmßV oH$`m Om

gH$Vm h¡ $& AÝ` Ordm| H{$ AoVna·V Om{ àË`{H$ [r¶T>r _| Z`{ oga{ g{ àmaå^ H$aV{

h¢, _mZd g_mO A[Z{ àmMrZ AZw^dm| H$m{ g§J«hrV Ed§ gwaojV aIVm h¡, kmZ H{$

AWmh ^ÊS>ma _| _mZd H$m oZaÝVa `m{JXmZ g^r j{Ìm| _| CgH{$ odH$mg H$m AmYma

h¡ $&”

According to Carter V. Good–

“The key to the vast storehouse of published literature

may open doors to sources of significant problams and

explantory hypothesis and provide helpful orientation for

definition of the problem background for selection of

procedure and comparative data for interpretation of

results. In order to be creative and original, one must read

extensively and critically as a stimules to thinking”10

AWm©V² –AWm©V² –AWm©V² –AWm©V² –AWm©V² –

“ _woÐV gmohË` H{$ A[ma ^ÊSma H$s H§ w$Or AW©[yU© g_ñ`m Am¡a odíb{fUr`

[naH$ë[Zm H{$ óm{V H$m Ûmam Im{b X{Vr h¡ VWm g_ñ`m H{$ [mna^mfrH$aU,

AÜ``Z H$s odoY H{$ MwZmd VWm àmßV gm_J«r H{$ VwbZmË_H$ odíb{fU _|

ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡ $& dmñVd _| aMZmË_H$Vm, _m¡obH$Vm VWm oMÝVZ H{$ odH$mg

h{Vw odñV¥V Ed§ J§^ra AÜ``Z Amdí`H$ h¡ $&”

AZwg§YmZ H$Vm© H$m{ em{Y g{ [hb{ A[Z{ odf` g{ gå]pÝKV JhamB© g{ OmZH$mar

àmßV H$a b{Zr MmohE $& oOgg{ em{YH$m`© R>m{g hm{ gH{$ $& em{YH$Vm© Z{ A[Z{ AÜ``Z H$m{

10 Carter V. Good. Introduation to Educational Research.

New York : Appleton Century-crofth 1963. [¥. 542.

28

Ü`mZ _| aIV{ hþE oZåZ gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z oH$`m h¡ • (1) em{Y gå]pÝKV oH$Vm] Am¡a

gm_o`H$ (2) em{Y gd} (3) em{Y _hmà]§Y (4) em{K bKwoZ]§K (5) em{Y d{]gmB©Q>

(6) [nag§dmX Ahdmb $&

2.5 gå]pÝYV em{Y H{$ gå]pÝYV [yd© em{Y H$m`© H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y H{$ gå]pÝYV [yd© em{Y H$m`© H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y H{$ gå]pÝYV [yd© em{Y H$m`© H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y H{$ gå]pÝYV [yd© em{Y H$m`© H$m AÜ``Z •gå]pÝYV em{Y H{$ gå]pÝYV [yd© em{Y H$m`© H$m AÜ``Z •

àË`{H$ em{YH$Vm© H{$ obE Amdí`H$ h¡ oH$ dh Xygam| H{$ Ûmam oH$`{ J`{ A[Zr

g_ñ`m g{ gå]pÝYV gmohË` H$s gyMZmAm| g{ AÀN>r Vah AdJV hm{ $& em{YH$Vm©

gå]pÝYV gmohË` g{ A[Zr éoM H{$ AZwê$[ em{KH$m`© H$m j{Ì MwZVm h¡ $VWm Bg em{Y

H$m JwUmË_H$ Ed§ _mÌmË_H$ odíb{fU em{YH$Vm© H$m{ EH$ ZB© oXem àXmZ H$aVm h¢ $& em{Y

H$Vm© g§X^© gmohË` g{ em{Y H$s g_ñ`m H$m M`Z H$aVm h¡ VWm em{Y H{$ [wZ©oZarjU H{$

AmYma [a A[Zr [naH$ë[ZmE± ]ZVm h¡ VWm em{Y H{$ [naUm_m| Am¡a oZîH$fm~ [a dmX-

oddmX oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ $&

C[`w ©·V g§X^© gmohË` [a odMma H$aZ{ g{ `h ñ[ï> hm{Vm h¡ oH$ g§X^© gmohË`

em{Y à]ÝY _| H{$db EH$ AÜ`m` Om{ ¶S>Z{ H{$ obE Zht h¡ VWm J« §WgyMr V¡`ma H$aZ{ H{$

obE Zht h¡ ]bH{$ em{Y H{$ g^r ñVam| [a Bgg{ ghm`Vm àmßV hm{Vr h¡ $& O¡g{ g_ñ`m H$m

MwZmd, g_ñ`m H$m [na^mfrH$aU VWm odíb{fU Ed§ H$WZ, [naH$ë[ZmAm| H$m oZ_m©U,

AÜ``Z gr_m oZYm©aU, AÜ``Z H$s ê$[a{Im V¡`ma H$aZ{, Ý`mXe© H$m MwZmd, Am±H$S>m| H$m

g§J«h, Am±H$S>m | H$m gmaUr`Z, ì`dñWm[Z VWm odíb{fU, gm§p»`H$s, odÚmb` à`m{J,

VWm oZîH$f© oZH$mbZ{ AmoX g^r _| gh`m{J X{Vm h¢ $&11

em{YH$Vm© AoYH$ ñ[ï> hm{ gH{$ Bg obE gå]pÝYV em{KH$m`© H$m{ oZåZ àH$ma g{

[{e oH$`m h¡ •

1. JwOamV amÁ` H{$ odo^ÝZ odœodÚmb`m| _| hþE gå]pÝYV em{YH$m`© $&

2. ^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{KH$m`© $&

3. odX{e _| hþE em{Y H$m`© $&

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

11 am_[mbqgh Am¡a e_m© Am{.[r., e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm§p»`H$se¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm§p»`H$se¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm§p»`H$se¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm§p»`H$se¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm§p»`H$s (V¥.g§.) AmJam •

AJ«dmb [oãbH{$eÝg, 2008. [¥. 93.

29

2.5.1 JwOamV _| hþE em{YH$m`© •JwOamV _| hþE em{YH$m`© •JwOamV _| hþE em{YH$m`© •JwOamV _| hþE em{YH$m`© •JwOamV _| hþE em{YH$m`© •

(1) amdb amdb amdb amdb amdb (2003)12, “ A§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s

aMZm Am¡a à^md &” H{$ CX²X{í`

1. H$jm 7dt H$s A§J« {Or [mR>ç[wñVH$ _| g{ M`Z H$s JB© XjVmAm| g{ gå]pÝYV

BH$mB©`m| [a AmYmnaV AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aZm$&

2. XjVmbjr [yd© H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm H$aH{$ odœgoZ`Vm Am¡a à_mUrH$aU H$aZm $&

3. à`m{J g{ [yd© oZOr àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$r [yd© H$gm¡Q>r H{$

_mÜ`_ g{ boãY Zm[Zm Am¡a o^ÝZVm OmZZm $&

4. AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m _yë`m§H$Z H$aZm $&

àñVwV em{Y _| Ah_Xm]mX oOb{ H{$ Mma àmWo_H$ odÚmb` oOg_| Xm{ oZOr

odÚmb` Am¡a Xm{ oObm [§Mm`V g§MmobV odÚmb` H$m Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z

oH$`m h¡ $&

àñVwV em{Y àm`m{oJH$ em{K odoY g{ oH$`m h¡ $&

àñVwV em{Y H{$ obE Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ [yd© H$gm¡Q>r Am¡a CÎma H$gm¡Q>r 2#2#2

\{$·Q>m{na`b AY© àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm H{$ Ûmam oH$`m h¡ $&

oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •oZîH$f© •

1. oZOr àmWo_H$ odÚmb` H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$ N>mÌ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| g{ à`m{J

[yd© A§J«{Or odf` _| gm_mÝ` Cƒ àmßVm§H$ àmßV nH$`{ h¡ $&

2. oOëbm [§Mm`V g§MmobV àmWo_H$ odÚmb` H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$

N>mÌ-N>mÌmAm| H{$ à`m{J [yd© A§J«{Or odf` H$s e¡ojH$ boãY g_mZ h¡ $&

12 _h{e [r. amdb, A§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$sA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$sA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$sA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$sA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s

aMZm Am¡a à^md. aMZm Am¡a à^md. aMZm Am¡a à^md. aMZm Am¡a à^md. aMZm Am¡a à^md. AàH$moeV _hmem{Y à]§Y, JyOamV odÚm[rR>, 2003.

30

3. oZOr àmWo_H$ odÚmb` H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ N>mÌ N>mÌmAm| H{$ oH$`{

J`{ AÜ``Z _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r g{ oejm [a AoYH$ à^md

X{Im J`m $& Om{ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$s g_mZVm _| AoYH$ AgaH$maH$ Wm $&

4. oObm [§Mm`V g§MmobV àmWo_H$ odÚmb` H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$

N>mÌm| [a j_Vmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r g{ oejm H$m à^md AoYH$ X{IZ{

H$m{ Zht o_bm oH$ O] bS>oH$`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ [a AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r

H$m à^md AoYH$ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm $&

5. oZOr àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ b¶S>H$m| H{$ Xm{Zm| H$gm¡oQ>`m| H{$

àmßVm§H$ g_mZ W{ $& CZH$s e¡ojH$ bpãY _| AoYH$ ^{X X{IZ{ H$m{ Zht o_bm $&

6. oZOr àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$s bS>oH$`m| [a bS>H$m| g{ XjVmbjr

AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$m à^md AoYH$ X{Im J`m $&

(2) Vwa Vwa Vwa Vwa Vwa (2003)13 “ àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H$jm 7dt H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [a

odoS>`m{ H$m`©H«$_ H$s aMZm Am¡a à^mdH$Vm kmV H$aZm $&” H{$ CX²X{í`

1. ñdmñÏ` Am¡a emarnaH$ oejm odf` H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [a odoS>`m{ H$m`©H«$_ H$s

aMZm H$aZm $&

2. N>mÌm| H$m{ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© H{$ g§X^© _| odoS>`m| H$m`©H«$_ H$s AgaH$maH$Vm

Om±MZm $&

3. N>mÌm| H$s `m{JodÚm BH$mB© H$s bpãY H$m oZXmZ odoS>`m{ H$m`©H«$_ Am¡a OmoV [a

A§V•oH«$`m H$m à^md kmV H$aZm $&

àñVwV em{Y àm`m{oJH$ em{Y odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

àñVwV em{Y H{$ obE Ah_Xm]mX oOb{ H$s oObm [§Mm`V g§MmobV 884 JwOamVr

13 J§oâqgh. EZ. Vwa, àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H$jm àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H$jm àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H$jm àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H$jm àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H$jm 7dt H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [adt H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [adt H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [adt H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [adt H{$ `m{JodÚm BH$mB© [a

odoS >`m { H$m` ©H « $_ H$s aMZm Am ¡a à^mdH$Vm kmV H$aZm.odoS >`m { H$m` ©H « $_ H$s aMZm Am ¡a à^mdH$Vm kmV H$aZm.odoS >`m { H$m` ©H « $_ H$s aMZm Am ¡a à^mdH$Vm kmV H$aZm.odoS >`m { H$m` ©H « $_ H$s aMZm Am ¡a à^mdH$Vm kmV H$aZm.odoS >`m { H$m` ©H « $_ H$s aMZm Am ¡a à^mdH$Vm kmV H$aZm. AàH$moeV

bKwem{Y à]§Y, JwOamV `woZdog©Q>r>, Ah_Xm]mX. 2003.

31

_mÜ`_ H${ odÚmb`m| H{$ H$jm 7dt _| AÜ``ZaV Hw$b 30943 Nm>Ì Ý`mXe© H{$

ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¡ $& oOgH$m ì`m[odœ Ah_Xm]mX oOb{ H{$ oObm [§Mm`V

g§MmobV JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H${ àmWo_H$ odÚmb` h¡ $& ì`m[odœ _| g{ em{KH$Vm©Z{

gh{VwH$ M`Z [ÕoV g{ 8 odÚmb`m| H$m M`Z oH$`m h¢ $& 8 odÚmb`m| _| g{ 4

odÚmb` àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ _| Am¡a 4 odÚmb` H$m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ _| [yd© H$gm¡Q>r H{$

]mX gh{VwH$ `mÑpÀN>H$ M`Z [ÕoV g{ [g§X oH$`{ JE h¡ $&


1. N>mÌm| H$s `m{JodÚm BH$mB© H$s bpãY H{$ g§X^© _| odoS>`m{ H$m`©H«$_ [a§[amJV [ÕoV

g{ AoYH$ [«^mdr ahm $&

2. N>mÌm| H$s `m{JodÚm BH$mB© H$s bpãY [a OmoV H$m H$m{B© à^md Zht hþAm $&

3. `m{JodÚm BH$mB© H{$ H$m`©H«$_ H$s aMZm H{$ ]mX N>mÌm| H{$ éPmZm| H$m{ Om±MZ{ g{ X{Im

J`m oH$ 97% N>mÌ `m{JodÚm grIZ{ H{$ obE g§_V W{ $&

(3) Jm{ñdm_r Jm {ñdm_r Jm {ñdm_r Jm {ñdm_r Jm {ñdm_r (2001)14 “12dt H$jm H$s ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _|

ñdAÜ``Z gm_J«r, oMÌ gm_J«r Am¡a ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$s AgaH$maH$Vm H$m

VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z &” H${ CX²X{í`

1. ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE ñd-AÜ``Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aZm $&

2. ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE oMÌ gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aZm $&

3. ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE ì`m»`mZ [ÕoVH$m Am`m{OZ H$aZm $&

4. ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H$s ñd-AÜ``Z gm_J«r H$s AgaH$maH$Vm H$m ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV g{

VwbZm H$aZm $&

14 H{$. Jm{ñdm_r. 12dt H$jm H$s ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| ñdAÜ``Zdt H$jm H$s ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| ñdAÜ``Zdt H$jm H$s ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| ñdAÜ``Zdt H$jm H$s ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| ñdAÜ``Zdt H$jm H$s ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| ñdAÜ``Z

gm_J « r , oMÌ gm_J « r Am ¡ a ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$ s AgaH$ maH $Vm H $ mgm_J « r , oMÌ gm_J « r Am ¡ a ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$ s AgaH$ maH $Vm H $ mgm_J « r , oMÌ gm_J « r Am ¡ a ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$ s AgaH$ maH $Vm H $ mgm_J « r , oMÌ gm_J « r Am ¡ a ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$ s AgaH$ maH $Vm H $ mgm_J « r , oMÌ gm_J « r Am ¡ a ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$ s AgaH$ maH $Vm H $ m

VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z.VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z.VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z.VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z.VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z. AàH$moeV _hmem{Y à]§Y, gm¡amï> `woZ. 2001.

32

5. ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE oMÌ gm_J«r H$s AgaH$maH$Vm H$r ì`m»`mZ

[ÕoV g{ VwbZm H$aZm $&

6. ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE ñd-AÜ``Z gm_J«r Am¡a oMÌ gm_J«r H${

à^md H$s VwbZm H$aZm $&

àñVwV em{Y àm`m{oJH$ em{Y odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

àñVwV em{YH$m`© H$m ì`m[odœ gwa{ÝÐZJa oOb{ H{$ Mm{Q>rbm Vhgrb H{$ ^r_m{am

Jm±d H$s JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H$s ]mahdt H$jm H{$ gZ² 2000-2001 _| AÜ``ZaV 75 N>mÌm|

H$m em{YH$Vm©Z{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¡ $&


1. àñVwV em{YH$m`© H{$ gå]ÝY _| ohÝXr H$odVm H$s ñdAÜ``Z gm_J«r, ì`m»`mZ

[ÕoV Am¡a oMÌ gm_J«r g{ AÜ``Z H$aZ{dmb{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY _| o^ÝZVm [mB©

JB© $&

2. ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV Am¡a ñd-AÜ``Z gm_J«r g{ AÜ``Z H$aZ{dmb{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY

_| H$m{B© o^ÝZVm Zht h¡ $&

3. ì`m»`mZ [ÕoV H$s VwbZm _| oMÌ gm_J«r g{ AÜ``Z H$aZ{dmb{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY

oZåZ Wr $&

4. oMÌ gm_J«r H$s VwbZm _| ñd-AÜ``Z g{ AÜ``Z H$aZ{dmb{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY

ode{f Wr $&

(4) _H$amUr _H$amUr _H$amUr _H$amUr _H$amUr (2003)15 “ g§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gmYZm| H$s aMZm

Am¡a CgH{$ odoZ`m{J H$s à^mdH$Vm $&” H$m CX²X{í`

15 EM. ]r. _H$amUr, g§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gmYZm| H$s aMZmg§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gmYZm| H$s aMZmg§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gmYZm| H$s aMZmg§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gmYZm| H$s aMZmg§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oejU gmYZm| H$s aMZm

Am¡a CgH{$ odoZ`m{J H$s à^mdH$Vm. Am¡a CgH{$ odoZ`m{J H$s à^mdH$Vm. Am¡a CgH{$ odoZ`m{J H$s à^mdH$Vm. Am¡a CgH{$ odoZ`m{J H$s à^mdH$Vm. Am¡a CgH{$ odoZ`m{J H$s à^mdH$Vm. AàH$moeV _hmem{Y à]§Y, gm¡amï>

`woZ. 2003.

33

1. g§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| JÚ-[Ú Am¡a ì`mH$aU H$s M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB© H{$

AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE e¡ojH$ gmYZ Am¡a oejH$ oZo_©V H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm H$aZm $&

2. g§ñH¥$V odf` H$s M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB© H{$ obE oZo_©V gmYZm| H{$ _mÜ`_ g{

AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z H$s à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm $&

àñVwV em{Y àm`m{oJH$ [ÕoV g{ oH$`m h¡ $&

àñVwV em{Y H{$ ì`m[odœ H{$ obE df© 2002-2003 H{$ JwOamV amÁ` H${

_mÜò_H$ odÚmb`m| H$m{ ob`m h¡ § $& Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| amOH$m{Q> eha H${ JwOamVr _mÜ`_

H${ lr EM. Eg. qghma hmB©ñHy$b H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $& 4 J«y[ _| à`m{J hþAm $& g^r

OJh 10-10 Hw$_ma - H$Ý`m H$m{ ob`m J`m Wm $& 4 J«y[ _| g{ Xm{ à`m{J H{$ obE Am¡a Xm{

à`m{J [wZamdV©Z H{$ obE hwAm Wm $&


1. g§ñH¥$V odf` H${ H$jm 9dt H{$ JÚ-[Ú _| M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB© _| g{ e¡ojH$ gmYZ

gm_J«r H{$ à`m{J g{ AÜ``Z AoYH$ à^mdr Wm $&

2. H$jm 9dt H{$ g§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ ì`mH$aU od^mJ _| e¡ojH$ gmYZm| H{$ _mÜ`_ g{

hþAm A¿``Z [a§[amJV [ÕoV g{ AoYH$ à^mdr ahm h¡ $&

3. g§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| e¡ojH$ gmYZm| H{$ odoZ`m{J g{ g§ñH¥$V odf` H$s

bpãY AoYH$ Cƒ ñVa VH$ Om gH$Vr h¡ $&

2.5.2 ^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{YH$m`© •^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{YH$m`© •^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{YH$m`© •^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{YH$m`© •^maV H{$ odo^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| hþE em{YH$m`© •

(1) o[ëbB© o[ëbB© o[ëbB© o[ëbB© o[ëbB© (1991)16 “ AmOH$s e¡ojH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s µOê$aVm| H{$ AZwgma ]r.ES²> H{$

[mR>çH«$_ _| X¥í`-lì` oejm H{$ [mR>çH«$_ H$s àmg§oJH$Vm $&” H${ CX²X{í`16 G.Pillai, Relevance of the course on audio-visual education in

the B.Ed. programme to the present day educat ional

tecnology requirements (Madurai Kamraj Uni., 1991). in

M.B. Buch(Ed.), Fifth survery of Reserch in Education

(p.1386). New Delhi : NCERT, 2000.

34

Bg AÜ``Z _| AmO H$s e¡joUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$ µOê$aVm| H{$ AZwgma

]r.ES>². H{$ H$m`©H«$_ _| X¥í`-lì` oejm H{$ [mR>çH«$_ H$s àmg§oJH$Vm [a àH$me S>mbm

J`m h¡ $&

1. Vo_bZmSw> amÁ` H{$ odœodÚmb`m| H{$ ]r.ES²>. H{$ [mR>çH«$_m| H$s odf`dñVw H$s

ewê$ H$s JB© X¥í`-lì` oejm Ed§ CZH$s C[bpãY`m| H{$ VÎdm| H$s [hMmZ H$aZ{ H{$

CXX²{í` g{ odíb{fU H$aZm $&

2. Vo_bZmSw> H{$ odo^ÝZ odœodÚmb`m| H{$ ]r.ES²>. H{$ [mR>çH«$_ _| X¥í`-lì` oejm

H{$ ì`mdhmnaH$ [hbwAm| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&

3. Vo_bZmSw> H{$ odo^ÝZ odœodÚmb`m|§ _| ]r.ES²>. H{$ [mR>çH«$_ _| X¥í`-lì` oejm

H$s pñWoV H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&

4. H$jm-AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE dm§oN>V AmYwoZH$ e¡joUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s H$m [Vm bJmZm $&

5. e¡joUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s µOéaVm| H{$ g§X^© _| ]r.ES²>. [mR>çH«$_ H{$ dV©_mZ X¥í`-lì`

oejm H$m`©H«$_ _| odÚ_mZ A§Vamb òX H$m{B© hm{ Vm{ CZH$s [hMmZ H$aZm $&

6. [hMmZ oH$E JE A§Vambm| H$s [yoV© H{$ obE C[`w·V AmYwoZH$ e¡joUH$

àm¡Úm{oJH$s H{$ [mR>çH«$_ gå]ÝYr gwPmd $&

AÜ``Z h{Vw Mma àH$ma H{$ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m $& Vo_bZmSw> H{$ N>

odœodÚmb`m| _| Ohm± ]r.ES²>. H{$ [mR>çH«$_ Mb ah{ W{ CZ g^r H{$ [mR>çH«$_ H$m M`Z

oH$`m J`m Wm $& AmR> oejm _hmodÚmb`m| Ed§ EH$ odœodÚmb` H{$ oejm od^mJ g{

odÚmoW©`m|, oejH$m| H{$ [m±M odo^ÝZ g{Q>m | / g_yhm| H$m M`Z Ñí`-lì` oejm H{$

àdV©_mZ ñdê$[ H$m AÜ``Z H$aZ{ àoejU odf`H$ H$m`©odoY H$m AÜ``Z H$aZ{ VWm

AmYwoZH$ e¡joUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$ Oê$aVm| H$m AmH$bZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE oH$`m J`m

Wm $& AmR> oejm _hmodÚmb`m| VWm EH$ odœodÚmb` H{$ oejm od^mJ H{$ oejH$m|-

oejmodXm| g{ VWm _XwamB© e¡joUH$ oOb{ H{$ C[g§H$m`m| H{$ AÜ`jm| g{ àmßV Ý`mXe© obE

JE W{ $&

35

oOZ gmYZm| H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m CZ_| emo_b W{ - Ñí`-lì` oejm

àíZmdob`m| H$m Aä`mg, Ñí`-lì` oejm àíZmdob`m| _| àoejU VWm e¡joUH$

àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$ Oê$aVm| H$s _m[/_rZ, Eg.S>r, g§]ÕVm, àoVoeV, t-Om±M, f-Om±M

VWm z>-Om±M H$m C[`m{J Am±H$S>m| H{$ g§emYZ h{Vw oH$`m J`m Wm $&


1. ]r.ES> ². H$m`©H«$_ H{$ odo^ÝZ d¡H$oë`H$ Ed§ Amdí`H$ odf`m| H{$ A§VJ©V

Ñí`-lì` oejm H{$ VÎdm| H$m{ emo_b H$aZ{ H$m CXX² {í` [yar Vah g{ ogÕ Zht

hþAm Wm $&

2. Vo_bZmSw> H{$ g^r odœodÚmb`m| _| ]r.ES²>. H{$ H$m`©H«$_ _| Ñí`-lì` oejm [a

g_mZ ê$[ g{ ]b Zht oX`m J`m Wm $&

3. Hw$b àMobV 52 Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| _| g{ V¡`mar H$aZ{ VWm ‘ CÝZV gmYZm|’ H{$

C[`m{J H$aZ{ H$s ogµ\$mnae g^r odœodÚmb` Ed§ EH$ ñdm`Îm oejm _hmodÚmb`

_| H$s JB© h¡ $&

4. odÚmoW©`m| H$m{ V¡`mar oZ_m©U Ed§ oH«$`m H{$ g_woMV ê$[ _| Aä`mg Ed§ e¡joUH$

àÚm¡oJH$s odf`H$ hmS>©d{à Ed§ gm{âQ>d{à H$m C[`m{J Zht oH$`m J`m Wm $&

5. odÚmoW©`m| oejH$m| H$m{ gm_mÝ` ê$[ g{ oX`m OmZ{ dmbm ì`mdhmnaH$ àoejU

]r.ES²>. H$s oejm H{$ dm§oN>V ñVa H$m Zht Wm $&

6. `Úo[ oejm _hmodÚmb`m| _| [`m©ßV _mÌm _| hmS>©d{à Ed§ gm{âQ>d{à C[bãY W{;

o\$a ^r CZH$m dm§oN>V ñVa [a g_woMV ê$[ _| C[`m{J Zht oH$`m J`m Wm $&

7. `Úo[ oejH$m|, oejH$-oejmodXm| VWm g§H$m`m| H{$ AÜ`jm| H{$ A[Z{ e¡joUH$

àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$ µOê$aVm| H{$ àoV oZa[dmX ê$[ _| àË`moeV W{ $&

8. odÚmoW©`m|, oejH$m| Ed§ oejH$-àoejH$m| Z{ kmZ Ed§ g_P H{$ Cƒ ñVa H$m

MwZmd oH$`m Wm O]oH$ g§H$m`m| H{$ AÜ`jm{ § Z{ e¡joUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$

Oê$aVm| H{$ VhV H$m¡ebJV KQ>H$m| H$m MwZmd oH$`m Wm $&

36

9. ]r.ES²>. H$m`©H«$_ odf`H$ Ñí`-lì` oejm _| _w»` ê$[ g{ A§Vamb oZåZoboIV

ê$[ _| [mE JE W{ •

(A) Ñí`-lì` oejm H{$ CXX² {í`m| H$s àmoßV _|, (]) Ñí`-lì` oejm _|

odÚmoW©`m| oejH$m| H$m{ ì`mdhmnaH$ àoejU X{Z{ _| (H$) AmYwoZH$ e¡joUH$

àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$ µOê$aVm| H$s [yoV© _| $&

2. gwo_Ìm gwo_Ìm gwo_Ìm gwo_Ìm gwo_Ìm (1991)17 _Ü`àX{e gaH$ma Ed§ `woZg¡\$ H{$ gh`m{J g{ _Ü`àX{e H{$

hm{e§Jm]mX oOb{ H$s lì` H¡$g{Q> [na`m{OZm • EH$ odf`JV AÜ``Z • H${ CX²X{í`

àñVwV AÜ``Z _| J«m_ àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| ^mfmJV odH$mg Ed§ ldU odf`H$

g_P h{Vw ode{f ê$[ g{ V¡`ma oH$E JE lì` H¡$g{Q>m| H$s C[`m{oJVm Ed§ à^dpÝdVm

H{$ AÜ``Z H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

1. BZ CXX²{í`m| H$s àmoßV h{Vw à]§YZ odf`H$ aUZroV`m| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&

2. àgmaU _m{S> g{ H¡$g{Q> _m{S> _| [nadV©Z H$aZ{ _| AmZ{dmbr g_ñ`mAm| H$m AÜ``Z

H$aZm VWm CR>mE OmZ{dmb{ H$X_m| H{$ g§]§Y _| [hMmZ H$aZm $&

3. oejH$m| H$s _roS>`m H$s ñdrH$m`©Vm H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&

4. g_P{ JE, V¡`ma oH$E JE VWm Xygam| g{ àm`• AoYH$ ]ma [wZamdoV©V oH$E JE

H$m`©H«$_m| H{$ àH$mam| H$s [hMmZ H$aZm VWm CZH$s oZ_m©UJV odoeï>VmAm| H$s

[hMmZ H$aZm $&

Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| _Ü`àX{e H{$ hm{e§Jm]mX oOb{ H{$ 450 àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$

900 oejH$m| VWm H$jm 1, 2 Am¡a 3 H{$ 34345 odÚmb`m| H{$ VrZ gmb H{$ XÎm

emo_b oH$E JE W{ $& Bg AÜ``Z _| oOZ gmYZm| H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m CZ_{ 308

17 L. Sumit ra, The audio casset te pro ject of Hasangabad

District, M.P. (Collaboration withe Govt. of M.P., and

UNICEF, 1991). in M.B. Buch (Ed.T.), Fifth survey of

Research in Education (p.1395). New Delhi: NCERT, 2000.

37

H$m`©H«$_, 17 lì` H¡$g{Q> Am¡a 500 Qy> BZ dZ Q>{[naH$mS>©a emo_b W{ $& oOZ C[H$aUm|

H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m CZ_| àíZmdob`m±, [`©d{jU Am¡a ]ƒm| H{$ Ao^_Vm| H$s naH$moS>ªJ

emo_b Wr $& EH$oÌV Am±H$S>m| H$m C[`m{J àoVeV Am¡gV Am¡a l{UrH$aU H{$ obE oH$`m

J`m Wm >>&


1. Bg [na`m{OZm H{$ AÝVJ©V EH$ ^mJ H{$ ê$[ _| ]ƒm| Z{ Om{ H$hmoZ`m± VWm JrV

gwZ{ W{ CZ H$hmoZ`m| H$m{ gwZmZ{ _| VWm JrVm| H$m{ JmZ{ _| ]ƒ{ g_W© [mE JE $& d{

JrVm| H$m{ gm_mÝ` ñda _| Jm ah{ W>{ VWm H$hmoZ`m| H$m{ d{ ]¶S>{ grY{-gmX{ gab ê$[

_| gwZm ah{ W{ $&

2. ]ƒ{ E{g{ H$m`©H«$_m| H$m{ AoYH$ gwZZm MmhV{ W{ $& oejmJV AoYJ_ h{Vw oZoüV

AoYJ_ JV CX²X{í`m| H{$ gmW oZo_©V oH$E OmZ{ H{$ ]mdOyX ^r BZ H$m`©H«$_m| H$m{

_Zm{a§OH$ ê$[ _| Iy] [g§X oH$`m J`m $&

3. odf`dñVw gm_J«r H{$ odíb{fU g{ `h g§H{$oVV hþAm oH$ gdm©oYH$ ê$[ _| [g§X

oH$E JE H$m`©H«$_m| _| JrVm| Am¡a H$hmoZ`m| VWm àým{Îmar dmb{ ^mJ W{ Om{ oH$

JoVodoY`m| AmKmnaV W{ $&

4. H$m`©H«$_ H{$ odo^ÝZ ^mJm| _| AoYJ_ JV q]XwAm| H$m{ [wZamdoV©V oH$`m J`m VWm

oZ_m©U H$m`© _| [m§Sw>obo[ [a gmdYmZr ]aVV{ hþE AmJ{ ]¶T>m J`m $&

3. Jm{bmUr Jm{bmUr Jm{bmUr Jm{bmUr Jm{bmUr (1982)18. “ WmZ{ oOb{ H$s _mÜò_H$ odÚmb`m| _| Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H$m

C[`m{J $& ” H${ CX²X{í`

1. _mÜò_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ AÜ`m[H$ Ed§ AmMm`m{ ª H{$ obE Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H$s

C[`m{oJVm ogÕ H$aZm $&

18 T.P. Golani, The use of audio-visual aids in the secondary

schools of Distr ict Thane (Puna Uni., 1982). In M.B.

Buch (Ed.T.), Third Surve of Research in Education

(p.629). New Delhi : NCERT, 1987.

38

2. WmZ{ oOb{ H${ _mÜò_H$ odÚmb`m{§ H{$ e¡ojH$ ñVa H$m{ ]¶T>mZ{ H$m à`mg H$aZm $&

3. WmZ{ oOb{ H${ _mÜò_H$ odÚmb`m| H${ Ñí`-lmì` C[H$aUm{ § H{$ C[`m{J gå]pÝYV

àdV©_mZ pñWoV kmV H$aZm $&

4. Ñí`-lì` gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J g§]§Yr-oejH$m| Am¡a AmMm`m~ H{$ Ao^àm` kmV

H$aZm $&

àñVwV em{Y àm`m{oJH$ [ÕoV g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $& àñVwV em{Y H$m Ý`mXe© Am¡a

ì`m[odœ [wU{ eha H${ _mÜò_H$ odÚmb` h¡ $&


1. ehar j{Ì H${ AoYH$ gwodYmOZH$ _mÜò_H$ odÚmb`m| _| Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm{§ H$m

à`m{J X{Im J`m $&

2. H$_ g{ H$_ AÜ`m[H$ Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H$m à`m{J H$aV{ [m`{ J`{ $&

3. H$_ g{ H$_ AÜ`m[H$m| Z{ Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H{$ C[`m{J H$m àoejU àmßV

oH$`m h¡ $&

4. AoYH$Va odÚmb`m| _| Ñí`-lì` C[H$aU VyQ>{-\y$Q>{ [m`{ J`{ $&

5. Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H{$ à`m{J Z hm{Z{ H{$ [rN>{ _w»` H$maU àoejU H$m A^md

Am¡a gwodYmAm| H{$ A^md H$m{ X{Im J`m $&

39

4. qgh qgh qgh qgh qgh (1990)19. odÚmb`m| _| _mÜò_H$ Am¡a CƒVa _mÜò_H$ ñVam| [a e¡joUH$

ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m JhZ AÜ``Z; ñdV§Ì AÜ``Z; H${ CX²X{í`

àñVwV AÜ``Z _|{ e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$s C[bãYVm Ed§ odo^ÝZ odf`m| H{$

oejU _| CZH{$ C[`m{J g{ gå]pÝYV g_ñ`mAm| H$m AÜ``Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $& oOgH${

CX²X{í` oZåZm§oH$V h¡ •

1. odÚmb`m| _| Ed§ CZH$s H$m`© Xem _| e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m gd}jU $&

2. odo^ÝZ odf`m| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J H$m AÜ``Z $&

3. odÚmb`m| Ûmam o\$ë_ oXImZ{, j{Ì _| OmZ{ H{$ H$m`©H«$_ Am`m{oOV H$aZ{ AmoX

e¡joUH$ JoVodoY`m| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&

4. Bg [a hþE ì`` VWm e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r h{Vw odÚmoW©`m| g{ dgyb H$s JB©

\$sg H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&

5. àj{[U H$jm / hm°b Ed§ AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$jm H{$ gmW odÚmb`m| H{$

gå]ÝY _| pñWoV H$m AmH$bZ H$aZm $&

6. AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J _| oejH$-àoejU H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm $&

MwZ{ hþE Mma amÁ`m| - Oå_y Am¡a H$pí_a (O{ EÝS> H{$), H{$ab, CS>rgm Am¡a CÎma

àX{e (`y.[r.) g{ ]hþ ñVar` `mÑpÀN>H$ Ý`mXe© M`Z H$m`©odoY H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ hþE

1400(4%) _mÜò_H$, g{H§$S>ar Ed§ CƒVa g{H§$S>ar odÚmb`m| H{$ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z

oH$`m J`m $& EH$ àíZmdbr H$m C[`m{J C[H$aU H{$ ê$[ _| oH$`m J`m VWm EH$oÌV

Am°H$S>m| H$m{ Am¡gV Ed§ àoVeV H{$ ê$[ _| ob`m J`m $&19 Satvirsing and others, An intensive study of teaching aids at

middle and secondary stage of schools. (Independent study

NCERT and ERIC, 1990). In M.B. Buch (Ed.T),fifth

survey of Research in Education (P-1392). New Delhi :

NCERT, 2000.

40


1. 50% g{ AoYH$ _mÜò_H$ odÚmb`m| _| _w»` AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r

C[bãY Wr $& H{$ab _| í`m_[Q>>, MmQ> ©, ZH$e|, ½bm{], _m°S>b Am¡a a{oS>`m{ g{Q>;

Oå_y-H$í_ra (O{ EÝS> H{$) Ed§ C¶S>rgm _| í`m_[Q>>, MmQ>©, ZH$e| Am¡a ½bm{] VWm

CÎma àX{e _| í`m_[Q>> Ed§ ZH$e| $& BZ AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m àoV

odÚmb` Am¡gV g§»`m gdm©oYH$ ê$[ _| H{$ab _| Wr; Oå_y Am¡a H$pí_a _|

gdm©oYH$ g§»`m _| e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r C[`m{J H$aZ{ bm`H$ pñWoV _| Wr $&

2. Xg _w»` AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r (g{H§$S>ar/hmà g{H§$S>ar odÚmb`m| _| 50

àoVeV g{ AoYH$ _| C[bãY) _| í`m_[Q>>, am{b-A[ ]m{S> ©, MmQ>©, J«m\$, ZH$e|,

½bm{], _m°S>b Z_yZ{, a{o¶S>`m{ g{Q> Am¡a ñbmB©S>{ Wt $&

3. _mÜò_H$ ñVa [a Ord odkmZ _| oOZ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m Wm

CZ_| H{$ab _| MmQ> ©, Vgdra|/\$m{Q>m {, ZH$e|, S>m`mJ«m_ _m°S>b Am¡a Z_yZm| H$m

C[`m{J oH$`m J`m Wm $& Oå_y Am¡a H$ní_a _| Z_yZm| H$m; C¶S>rgm _| _m°S>bm| Am¡a

Z_yZm| H$m VWm CÎma àX{e _| MmQ> ©g²; Vñdra, \$m{Qm{, S>m`mJ«m_, _m°S>bm|, Z_yZ{

Am¡a ñbmB©S>m| H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m Wm $&

4. _mÜò_H$ ñVa [a JoUV H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| oOZ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m C[`m{J oH$`m

J`m Wm, CZ_| emo_b Wr • H{$ab _| MmQ>©, J«m\$ _m°S> {b Am¡a \$b{e H$mS>©; Oå_y

Am¡a H$pí_a _| MmQ> ©, C¶S>rgm Am¡a CÎma àX{e _| oH$gr ^r ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m

C[`m{J Zht oH$`m J`m $& g{H§$S>ar ñVa [a oOZ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m C[`m{J oH$`m

J`m Wm; CZ_| emo_b Wr; H{$ab _| MmQ>©, J«m\$, S>m`mJ«m_, _m°S>b Am¡a ñbmB©S>|;

C¶S>rgm _| J«m\$; Oå_y Am¡a H$pí_a _| MmQ>© Am¡a CÎma àX{e _| MmQ>© Am¡a J«m\$ $&

5. H{$db g{H§$S>ar ñVa [a H{$ab Ed§ CÎma àX{e _| g§JrV _| H¡$g{Q>m| H$m C[`m{J oH$`m

J`m Wm VWm CÎma àX{e _| bobV H$bmAm| Am¡a J¥hodkmZ _| MmQ> ©g² H$m C[`m{J

oH$`m J`m Wm $&

41

6. C¶S>rgm _| E{g{ odÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m gdm©oYH$ Wr oOZ_{ e¡joUH$ o\$ë_| oXImZ{

H$m Am`m{OZ oH$`m J`m Wm O] oH$ àXe©oZ`m| _|$ H{$ab àW_ ñWmZ [a ahm Wm $&

7. H{$ab _| E{g{ odÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m gdm©oYH$ Wr Om{ oH$ AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r

[a IM© H$a ah{ W{ VWm odÚmnW©`m| g{ AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$s \$sg ^r

dgyb H$a ah{ W{ $&

8. H{$ab _| E{g{ odÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m gdm©oYH$ Wr oOZH{$ [mg àj{[U H{$ obE H$j/

hm°b Wm $&

9. _mÜò_H$ Am¡a CƒVa _mÜò_H$ odÚmb`m| _| H{$ab _| E{g{ odÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m

gdm©oYH$ Wr Ohm± odÚmb` _| H$_ g{ H$_ EH$ oejH$ Z{ g{dmH$mbrZ àoejU

àmßV oH$`m Wm $&

10. Oå_y Am¡a H$pí_a, C¶S>rgm Am¡a CÎma àX{e H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s VwbZm _| H{$ab H{$

odÚmb` A[Z{ AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m AoYH$moYH$ ê$[ _|

C[`m{J H$aH{$ oejU H$m`© H$m{ ê$oM[yU© ]Zm ah{ W{ &

5.2.3 gå]pÝYV em{Y g{ gå]pÝYV odX{e _| hþE em{YH$m`© •gå]pÝYV em{Y g{ gå]pÝYV odX{e _| hþE em{YH$m`© •gå]pÝYV em{Y g{ gå]pÝYV odX{e _| hþE em{YH$m`© •gå]pÝYV em{Y g{ gå]pÝYV odX{e _| hþE em{YH$m`© •gå]pÝYV em{Y g{ gå]pÝYV odX{e _| hþE em{YH$m`© •

1. oMÝVm_Ur oMÝVm_Ur oMÝVm_Ur oMÝVm_Ur oMÝVm_Ur (2004)20. “ _m{naeg _| ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U Ed§ oejU

odoY ” H${ CX²X{í` Wm

1. AÜ``Z - AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE H$jm gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $&

2. àñVwVrH$aU H$s X¥oï> g{ Ao^H«$o_V gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $&

3. odf`dñVw H$s X¥oï> g{ X¥í`-lì` gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $&

4. d¡MmnaH$ gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $&

20 _wZ{œa oMÝVm_Ur, _m{naeg _| ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U Ed§ oejU odoY._m{naeg _| ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U Ed§ oejU odoY._m{naeg _| ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U Ed§ oejU odoY._m{naeg _| ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U Ed§ oejU odoY._m{naeg _| ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U Ed§ oejU odoY.

AàH$moeV bKwem{Y, H{$ÝÐr` ohÝXr g§ñWmZ. 2004.

42

5. ^mofH$ gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $&

6. gmohpË`H$ odÚmAm| H{$ g§X^© _| gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $&

`h em{K àm`m{oJH$ em{Y odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

_m{naeg _| _mÜò_H$ ñVa [a ohÝXr oejU H{$ obE g_woMV gm_J«r H$m oZ_m©U

oH$`m J`m $& _mÜò_H$ ñVa H{$ AÝVJ©V \$m_©-1 (H$jm-7), \$m_©-2 (H$jm-8), \$m_©-

3 (H$jm -9) \$m_©-4 (H$jm -10), \$m_©-5 (H$jm -11) Am¡a hmB©ñHy$b goQ> ©o\$H{$Q>

àW_df© H$jm -12, hmB©ñHy$b goQ> ©o\$H{$Q> H$jm-13 H{$ N>mÌm| _| ^mfm H{$ àoV ê$oM

OmJ«V H$aZ{ VWm H$ë[Zm eo·V H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE ododY bKw H$jmAm| H$m M`Z oH$`m

J`m h¡ $&


1. ohÝXr [mR>çgm_J«r H$B© oejU odoY`m| [a AmYmnaV hm{Vr h¡ $& Bg obE ohÝXr

[mR>çgm_J«r oZ_m©U H$s MMm© H{$ gmW-gmW ohÝXr oejU odoY H$s aMZm H$aZm

Amdí`H$ hm{Vm h¡ ·`m| oH$ AÝ` ^mfm oejU EH$ gwoZ`m{oOV àoH«$`m h¡ Om{

_mV¥^mfm H{$ C[mO©Z g{ o^ÝZ h¡ $&

2. ]mbH$ H$s _mZogH$ eo·V ^mfm H{$ AoYJ_ _| bJ^J g_mZ ê$[ g{ JoVerb

hm{Vr h¡ $& o\$a ^r h_ Ñí`-lì` gm_J«r H$m AÀN>r Vah oZ_m©U H$a|J{ Vm{

^mdmË_H$ A§Va Adí` [mEJ| $&

2. Om{Zg [r.E. Om{Zg [r.E. Om{Zg [r.E. Om{Zg [r.E. Om{Zg [r.E. (1975)21 odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{

VH$ZrH$s ê$[ g{ à^md·Vm Om±MZm $&

1. ghApñVËd H{$ odíb{fU [a [yd© H$gm¡Q>r Am¡a CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m|

[a ^{X X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm $&

21 [r. Om{Zg, odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{ VH$ZrH$s ê$[odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{ VH$ZrH$s ê$[odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{ VH$ZrH$s ê$[odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{ VH$ZrH$s ê$[odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{ VH$ZrH$s ê$[

g{ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm.g{ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm.g{ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm.g{ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm.g{ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm. AàH$moeV em{K à]§Y, `woZdog©Q>r Am{\$ _{p·gH$m{ 1975.

43

2. ñbmB©S> Q> {[ H$m`©H«$_ H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ oH$`{ J`{ oejm H$m`© _| 5 [naH$ë[ZmAm| _|

0.5 ñVa [a ^{X X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm $&

3. ñbmB©S> Q>{[ H$s oejm H{$ àmßVm§H$ odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> H{$ àmßVm§H$ g{ AoYH$ AÀN>{ W{ &

4. odíb{fU H$aZ{ g{ [Vm MbVm h¡ oH$ Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| _| ^{X Wm $&

5. Xm{Zm| ñd-AÜ``Z [ÕoV AgaH$maH$ Wt O] oH$ em{Y H$m CX²X{í` gm_J«r H$m

à^md OmZZm Wm $&

2.6 AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm •AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm •AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm •AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm •AÝ` em{Y H$m`m~ H$s g_rjm •

Am{JmdmAm{JmdmAm{JmdmAm{JmdmAm{Jmdm (2005)22 H{$ AZwgma ]hþV ]¶S>r g§»`m _| Zm_m§H$Z hm{Z{ dmb{ [mR>çH«$_m| _|

gm_mÝ`V• AoYH$m§e _| gm_mÝ` oejU [ÕoV oZX}emË_H$ h¡ $& hmb hr H{$ dfm~ _| H$jm

_| oZX}emË_H$ ì`m»`mZ [m{S>H$mï> [mR>çH«$_ [mR>çdñVw H{$ ê$[ _| oH$E OmZ{ bJ{ h¢ $&

ICS 101 Zm_H$ [mR>çH«$_ EH$ Ama§o^H$ H$åß`yQ>a odkmZ H$m [mR>çH«$_ h¡ oOg{ _ZmAm{

pñWV hdmB© odœodÚmb` _| [m{S>H$mpñQ> ¨J H$m C[`m{J H$aH{$ ì`m»`mZ odf`dñVw X{Z{ H$s

[ÕoV H{$ ê$[ _| oX`m OmVm h¡ $& Bg [mR>çH«$_ _| [a§[amJV [m{¶S>H$mñQ> H$s OJh e¡joUH$

[m{S>H$mñQ> H$m C[`m{J H$aH{$ Bg [ÕoV H$m C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h¡ $& AV• em{YmWuZ{

[m{S>H$mñQ> H$aZ{ H{$ Xm{ _m{S>m| H$m{ Ty> ± ¶T> oZH$mbm h¡ VWm CÝhm{§Z{ [m`m h¡ oH$ Bg Xm{Zm| H{$ ]rM

gm§p»`H$s` A§Va h¡ $& o\$a ^r Ñí` ghm`H$ gm_J«r _| Mmh{ dh g_wÝZV [m{S>H$mñQ> H{$

_mÜ`_ g{ hm{ `m [a§[amJV [m{S>H$mñQ> _| PDF H$m{ g_mohV H$aH{$ odÚmoW©`m| H$s

Ad]m{YZ gm_Ï`© H$m{ [m{S>H$mñQ> H{$ OnaE Am¡a ì`m»`mZ odf`-dñVw g{ gwYmam OmE± $&

em{YmWu Cg _| Am¡a Wm{ ¶S>r AoYH$ C[bpãY hm±ogb H$aZ{ H{$ obE Hw$N> ode{fVmAm| H$m

g_mhZ H$aZ{ H{$ ê$[ _| oZX}em| H{$ gmW oejmemó [a Ü`mZ H{$pÝÐV H$aZ{ H$s ogµ\$mnae

H$aV{ h¡ $&

22 Michael Brain Ogawa, Improving the podcast as a lecture

content delivery method. Independent research, University

of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu U.S.A. 2005.

44

H$mOr H$mOr H$mOr H$mOr H$mOr (1987)23. H$jm 10dt H{$ A§H$JoUV _| H$nRZ BH$mB©`m| H$s gab

AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aH{$ CgH$s e¡ojH$ bpãY [a à^mdH$Vm H{$ g§X^© _|

A[Z{ em{Y _| ]VmV{ h¡ oH$ [a§[amJV [ÕoV g{ H«$_M` g§M` H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE gab

AÜ``Z - AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r g{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY AoYH$ Wr $&

X{]rX{]rX{]rX{]rX{]r(1989)24 H{$ AZwgma oH$`{ J`{ AÜ``Z _| Jm{hmQ>r odíd odÚmb` H{$

]r.Q>r. [mR>çH«$_ _| oejm H{$ ogÕm§V H{$ [mR>çH«$_ _| oZohV AoYJ_ gm_J«r H{$ odH$mg,

Om±M Am¡a à^dpÝdV H$m AÜ``Z H$aZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $& Bg AÜ``Z _| oZîH$f©

H{$ ê$[ _| X{I{ Vm{ C[ Om±M 1, 2 Am¡a 3 _| oejm H{$ ogÕm§V H$s C[bpãY _| AÜ`m[Z

H$s [a§[amJV [ÕoV H$s VwbZm _| `h [r.E_.E_. [ÕoV à^mdr [mB© JB© $& à`m{JmË_H$

g_yh H{$ kmZ H{$ Om±M H{$ A§H$ VWm oZ`§oÌV g_yh H{$ A§H$ H{$ ]rM ñ[ï> ê$[ g{ o^ÝZVm

[mB© JB© $&

g{R>rg{R>rg{R>rg{R>rg{R>r(1976)25 Ñí`-lì` gm_J«r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ A§J« {Or ñ[{qbJ oejm EH$

H$m`©H«$_ - EH$ AÜ``Z H{$ AZwgma Ñí`-gmYZm| g{ lì` gmYZm| H$m à^md A§J«{Or oejm

_| AoYH$ à^mdH$ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm $& C[H$aUm| H$s àñVwVVm H{$ AmYma [a àmßVm§H$

o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm $&

23 E_.E_. H$mOr, H$jm H$jm H$jm H$jm H$jm 10dt H { $ A§H$JoUV odf` _| H$nRZ BH$mB ©`m | H$sdt H { $ A§H$JoUV odf` _| H$nRZ BH$mB ©`m | H$sdt H { $ A§H$JoUV odf` _| H$nRZ BH$mB ©`m | H$sdt H { $ A§H$JoUV odf` _| H$nRZ BH$mB ©`m | H$sdt H { $ A§H$JoUV odf` _| H$nRZ BH$mB ©`m | H$s

oejm H{$ obE gab AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm Am¡a bpãY [a à^md·Vm.oejm H{$ obE gab AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm Am¡a bpãY [a à^md·Vm.oejm H{$ obE gab AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm Am¡a bpãY [a à^md·Vm.oejm H{$ obE gab AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm Am¡a bpãY [a à^md·Vm.oejm H{$ obE gab AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm Am¡a bpãY [a à^md·Vm.

AàH$moeV _hmem{Y oZ]§Y, gm¡amï> `woZ., 1987.

24 Meena kumari Debi. Developing and testing the effectiveness

of programme learning material in the syllabus of priciples

of education in the B.T. course of (Gauhati Uni., Ph.D

1989). In M.B. Buch (Ed.T). Fifth survey of Research

in Education (p.1366). New Delhi : NCERT, 2000.

25 A.S. Sethi, A study of a programme in english spelling in

relation to visual and auditory presentation H.P. Uni.

Ph.D(1976). In M.B. Buch (Ed.T). Fifth survey of Research

in Education (p.1366). New Delhi : NCERT, 2000.

45

AmO H$m oejm j{Ì AmYwoZH$Vm H$s Am{a AJ«ga hm{Vm Om ahm h¡ E{g{ _| oejm H$m{

AJa agàX Am¡a CXX²{í`bjr ]ZmZm h¡ Vm{ e¡ojH$ gm_J«r H$m _yV© ê$[ _| à`m{J hm{ `h

AoV Amdí`H$ h¡ $& E{g{ _| AÜ`m[Z H$Vm© H$m{ `h Ü`mZ _| aIZm MmohE oH$ e¡ojH$

gm_J«r H$m M`Z AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z àoH«$`m _| oH$`m OmE± dh à^mdH$ hm{ $&

2.7 [yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm •[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm •[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm •[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm •[yd} hþE em{YH$m`© H$s g_rjm •

em{Y H$Vm© Z{ `hm± àñVwV em{Y H{$ O¡g{ AÝ` em{YH$m`m~ H$s g_rjm àX{e H$s Ñoï>

g{ Bg àH$ma oH$`m h¡ $&

4 JwOamV H${ odo^ÝZ odíd odÚmb`m| g{ hþE em{Y H$m`© & ^maV H{$ AÝ` àX{e H{$ odíd

odÚmb`m| g{ hþE 4 em{YH$m © & odX{em| H{$ odíd odÚmb` g{ [{e hþE 2 em{YH$m © oH$ { h¡ &

df© H$s Ñoï> g{ oZåZm§oH$V ê$[ g{ g_rjm H$s h¡ •

df©df©df©df©df© em{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`m

1975 g{ 1

1982 g{ 1

1990 g{ 1

1991 g{ 2

2001 g{ 1

2003 g{ 3

2004 g{ 1

e¡ojH$ ñVa Am¡a e¡ojH$ C[moY H$s Ñoï> g{ X{IZ{ [a em{YH$Vm© Z{ `hm± oZåZ ñVa

Ed§ C[moY g{ AmZwfm§oJH$ em{Ym| H$m odd{MZ oH$`m h¡§ $•

e¡ojH$ C[moYe¡ojH$ C[moYe¡ojH$ C[moYe¡ojH$ C[moYe¡ojH$ C[moY em{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`m

Ph.D. g{ 05

M.Phil. g{ 01

M.Ed. g{ 01

ñdV§Ì em{YH$m`© 03

46

àX{e H$s Ñoï> g{ X{I| Vm{ em{YH$Vm© Z{ `hm± oZåZ àX{em| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a àñVwV

em{Y H{$ O¡g{ AÝ` em{Y H$m`m{ª H$s g_rjm H$s h¢ $&

àX{e H{$ Zm_àX{e H{$ Zm_àX{e H{$ Zm_àX{e H{$ Zm_àX{e H{$ Zm_ em{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`m

JwOamV amÁ` H{$ 04

_wXamB© (gr_bm)H$m 01

_Ü`àX{e H$m 01

_hmamï> H$m 01

Oå_w-H$pí_a H$m 01

_m{naeg H$m 01

_{p·gH$m{ H$m 01

odœ odÚmb` Am¡a ñdm`Îm g§ñWmZm| H{$ em{Ym| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a em{YH$Vm©Z{

oZåZm§oH$V em{Ym| H$s g_rjm H$s h¢$&

odídodÚmb` H{$ Zm_odídodÚmb` H{$ Zm_odídodÚmb` H{$ Zm_odídodÚmb` H{$ Zm_odídodÚmb` H{$ Zm_ em{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`mem{Y g_rjm g§»`m

JyOamV odÚm[rR> (JwOamV) - Ah_Xm]mX 01

JwOamV `woZ. (JwOamV) - Ah_Xm]mX 01

gm¡amï> `woZ. (JwOamV) - amOH$m{Q> 02

_XwamB© H$m_amO `woZ. - _XwamB© 01

UNICEF (M.P) - _Ü`àX{e 01

NCERT - Oå_w H$pí_a 01

[wZm `woZdog©Q>r - _hmamï> 01

_m{naeg odœ odÚmb` - _m{naeg 01

`woZdog©Q>r Am{\$ _{p·gH$m{ - _{p·gH$m{ 01

oH$gr ^r em{K H$m{ JhamB© g{ g_PZ{ H{$ obE CgH{$ CXX²{í`m| H$m{ OmZZm Amdí`H$

h¢ $& AV• em{YH$Vm© Z{ `hm± A[Z{ em{Y H{$ O¡g{ AÝ` em{Ym| H$s g_rjm CgH{$ oZåZ

CXX²{í`m| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a H$s h¡ $&

47

amdb (2003). H$jm 7dt H$s [mR>ç[wñVH$ _| g{ M`Z H$s JB© XjVmAm| g{,

gå]§oYV BH$mB©`m| [a AmYmnaV AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aZm $& Vwa

(2003). ñdmñÏ` Am¡a emarnaH$ oejU odf` H{$ `m{JodÚm B©H$mB© [a odoS>`m{ H$m`©H«$_

H$s aMZm H$aZm $& Jm{ñdm_r (2001) ohÝXr H$odVmAm| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE ñd-AÜ``Z

gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aZm $& _H$amUr (2003). g§ñH¥$V odf` H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| JÚ-[Ú Am¡a

ì`mH$aU H$r M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB©`m| H{$ AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE e¡ojH$ gmYZ Am¡a oejH$

oZo_©V H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm H$aZm $& o[ëbB© (1991). AmO H$s e¡joUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s

µOê$aVm| H{$ AZwgma ]r.ES²>. H{$ H$m`©H«$_ _| Ñí`-lì` H{$ [mR>çH«$_ H$s àmg§oJH$Vm

Om±MZm $& gwo_Ìm (1991). àñVwV AÜ``Z _| J«m_ àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| _| ^mfmJV

odH$mg Ed§ ldU odf`H$ g_P h{Vw ode{f ê$[ g{ V¡`ma oH$E JE lì` H¡$g{Q>m | H$s

C[`m{oJVm Ed§ à^dpÝdVm H{$ AÜ``Z H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $& Jm{bmUr (1982).

_mÜò_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ AÜ`m[H$m| Ed§ AmMm`m~ H{$ obE Ñí`-lì` gmYZm| H$s C[`m{oJVm

ogÕ H$aZm $& qgh (1990). odÚmb`m| _| Am¡a CgH$s H$m`© Xem _| e¡joUH$ ghm`H$

gm_J«r H$m gd}jU $& odo^ÝZ odf`m| H{$ AÜ`m[Z _| e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J

H$m AÜ``Z $& oMÝVm_Ur (2004). AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z H{$ obE H$jm gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm

odf`-dñVw H$s Ñoï> g{ Ñí`-lì` gm_J«r V¡`ma H$aZm $& Om{Z{g (1975). odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q>

Am¡a ñbmB©S> Q>{[ H$s ghm`Vm H{$ Ûmam VH$ZrH$s ê$[ _|$ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm $&

Ý`mXe© Am¡a ì`m[odíd H$s Ñoï> g{ em{YH$Vm© - amdb (2003). Z{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[

_| Ah_Xm]mX oOb{ H${ Mma _mÜò_H$ odÚmb` oOg_| Xm{ oZOr odÚmb` Am¡a Xm{ oObm

[§Mm`V g§MmobV odÚmb` h¡§ $& Vwa (2003). Z{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| Ah_Xm]mX oOb{ H${

oObm [§Mm`V g§MmobV 884 JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$jm 7dt _| AÜ``ZaV

Hw$b 30943 N>mÌ H$m{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m Wm $& Jm{ñdmo_ (2001) Z{

gwa{ÝÐZJa oOb{ H{$ Mm{Q>rbm Vhgrb H{$ ^r_m{am Jm±d H${ JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H$s 12dt H$jm

H{$ gZ² 2000-01 H{$ df© _| AÜ``ZaV 75 N>mÌm| H$m{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m

Wm $& _H$amUr (2003). Z{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| amOH$m{Q> eha H${ JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H${

lr EM.Eg. qghma hmB©ñHy$b H{$ gZ² 2002-03 _| AÜ``ZaV 80 N>mÌm| H$m M`Z

48

oH$`m h¡ $& o[ëbB© (1991) Z{ Bg AÜ``Z h{Vw Mma àH$ma H{$ Z_yZm| H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m

h¡ $& Vo_bZmSw> H{$ N>h odíd odÚmb`m| _| Ohm± ]r.ES²> H{$ [mR>çH«$_ Mb ah{ W{ CZ g^r

H{$ [mR>çH«$_ H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m Wm $& AmR> oejm_hmodÚmb`m| Ed§ EH$ odíd odÚmb`

H{$ oejm od^mJ g{ odÚmoW©`m| / oejH$m| H{$ [m±M odo^ÝZ g{Q>m| / g_yhm| H$m M`Z Ñí`-

lì` oejm AÜ``Z H$aZ{ VWm AmYwoZH$ e¡jnUH$ àm¡Úm{oJH$s odf`H$ µOéaVm| H$m

AmH$bZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE oH$`m J`m Wm $& AmR> oejm _hmodÚmb` VWm EH$ odíd

odÚmb` H{$ oejm od^mJ H{$ oejH$m|, oejmodXm| g{ VWm _XwamB© e¡ojH$ oOb{ H{$ C[

g§H$m`m| H{$ AÜ`jm| g{ àW_ Z_yZ{ obE J`{ W{ $& gwo_Ìm Eb.Or.(1991). BgH{$ Z_yZm| _|

_Ü`àX{e H{$ hm{e§Jm]mX oOb{ H{$ 450 àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m|, 900 oejH$m| VWm H$jm

1, 2 Am¡a 3 H{$ 34345 odÚmoW©`m| H{$ VrZ gmb H{$ Z_yZ{ emo_b oH$E J`{ W{ $&

Jm{bmUr (1982). Z{ [yZm eha H${ g^r _mÜò_H$ odÚmb`m{ § H$m{ ì`m[odœ H{$ ê$[ _|

M`Z oH$`m h¡ $& qgh (1990). Mma amÁ`m| Oå_y Am¡a H$pí_a (O{ EÝS> H{$), H{$ab,

C¶S>rgm, Am¡a CÎmaàX{e (`w.[r.) g{ ]hþñVar` `mÑpÀN>H$ Ý`mXe© H$m`©odoY H$m C[`m{J

H$aV{ hþE 1400 (4%) _mÜò_H$, CƒÎma _mÜò_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Z_yZm| H$m M`Z

oH$`m h¡ $& oMÝVm_Ur (2004). Z{ _m{naeg _| _m¿ò_H$ ñVa [a ohÝXr oejU H{$ obE

g_woMV gm_J«r H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m $& _mÜò_H$ ñVa H{$ AÝVJ©V \$m_©-1 (H$jm-7) g{

\$m_©-5 (H$jm-11) Am¡a hmB©ñHy$b goQ> ©o\$H{$Q> H$jm-12, hmB©ñHy$b goQ> ©o\$H{$Q> H$jm-

13 H{$ obE ododY bKw H$jmAm| H$m M`Z oH$`m $& Om{Z{g (1975). Z{ `woZdog©Q>r Am{\$

_{p·gH$m{ H{$ odo^ÝZ g§H$m`m| H$m Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¡ $&

em{YH$m`© g_rjm e¡ojH$ ñVa j{Ì H$s Ñoï> g{ X{I| Vm{ oZåZàH$ma H{$ oZîH$f© [m`| J`{ •

e¡ojH$ ñVae¡ojH$ ñVae¡ojH$ ñVae¡ojH$ ñVae¡ojH$ ñVa em{Y g§»`m g_rjmem{Y g§»`m g_rjmem{Y g§»`m g_rjmem{Y g§»`m g_rjmem{Y g§»`m g_rjm

àmWo_H$ odÚmb` 03

_mÜò_H$ odÚmb` 03

CƒÎma _mÜò_H$ odÚmb` 01

_mÜò_H$ Am¡a CƒVa _mÜò_H$ odÚmb` 02

]r.ES²> H{$ àoejUmWu 01

49

em{Y nZîH$f© H$s Ñoï> g{ g_rjm oH$E J`{ em{Ym| H$m oZîH$f© oZåZm§oH$V h¡ •-

amdb (2003). H{$ oZîH$f© H{$ AZwgma j_Vmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r H$m à^md

N>mÌm| H$s OmoV Ed§ j{Ì H{$ AZwgma CƒbpãY àmßV H$aZ{ _| à^mdH$ gmo]V hþAm h¡ $&

Vwa (2003). H{$ oZîH$f© _| N>mÌm| H$r `m{JodÚm BH$mB© H$s bpãY H{$ g§X^© _| odoS>`m{

H$m`©H«$_ [a§[amJV [ÕoV g{ AoYH$ à^mdr Wm $& Jm{ñdm_r (2001). H{$ oZîH$f© _| ohÝXr

H$odVm H$s ñd-AÜ``Z gm_J«r g{ AÜ``Z H$aV{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY _| A§Va [m`m J`m $&

_H$amUr (2003). H{$ AZwgma g§ñH¥$V odf` H$s H$jm 9dt H{$ JÚ-[Ú g{ M`Z H$s JB©

BH$mB©`m| _| g{ e¡ojH$ gmYZ gm_J«r H{$ à`m{J g{ AÜ`m[Z AoYH$ à^mdr ahm Wm $&

o[ëbB© (1991) ]r.ES²>. H$m`©H«$_ H{$ odo^ÝZ d¡H$pë[H$ Ed§ Amdí`H$ odf`m| H{$

AÝVJ©V Ñí`-lì` oejm H{$ VÎdm| H$m{ emo_b H$aZ{ H$m CXX²{í` [yar Vah ogÓ Zht hþAm

Wm $& Vo_bZmSw> H{$ g^r odíd odÚmb`m| _| ]r.ES²> H{$ H$m`©H«$_ _| Ñí`-lì` oejm [a

g_mZ ê$[ g{ ]b Zht oX`m J`m & gwo_Ìm (1991). H{$ oZîH$f© _| Bg [na`m{OZm H{$

AÝVJ©V EH$ ^mJ H{$ ê$[ _| ]ƒm| Z{ Om{ H$hmoZ`m± VWm JrV gwZ{ W{ CZ H$hmoZ`m| H$m{

gwZmZ{ _| VWm JrVm| H$m{ JmZ{ _| ]ƒ| g_W© [mE JE $& d{ JrVm| H$m{ gm_mÝ` ñda _| Jm ah{

W{ VWm H$hmoZ`m| H$m{ d{ ]¶S>{ grY{-gmX{ gab ê$[ _| gwZm ah{ W{ $& Jm{bmUr (1982). H{$

oZîH$f© H{$ AZwgma ehar j{Ì H{$ AoYH$ g_¥Õ odÚmb`m| _| Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm| H$m

à`m{J hm{Vm Wm $& AoYH$Va odÚmb`m| _| gmYZ VyQ>{-\y$Q>{ [m`{ J`{ $& AÜ`m[H$m| H{$ Ñí`-

lì` gmYZm| H{$ à`m{J Z H$aZ{ H{$ [rN>{ àoejU H$m A^md [m`m J`m $& qgh (1990).

H{$ oZîH$f© _| 50% g{ AoYH$ _mÜò_H$ odÚmb`m| _| _w»` AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r

C[bãY Wr H{$ab _| í`m_[Q>> MmQ> ©g², ZH$e|, ½bm{], _m°S>b Am¡a a{oS>`m{ g{Q>, Oå_y-

H$pí_a Ed§ C¶S>rgm _| í`m_[Q>, MmQ>©, ZH$e|, Am¡a ½bm{] VWm CÎma àX{e _| í`m_[Q>> Ed§

ZH$e| $& Bg AÜ`m[Z ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$m àoV odÚmb` Am¡gV g§»`m gdm©oYH$ ê$[ _|

H{$ab _| Wt ; Oå_y Am¡a H$pí_a _| gdm©oYH$ g§»`m _| e¡joUH$ ghm`H$ gm_J«r Am¡a

C[`m{J H$aZ{ bm`H$ pñWoV _| Wr $& oMÝVm_Ur (2004). H{$ oZîH$f© H{$ AZwgma ]mbH$

H$s _mZogH$ eo·V ^mfm H{$ AoYJ_ _| bJ^J g_mZ ê$[ g{ JoVerb hm{Vr h¡ $& o\$a ^r

h_ Ñí`-lì` gm_J«r H$m AÀN>r Vah oZ_m©U H$a|J{ Vm{ ^mdmË_H$ A§Va Adí` [mE±J{ $&

50

Om{Z{g (1975). H{$ _w»` oZîH$f© _| ñbmB©S> Q> {[ H{$ H$m`©H«$_ H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ oH$`{ J`{

oejm H$m`© _| 5 [naH$ë[ZmAm| _| 0.5 ñVa [a ^{X X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm $& Xm{Zm| ñd-AÜ``Z

[ÕoV`m± à^mdH$ Wr O] oH$ em{Y H$m CXX²{í` C[H$aUm| H$m à^md kmV H$aZm Wm $&

em{Y odoY [a Ñoï> S>mbZ{ g{ `h kmV hþAm oH$ g^r g_rjm oH$`{ J`{ em{Y à]§Y

àm`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

àñVwV g^r em{Ym| _| àXÎm AmH$bZ H{$ obE oejH$ oZo_©V H$gm¡Q>r H$m C[`m{J

oH$`m h¡ $&

2.8 àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË` •àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË` •àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË` •àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË` •àñVwV em{Y H$m Am¡oMË` •

àñVwV em{Y H$jm 8dt H$s ohÝXr odf` _| M`nZV BH$mB©`m| [a AmYmnaV h¡ $& Bg

g{ [h{b{ AÝ` odíd odÚmb`m| _| Ñí`-lì` C[H$aUm|, odoS>`m{, TV, g_yh _mÜ`_

g§[yQ> AmoX [a em{Y hþAm h¡ $& O] oH$ Bg em{Y _| C[`w©·V oejU$ gm_J«r H{$ Abmdm

_woÐV oejU gm_J«r H$m ^r à`m{J hþAm h¡ $& àñVwV em{Y-H$m`© [yd} hþE em{Ym| g{ oZåZ

ê$[ g{ o^ÝZ Ed§ ode{f h¡ $&

1. Bg em{Y _| _woÐV gm_J«r H$m g_md{e oH$`m h¡ $&

2. àñVwV em{Y _| gmohË` H$s g^r odÚmAm| H$m{ g_modï> oH$`m h¢ &

3. àñVwV AZwg§YmZ g{ _mÜò_H$ ñVa H{$ H$jm 8dt H{$ AmJ§VwH$ N>mÌm| H$m{ ohÝXr H{$

AÜ`m[Z _| bm^ hm{Jm $& oejm oMaH$mbrZ hm{Jr Ed§ à^mdH$ ^r hm{Jr $&

4. J«må` Am¡a ehar, H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a Hw$_mam| H{$ AmYma [a e¡ojH$ bpãY àmoßV _| ^{X

X{IZ{ H$m{ o_b{Jm $&

àñVwV em{Y _| 8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr odf` _| M`Z H$s$ JB© BH$mB©`m| H{$ AmYma [a

oejU gm_J«r H$s aMZm H$aH{$ BgH{$ Aga H$m{ X{IZ{ H{$ obE AÜ`m[Z H$m`© oejU

gm_J«r AmYmnaV hm{Jm oOgg{ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àoV ]mbH$m| H$s éoM ]¶T> {Jr Am¡a `h

oejU gm_J«r AÝ` odf` H{$ obE AoYH$ C[`m{Jr hm{Jr $& oejU gm_J«r aMZm _|

_mJ©Xe©Z àmßV hm{Jm $&

51

2.9 g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •g_m[Z •

àñVwV AÜ`m` _| em{KH$m`© H$s [yd©^yo_H$m Am¡a g§X^© gmohË` H$m AÜ``Z H$aH{$

g_rjm H$s h¡ $& `h em{Y H{$ g§X^© _| [yd© hþE em{Ym| H$m g§ojßV gma àñVwV oH$`m h¡ $&

Bg AÜ`m` g{ em{YH$Vm© H$m{ A[Z{ em{YH$m`© H$s H$m`© [ÕoV, C[H$aUm| Ed§ _mÜ`_m| H$m

M`Z Am¡a àXVm{ § H{$ odíb{fU _| oXem àmßV hþB© h¡ $& àñVwV odf` H{$ g§X^© _| AmZ{dmb{

g_` _| oH$gr em{Y H$Vm© H$m{ AZwg§YmZ H$aZm h¡ Vm{ `h em{K ZB© oXem àXmZ H$a

gH{$Jm $&



3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3



3.1.1 g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z

3.1.2 em{YodoY em{YodoY em{YodoY em{YodoY em{YodoY

3.1.3 C[H$aU oZ_m©U C[H$aU oZ_m©U C[H$aU oZ_m©U C[H$aU oZ_m©U C[H$aU oZ_m©U

3.1.4 àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ Am¡a odíb{fU

BH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`ZBH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`ZBH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`ZBH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`ZBH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z


53




Bg AÜ`m` H$m{ Xm{ od^mJm| _| ]m±Q> J`m h¢ $& od^mJ 1 _| g§[yU©V• em{YH$m`© H$s

AmKmaerbm Ed§ [na`m{OZm h¡ Am¡a od^mJ 2 BH$mB© M`Z Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z

H¡$g{ oH$`m J`m Bg odf` [a AmYmnaV h¡, g§[yU© em{Y H$m`© H$m [mé[ [naoeï> B _| h¢ $&

3.1 em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm •em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm •em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm •em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm •em{Y H$s AmYmaerbm Ed§ em{Y `m{OZm •

g§em{YZ `m{OZm em{Y H$m`© H{$ gm{[mZm| H$m oZX}e H$aVr h¡ $& em{Y `m{OZm g{ em{Y

H$m`© H«$_e• AmJ{ ]¶T>m`m OmVm h¡ $& `h em{K H$m _hÎd[yU© ohñgm _mZm OmVm h¡ $& H$m`©

oZ`m{OZ d¡kmoZH$ [ÕoV g{ Am¡a H«$_e• hm{Jm Vm{ em{Y H$m`© VmoH©$H$ ê$[ g{ hm{ gH{$Jm $&

oZ`m{OZ g{ em{YH$m`© _| AmZ{dmbr éH$mdQ>| Am¡a ì`dYmZ H{$ ]ma{ _| gVH©$Vm ahVr h¡ $&

8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr odf` _| odo^ÝZ gmohË`H$ odÚmAm| H$m{ [a§[amJV [ÕoV g{

[¶T>mZm H$R>rZ H$m`© h¡ $& Bg odf`dñVw _| g_modï> [X, Xm{h{, H$odVm, JµOb, ZmQ>H$,

oZ]§Y, H$hmZr, aMZm([Ì) Am¡a EH$m§H$s AmoX _| àñVwV hm{Z{dmb{ ^md àg§J dU©Z,

H$R>rZ eãXmW©, H$R>rZ q]Xy ZmQ>çm§e Am¡a BgH{$ g_mZ ^mdm| H$m{ g_PmZm H$R>rZ h¡$&

em{YH$Vm© Z{ 8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr odf` _| g_modï> 10 BH$mB©`m| H$m{ [¶T>mZ{ H{$ obE M`Z

oH$`m $& oejU gm_J«r H{$ C[`m{J g{ N>mÌm| H$s bpãY _| ·`m A§Va àmßV hm{Vm h¡ `h

OmZZ{ H{$ obE àñVwV em{Y oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

3.1.1 g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z •g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z •g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z •g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z •g_oï> Am¡a Ý`mXe© M`Z •

3.1.1.1 - g_oï>g_oï>g_oï>g_oï>g_oï>

“By population we mean that aggregate on totality of

objects or individuals regarding which inferences are to be made

in sampling study. A population in any group of individuals that

54

have one or more characterististics in comman that are of the

research”1

Kulbirsing Siddu

AWm©V²

“ oH$gr ^r em{YH$m`© _| g_oï> H$m ñ[ï>rH$aU AoYH$ _hÎd[yU© h¡ $& ì`m[odœ H$m

`WmW© ñ[ï>rH$aU Z hm{Z{ [a Ý`mXe© M`Z _| ]mYm CË[ÝZ hm{Vr h¡ $& Ý`mXe© oOg g_yh _|

g{ M`Z oH$`m OmVm h¡ Cg [mÌm| H{$ g_yh H$m{ g_oï> H$hm OmVm h¡ $& g_oï> H{$ ñ[ï>rH$aU

H{$ ]mX hr em{YH$m`© H{$ obE H$m¡Z-g{ Am¡a H¡$g{ Ý`mXe© M`Z H$aZm h¡ `h oZoüV oH$`m

OmVm h¡ $& oH$gr ^r AÜ``Z H$m CX²X{í` AÜ``Z H{$ oZîH$f© Ty > ± ¶T>Zm h¡ $& Om{ oZoüV

g_oï> [a A_br hm{ gH{$ $&”

àñVwV em{Y _| 8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr odf` _| g{ M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB©`m| _| g_modï>

[X, Xm{h{, H$odVm, JµOb, ZmQ>çm§e, oZ]§Y, H$hmZr, aMZm([Ì) Am¡a EH$m§H$s AmoX

gmohpË`H$ odÚmAm| _| g{ gå]pÝYV oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z H$aH{$ BgH{$ Aga H$m{ kmV

H$aZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $& JwOamV amÁ` H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$jm 8dt _| AÜ``ZaV

N>mÌ Bg em{YH$m`© H$s g_oï> h¢ $& E{g{ Vm{ g_oï> odñV¥V h¡ oH$ÝVw l_, g_`, eo·V Am¡a

AmoW©H$ ì`` H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a g_oï> H{$ C[a àoVoZoYËd H$a gH{$ E{g{ Ý`mXe© H$m{

Ü`mZ _| aIH$a àñVwV em{YH$m`© oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

3.1.1.2 Ý`mXe© M`Z •Ý`mXe© M`Z •Ý`mXe© M`Z •Ý`mXe© M`Z •Ý`mXe© M`Z •

g_oï> H$m àoVoZoYËd H$a gH{$ E{g{ Ý`mXe© H$m M`Z d¡kmoZH$ [ÕoV g{ oH$`m

J`m h¡ $& M`Z oH$`m J`m Ý`mXe© [yd©J«h aohV Am¡a AZmË_bjr hm{Zm MmohE oOgH$m

`hm± oZdm©h hþAm h¡ $&

“A sample is small population of a population selected for

1 Kulbirsing Siddu, Methodology of Research in Education.

New Delhi : Sterling Publishers (Pvt) Ltd p. 253.

55

observation and analysis, By observing the characteristics of the

sample one can make certain inferences about the characteristics

of the population from which its is drawn”2

AWm©V²

“ Ý`mXe© EH$ N>m{Q>r BH$mB© hm{Vr h¡, oOgH$m M`Z g_oï> _| g{ à`m{J H{$ obE

oH$`m OmVm h¡ $& Ý`mXe© [a oH$`{ J`{ à`m{J H$m Aga g§[yU© g_oï> [a A_br oH$`m

OmVm h¡ $&”

According to Frunke

“The term sample should be reserved for a set of units or

portion of an aggregate of material which has been selected in

the belief that it will be representative of the whole aggregate”3

AWm©V²

“ Ý`mXe© eãX BH$mB©`m| H{$ EH$ g_yh `m g§[yU© gm_J«r H{$ A§e H{$ obE gwaojV

hm{Zm MmohE, oOgH$m{ Bg odídmg H{$ C[a MwZm J`m h¡ oH$ dh g§[yU© H$m àoVoZoY

hm{Jm $&”

àñVwV em{YH$m`© H$s g_oï> JwOamV amÁ` H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$jm 8dt _| AÜ``Z

aV N>mÌ h¢ $& `hm± g_oï> AoYH$ odñV¥V h¡, Bg obE 8dt H$jm H$s odo^ÝZ gmohpË`H$

odÚmAm| H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIH$a BH$mB©`m| H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h¢ $& MòZV BH$mB©`m| H{$

AZwê$[ oejU gm_J«r Am¡a BgH{$ A_b H{$ obE Amdí`H$ g_` Am¡a eo·V Ed§

2 John W. Best, Research in Education Delhi : Prentice Hall

of India (Pvt.) Ltd. p.11.

3 S. Frunk. Theory and Practice of Psychological Testing,

New Delhi : Oxford and H.B. Publishing company 1962.

p. 697.

56

em{YH$m`© H{$ obE Amdí`H$ gwodYmE± à`m{JmË_ em{Y [ÕoV H{$ H$maU gh{VwH$ Ý`mXe©

M`Z odoY g{ Ah_Xm]mX eha H{$ Xm{ odÚmb` Am¡a Ah_Xm]mX J«må` j{Ì H{$ Xm{

odÚmb`m| H$m{ Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¢ $& Xm{ odÚmb`m| H{$ N>mÌm| H$m `mÑpÀN>H$

M`Z odoY g{ M`Z oH$`m J`m $& MòZV Xm{Zm| J«y[ _| g{ H$m¡Zgm J«y[ àm`m{oJH$ hm{Jm Am¡a

H$m¡Z gm J« y[ oZ`§oÌV hm{Jm `h og¸$m CN>mbH$a V` oH$`m J`m $& Om{ J« y[ àm`m{oJH$ Wm

Cg{ oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam [¶T>m`m J`m Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m{ é¶T> odoY g{ [¶T>m`m J`m &

àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Zm_ oZåZm§oH$V h¡ $& oOgH${ 8dt H$jm _| AÜ``Z H$aV{

g^r N>mÌ à`m{J [mÌ h¡ $&

1. gw_Z odÚmb`, ZmaU[wam Ah_Xm]mX (ehar)

2. odZm{X gd© odÚmb`, Jm{Vm - oO. Ah_XmdmX (J«må`)

oZ`§oÌV J«y[ _| oZåZm§oH$V odÚmb`m| H$m{ ob`m J`m h¡ $& H$jm 8dt H{$ g^r N>mÌ

à`m{J [mÌ h¢ $&

1. AI§S>mZ§X _mÜò_H$ odÚmb`, emh[wa - Ah_Xm]mX (ehar)

2. e{R> A_wbI odÚmb`, Jm{Vm - oO. Ah_Xm]mX (J«må`)

àñVwV em{YH$m`© _| MòZV Ý`mXe© VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 3.1 _| àñVwV h¡ $&

57

VmboH$m VmboH$m VmboH$m VmboH$m VmboH$m 3.1

Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV odÚmb`m| H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌÝ`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV odÚmb`m| H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌÝ`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV odÚmb`m| H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌÝ`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV odÚmb`m| H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌÝ`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV odÚmb`m| H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌ

odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmbòdÚmbòdÚmbòdÚmbòdÚmb` OmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`m

J« y[ J« y[ J« y[ J« y[ J« y[ H$m j{ÌH$m j{ÌH$m j{ÌH$m j{ÌH$m j{Ì Hw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌ

àm`m{oJH$ gw_Z odÚmb` ehar 27 23 50

odÚmb` ZmaU[wam, Ah_Xm]mX

odZm{X gd© odÚmb` J«må` 47 23 70

Jm{Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mX

Hw$b `m{JHw$b `m{JHw$b `m{JHw$b `m{JHw$b `m{J 7 4 4 6 120

oZ`§oÌV AI§S>mZ§X _mÜò_H$ ehar 47 23 70

odÚmb` odÚmb`, emh[wa

Ah_Xm]mX-4

e{R> A_wbI odÚmb` J«må` 40 30 70

Jm{Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mX

H w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {J 8 7 5 3 140

H w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {J 161 9 9 260

C[`w©·V gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 3.1 _| ]Vm`{ J`{ à`m{J[mÌm| H$m{ em{YmWu Z{ àXV AmH$bZ H{$ obE

g_{b Om{¶S> { ]ZmE $& à`m{J [mÌm| _| g{ MòZV A§oV_ Ý`mXe© H$s OmZH$mar VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 3.2

_| h¡ $&

58

gmaUr gmaUr gmaUr gmaUr gmaUr 3.2

A§oV_ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV N>mÌm| H{$ odÚmb` H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌA§oV_ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV N>mÌm| H{$ odÚmb` H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌA§oV_ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV N>mÌm| H{$ odÚmb` H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌA§oV_ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV N>mÌm| H{$ odÚmb` H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌA§oV_ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV N>mÌm| H{$ odÚmb` H{$ j{ÌmZwgma à`m{J[mÌ

odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmb` H$m Zm_ odÚmbòdÚmbòdÚmbòdÚmbòdÚmb` OmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`mOmoV AZwgma N>mÌm| H$s g§»`m

J« y[ J« y[ J« y[ J« y[ J« y[ H$m j{ÌH$m j{ÌH$m j{ÌH$m j{ÌH$m j{Ì Hw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌHw$_ma H$Ý`m Hw$bN>mÌ

àm`m{oJH$ gw_Z odÚmb` ehar 25 20 45

odÚmb` ZmaU[wam, Ah_Xm]mX

odZm{X gd© odÚmb` J«må` 25 20 45

Jm{Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mX

Hw$b `m{JHw$b `m{JHw$b `m{JHw$b `m{JHw$b `m{J 5 0 4 0 9 0

oZ`§oÌV AI§S>mZ§X _mÜò_H$ ehar 25 20 45

odÚmb` odÚmb`, emh[wa

Ah_Xm]mX-4

e{R> A_wbI odÚmb` J«må` 25 20 45

Jm{Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mX

H w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {J 5 0 4 0 9 0

H w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {JH w $b`m {J 100 8 0 180

3.1.2 em{YodoY •em{YodoY •em{YodoY •em{YodoY •em{YodoY •

àñVwV em{Y H$m CX²X{í` JwOamVr _mÜ`_ H$s 8dt H$jm H$s ohÝXr [mR>ç [wñVH$ _|

g_modï> odo^ÝZ gmohpË`H$ odÚmAm| H{$ obE oejU-gm_J«r H$m M`Z Ed§ oZ_m©U H$aH{$

BgH{$ Aga H$m{ Om±MZm h¡, AV• àñVwV em{YH$m`© à`m{JmË_H$ em{YodoY g{ oH$`m

J`m h¡ $&

3.1.2.1 à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY •

à`m{JmË_H$ odoY d¡kmoZH$ odoY h¡ $& Bg odoY H{$ Ûmam H$m`©H$maU g§]§Y ñ[ï>

59

hm{Vm h¡ $& à`m{JmË_H$ odoY Ûmam oH$gr dñVw, CX²X{í` AmoX H$s oddaUmË_H$ ì`m»`m Zht

hm{Vr $& Bg Ñoï>H$m{U g{ oejmodX ]{dnaO à`m{J H$m{ Bg àH$ma ñ[ï> H$aV{ h¡ •

“An experiment usually consists in making an event occur

under known condition whereas many extraneous influences, as

far as possible, are diminated and close observation is possible

so that ralationship between phenomena can be reveadad”4

AWm©V²

“ à`m{J _| ]hþYm oH$gr KQ>ZmAm| H$m{ kmV XemAm| _| H$am`m OmVm h¡ VWm ]mø

à^mdm| H$m{ `Wm g§^d Xya H$aV{ hþE oZarjU oH$`m OmVm h¡ oOgg{ à[§M H{$ g§]§Y H$m{

^br àH$ma àXoe©V oH$`m Om gH{$ $&”

]{dnaO

“It is method of testing hypothesis”

Johada and other.

AWm©V²

“ à`m{J [naH$ë[Zm H{$ [arjU H$s EH$ odoY h¡ $&”

“Experiment is the proof of a hypothesis which seeks to

take up two factor into a causal relationship through the study

of construesting situation which have been controlled on all

factors one of interest, the latter being either the hypothetical

cause or the Hypothetical effect”5

Ernest Greewood

4 William I.B. Beveridge, The art of scentific Investigation,

w.w. northon and co 1975. p.13

5 Ernest Greewod, Experimental Society, w.w. Northon and co.

1975. p. 28.

60

AWm©V²

“ à`m{J H$m`©H$maU gå]ÝYm{§ H$m ì`·V H$aZ{dmbr [naH$ë[Zm H{$ [arjU H$s odoY

h¡ oOgg{ [napñWoV`m| _| H$m`©H$maU gå]ÝY H$m AmH$bZ H$aV{ h¢”

“When certain variables can be controlled or manipulated

directly in a research problem by the investigator the research

procedure is ofton described as experiment.”6

- Edwards.

AWm©V² •

“ O] EH$ AZwg§YmZ g_ñ`m H{$ gå]ÝY _| EH$ AÜ``Z H$Vm© àË`j ê$[ g{ Hw$N>

Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU `m h{a\{$a ñWmo[V H$aVm h¡ V] Bg àH$ma H$s AZwg§YmZ àoH«$`m H$m{

[«`m{J H$hm OmVm h¡ &”

C[`w©·V g^r [na^mfmAm| H{$ AmYma [a `h oZîH$f© oZH$bVm h¡ oH$ à`m{J EH$

E{gr odoY h¡ oOg_| Xm{ `m Xm{ g{ AoYH$ Mam| H{$ à^mdm| H$m AÜ``Z oH$`m OmVm h¡ $&

[na^mfm g{ ñ[ï> hm{Vm h¡ oH$ Ma H{$ Xm{ àH$ma h¡ •

1. ñdV§Ì Ma (Independent)

2. AmolV Ma (Dependent)

à`m{J _| ñdV§Ì Ma H$m AmolV Ma [a à^md H$m AÜ``Z hm{Vm h¡ $& àñVwV em{Y

AmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J« y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZm odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h¡ $& (After

only Experiments) $& Bg à`m{J _| Xm{ à`m{Á` g_yh h¡ $&

1. à`m{JmË_H$ g_yh (Experimental Group)

2. oZ`§oÌV g_yh (Controlled Group)

6 Allen L. Edwards, Experimental Design in Psychological

Research. New Delhi : A merind Publishing company

1971. p. 455.

61

`hm± ñdV§Ì Ma H$m AÜ``Z H{$db à`m{JmË_H$ g_yh _| oH$`m OmVm h¡ oH$ÝVw AmolV Ma

H$s _mÌm H$m AÜ``Z Xm{Zm| g_yhm| _| oH$`m OmVm h¢ $& `hm± à`m{JmË_H$ g_yh _| AmolV

Ma H$s _mÌm _| ñdV§Ì Ma H$s _mÌm H{$ g§X^© _| H$m{B© [nadV©Z X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h¡ Om{

[nadV©Z à`m{JH$Vm© oZ`§oÌV g_yh _| Z [m`{ Vm{ Bg [nadV©Z H$m H$maU ñdV§Ì Ma H$m{

_mZm OmVm h¡ $&

àñVwV AÜ``Z _| à`w·V H$r JB© àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm H$m àmê$[ VmobH$ H«$_m§H$ 3.3

_| h¡ $&

VmobH$ VmobH$ VmobH$ VmobH$ VmobH$ 3.3

àm`m {oJH$ `m {OZmàm`m {oJH$ `m {OZmàm`m {oJH$ `m {OZmàm`m {oJH$ `m {OZmàm`m {oJH$ `m {OZm

àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ oejU gm_J«r gh CÎma H$gm¡Q>r

N-90 AÜ`m[Z H$m`© N-90

oZ`§oÌV Jy[ é¶T> odoY g{ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r

N-90 AÜ`m[Z H$m`© N-90

àñVwV AÜ``Z _| ñdV§Ì Ma H{$ ê$[ _| oejU gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam AÜ`m[Z H$m`©

H$aH{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$s e¡ojH$ bpãY Zm[r JB© h¡ $& Bg AÜ``Z _| ehar j{Ì

H{$ Xm{ odÚmb` Am¡a J«må`j{Ì H{$ Xm{ odÚmb`m| _| AÜ``ZaV H$jm 8dt H{$ N>mÌm| _|

Hw$_ma Am¡a H$Ý`mAm{§ H$s e¡ojH$ bpãY H{$ A§Va H$m{ Om±Mm J`m h¡ $&

3.1.2.2 à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$s ode{fVm Ed§ em{Y [naMbZ •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$s ode{fVm Ed§ em{Y [naMbZ •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$s ode{fVm Ed§ em{Y [naMbZ •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$s ode{fVm Ed§ em{Y [naMbZ •à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$s ode{fVm Ed§ em{Y [naMbZ •

“We shall define a field experiment as a theoretically

oriented research project in which the experimenter manufactures

in independent variable in some real social setting in order to

test some hypothesis”7

R.P. Frenk

7 S. Frenk, Theory and Practice of Psychological Testing.

New Delhi. : Oxford and B.H. publishing company 1962. p. 491.

62

AWm©V²

“ à`m{JmË_H$ em{K g¡Õm§oVH$ _mohVr H$m{ pñdH¥$V H$aH{$ dmñVodH$Vm H$s Om±M

H$aVm h¡ $& à`m{JmË_H$ em{K _| Mam| H$m [naMbZ oZåZ àH$ma g{ hm{Vm h¡;”

3.1.2.2.1 ñdV§Ì Ma •ñdV§Ì Ma •ñdV§Ì Ma •ñdV§Ì Ma •ñdV§Ì Ma •

ñdV§Ì Ma à`m{J _| em{YmWu H{$ oZ`§ÌU _| ahVm h¡ $& em{YmWu BgH$s _mÌm H$m{

KQ>m - ]¶T>m gH$Vm h¡ $& àñVwV em{Y à`m{JmË_H$ h{ AV• BgH$m à_wI Aga Mam| H{$

[naMbZ H{$ gmW gå]pÝYV h¡ $& Ma H{$ [naoMbZ H{$ obE M`Z oH$`{ J`{ Ý`mXe© [a

ñdV§Ì Ma H$s o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ pñWoV`m± ñVa H$m à^md bm`m OmVm h¡ $& àñVwV AÜ``Z _|

oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$m{ é¶T> odoY g{ AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$adm`m Am¡a àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$m{ oejU

gm_J«r à`w·V H$aH{$ AÜ`m[Z H$adm`m J`m h¡ $&

3.1.2.2.2 AmolV Ma H$m nZarjU •AmolV Ma H$m nZarjU •AmolV Ma H$m nZarjU •AmolV Ma H$m nZarjU •AmolV Ma H$m nZarjU •

à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY H$s ode{fVm h¡ AmolV Ma [a ñdV§Ì Ma H{$ à^md H$m

oZarjU H$aZm h¡ $& `hm± ñdV§Ì Ma H$m{ oejU gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam oejmH$m`© Am¡a AmolVMa

H$m{ é¶T> odoY g{ AÜ`m[Z H$adm H{$ N>mÌm| H$s CÎma H$gm¡Q>r g{ àmßV àmßVm§H$m{ H{$ Ûmam

oejU gm_J«r H${ Aga H$m{ Om±Mm J`m h¢ $&

3.1.2.2.3 AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU •AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU •AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU •AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU •AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU •

à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y [ÕoV H$s Vrgar ode{fVm h¡ AmolV Ma [a AÜ``Z H{$ g_`

ñdV§Ì Ma H{$ `WmW© Aga H$m{ Om±MZ{ H{$ obE AÝ` Mam| [a oZ`§ÌU H$aZm $& `hm± oejU

gm_J«r H$m{ à_wI Ma H{$ ê$[ _| ñdrH¥$V oH$`m J`m h¡ & BgH$m AmolV Mam| [a `WmW©

à^md Om±MZ{ H{$ obE AÝ` g^r Mam| H$m oZ`§ÌU H$aZm Amdí`H$ hm{ OmVm h¡ $& BgobE

AoYH$moYH$ Mam| H$m{ oZ`§oÌV H$aZ{ H{$ obE EH$ H$jm(ñVa) H{$ J« y[, j{Ì H$s Ñoï> g{

g_mZ _mÜò_H$ odÚmb`|, AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H{$ obE g_mZ odf`dñVw, g_mZ AÝVamb Am¡a

EH$ hr AÜ`m[H$ H{$ Ûmam AÜ`m[Z H$adm`m J`m h¡ $& oZ`§oÌV J«y[ Am¡a àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m

M`Z o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ odÚmb`m| _| g{ oH$`m J`m, oOgg{ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ _| oH$`{ J`{ AÜ`m[Z

63

H$m`© H$m Aga oZ`§oÌV J«y[ [a Z hm{ $& Xm{Zm| J«y[ H$m ]woÕ ñVa g_mZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE Sm°.

O{.EM. emh aoMV bYw ]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r H{$ Ûmam ]woÕ H$s Ñoï> g{ g_mZ ]woÕ ñVa H{$ N>mÌm|

H$m Ý`mXe© H{$ ê$[ _| M`Z oH$`m h¡ $& X{I| bKw ]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r [naoeï C > [a h¡ $&

3.1.2.2.4 Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm •Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm •Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm •Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm •Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm •

à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H$R>m{a d¡kmoZH$ [napñWoV`m| H{$ AÝVJ©V oH$`m OmVm h¡ $& Bg _|

ñdV§Ì Ma H$m [aV§Ì Ma [a [¶S>Z{ dmb{ à^md H$m AÜ``Z oH$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a ]mø Mam|

H{$ à^md H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m OmVm h¡ $& Bg àH$ma H{$ H$R>m{a oZ`§ÌU g{ à`m{J

_| àmßV oZîH$fm~ _| AmÝVnaH$ d¡YVm ñWmo[V H$aZr hm{Vr h¡ $&

AmÝVnaH$ d¡YVm H$m { à^modV H$aZ{dmb{ H$maU O¡g{ g_gm_mo`H$ KQ>Zm,

[na[·dZ, _m[Z H{$ C[H$aUm| H$s _§X JoV, A§H$emoó` [amJoV, Ý`mXe© M`Z _| ^{X,

à`m{J [mÌm| H$m H$_ hm{Zm Am¡a ]¶T>Zm, Ed§ Mam| H{$ AmÝVnaH$ Aga H$m{ oZ`§oÌV H$aH{$

Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm H$m{ ]ZmE aIZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

à`m{J H{$ d·V hm{Z{dmbr g_gm_mo`H$ KQ>ZmAm| H$m à^md à`m{J [mÌm| H$m{

AmÝVnaH$ ê$[ g{ à^modV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a à`m{J H{$ Mam| H$m{ AmÝVnaH$ ê$[ g{ XyofV

(_obZ) H$aVm h¡ $& àñVwV AÜ``Z _| oZ`§oÌV Am¡a àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$m{ AÝ` H$maH$m| H{$

Aga g{ g§VwobV H$aZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $& `hm± à`m{J [mÌm| H$s ]woÕ, éPmZ

Ao^`m{½`Vm Am¡a ìò·VËd _| ^{X oXIZ{ H$s g§^mdZm H$_ Wr ·`m| oH$ g^r odÚmb`m| H{$

à`m{J[mÌm| H{$ obE oejmH$m`© Am¡a CÎma bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ ]rM g_`mdoY H$_ Wr $&

Bg AÜ``Z _| à`m{J[mÌ EH$ H$jm H{$ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU Am`w H$s Ñoï> g{ g^r g_mZ

W{ $& g_mOñ`Vm ([na[·dVm) _| ^{X hm{Z{ H$s g§^mdZm H$_ Wr $& à`m{J C[H$aU Am¡a

oZarjU [ÕoV H$m{ Ü`mZ _| aIV{ hþE àñVwV AÜ``Z _| CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ Ûmam oZarjU

oH$`m J`m Wm $& AÜ``Z _| M`Z oH$`{ J`{ Mma odÚmb`m| H$m M`Z gh{VwH$ odoY g{

oH$`m J`m Am¡a Xm{ J«y[ H$m{ gh{VwH$ odoY g{ og¸$m CN>mbH$a àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[

_| ]m±Q>m J`m $& N>mÌm| H$m M`Z _yb pñWoV AZwgma oH$`m J`m oOgg{ V{Oñdr Am¡a

H$_]woÕ dmb{ N>mÌm| H$m ^{X X{IZ{ H$m{ Z o_b{ $& Bg àH$ma Ý`mXe© M`Z odoY _| à`m{J

64

[a H${ Aga H$m{ Zm]yX H$aZ{ Ed§ H$_ H$aZ{ H$m à`mg H$aH{$ AmÝVnaH$ d¡YVm H$s _mÌm

]ZmE aIZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $& à`m{J H{$ A§V _| g_mZ [yd© e¡ojH$ boãY Ed§ ]woÕ

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m h¡ oOgg{

à`m{J [mÌm| _| H$o_`m± Xya H$aZ{ H$m à`mg em{YH$Vm© H{$ Ûmam oH$`m J`m h¡ & Bg àH$ma

àñVwV AÜ``Z _| Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm H{$ à^mdH$ H$maH$m| H{$ à^md H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H$m à`mg

oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

3.1.2.2.5 ]mød¡YVm •]mød¡YVm •]mød¡YVm •]mød¡YVm •]mød¡YVm •

]mø d¡YVm H$m AW© h¡ à`m{J H{$ A§V _| Om{ oZîH$f© àmßV hþE h¡ Cg{ g_oï> [a

A_b H$aH{$ CgH{$ oZîH$f© H$s ì`moßV oH$VZr _mÌm _| e·` h¡ `h OmZZm $& à`m{J H{$

oZîH$fm~ H$s ì`m[H$Vm H$s _mÌm oOVZr H$_ CVZr à`m{J H$s ]mø d¡YVm H$_ hm{Vr h¡ $&

]mø d¡YVm H{$ à^mdH$ H$maH$m| H$m{ A§Hw$oeV H$aZ{ H{$ obE àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$

obE M`Z oH$`{ J`{ odÚmb`m| _| oZoüV g_` _| AÜ`m[Z H$m`© oH$`m J`m h¡ $& oOgg{

odÚmb`m| _| H$m{B© AZ¡goJ©H$ [napñWoV H$m oZ_m©U Z hm{ $& Xm{Zm| J«y[ _| ]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r Am¡a

bpãY H$gm¡Q>r b{Z{ H{$ ]mX àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ _| oejU gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ _|

é¶T> > odoY g{ AÜ`m[Z H$m`© oH$`m h¡ $& `hm± à`m{J [mÌm| H$m{ E{gm I`mb Zht Wm oH$

“ h_ma{ C[a à`m{J hm{ ahm h¡” oOg{ ‘ hm{Wm}Z Aga’ (Hawthorne Effect) H$hm

OmVm h¡ $& Bg àH$ma àñVwV AÜ``Z _| ]mø d¡YVm H{$ obE ]mYH$ g^r H$maH$m| H{$ à^md

H$m{ AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ oZ`§oÌV H$aZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

3.1.2.3 em{Y _| g_modï> Ma •em{Y _| g_modï> Ma •em{Y _| g_modï> Ma •em{Y _| g_modï> Ma •em{Y _| g_modï> Ma •

à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y H{$ g_` em{YH$Vm© odo^ÝZ [napñWoV`m| H$m oZ_m©U H$aH{$ Mam|

H$m ì`dñWm[Z H$aH{$ Cg [a oZ`§ÌU àmßV H$aVm h¡ $&

àñVwV em{Y _| g_modï> Mam| H$m oddaU oZåZm§oH$V h¡ $&

1. ñdV§Ì Ma • AÜ`m[Z [ÕoV, oejU gm_J«r gh AÜ`m[Z Ed§ éT>

odoY g{ AÜ`m[Z

2. AmolV Ma • 8dt H$jm H$s CÎma H$gm¡Q>r _| N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$ $&

65

3. oZ`§oÌV Ma • 8dt H$jm H$r ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ H$m odf`dñVw

4. [nao_V Ma • odÚmb` H$m j{Ì (J«må`-ehar), N>mÌm| H$s OmoV

(Hw$_ma-H$Ý`m)

3.1.2.4 àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ aMZm •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ aMZm •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ aMZm •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ aMZm •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ aMZm •

àñVwV em{YH$m`© _| M`Z oH$`{ J`{ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$m ]m¡oÕH$

ñVa kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE S>m°. O{. EM. emh aoMV bKw ]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r H$m C[`m{J oH$`m

J`m $& bYw]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r g{ àmßV àmßVm§H$m| H{$ AmYma [a odMbZ ]woÕ _mZm§H$ kmV oH$`m

J`m Am¡a g_mZ ]woÕ odMbZ _mZH$m| g{ g_mZ ]woÕ J« y[ H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m $& VV²[ümV

g_mZ ]woÕ _mZm§H$dmb{ g^r N>mÌm| H$m{ H$jm 7dt H$s odf`dñVw AmYmnaV bpãY H$gm¡Q>r

H{$ Ûmam àmßV àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU ]ZmH$a _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ Am¡a

H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV (CR) Ty> ± ¶T>H$a BgH$m ‘t’ _yë` kmV H$aH{$ Om{ ¶S>m | H$m{ g_{b ]Zm`m

J`m $&

3.1.2.5 àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm •àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm •àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm •àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm •àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm •

AmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZ J«y[ H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZm $&

3.1.3 C[H$aU oZ_m©U •C[H$aU oZ_m©U •C[H$aU oZ_m©U •C[H$aU oZ_m©U •C[H$aU oZ_m©U •

àñVwV em{Y _| 8dt H$jm H$s M`Z H$s JB© BH$mB©`m| H$m{ gabVm g{ [¶T>mZ{ H{$ obE

oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h¡ $& _mohVr H{$ AmH$bZ H{$ obE `hm± VrZ C[H$aUm|

H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m oOg_| ñdoZo_©V _Vmdbr S>m°. O{. EM. emh aoMV bKw]woÕ

H$gm¡Q>r, [yd©bpãY H$gm¡Q>r Om{ H$jm 7dt H$s$ odf`dñVw [a AmYmnaV h¡ Om{ ]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r

g{ MòZV Ý`mXe© H$m{ `WmW© ê$[ X{Z{ H${ obE à`w·V hþB© h¡ $& CÎma H$gm¡Q>r oOgH$r

odf`dñVw H$jm-8dt H$s MòZV BH$mB©`m| [a AmKmnaV Wm $& Xm{Zm| H$gm¡oQ>`m| H$s aMZm

gab ^mfm _| Wr, Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r _| CÎma obIZ{ H{$ obE na·VñWmZ oX`{ J`{ W{ $& Xm{Zm|

H$gm¡oQ>`m| H$m ñdê$[ oboIV Wm Am¡a Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r H{$ A§H$ g_mZ ê$[ g{ 100 W{ $&

bYw]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r “ AmH$me _Zm{_m[Z H{$ÝÐ, gr/16, amhþb[mH©$ gm{gm`Q>r,

66

od^mJ 2 KmQ>bm{oS>`m, Ah_Xm]mX g{ àmßV H$s $& bYw]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r H$m C[`m{J N>mÌm| H{$

]woÕ ñVa H$m{ g_mZ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE oH$`m J`m $& oOg_| g_mZ ]woÕ ñVadmb{ N>mÌm| H{$ J«y[

oZ_m©U oH$`{ J`{ $& ]woÕ ñVa g{ g_mZ BgobE oH$`m J`m ·`m| oH$ Bgg{ à`m{J H$s

Am§VnaH$ d¡YVm ]¶T>Vr h¡ $& Om{ [yU© ê$[ g{ A§H$emoó` [ÕoV g{ oZ`§oÌV h¡ $&

3.1.3.1 bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •

àñVwV em{Y _| N>mÌm| H$m{ à`m{J g{ [h{b{ à`m{J H{$ obE Am`w, ]woÕ Am¡a bpãY

H{$ AmYma [a g_mZ ]ZmZ{ W{ $& BgH{$ obE g^r N>mÌ H$jm-8dt _| AÜ``Z H$aZ{ dmb{

W{, AV• Am`w H$s Ñoï> g{ dh g_mZ W{ $& Bg g_mZ Am`wdmb{ N>mÌm| H$m{ ]woÕ ñVa H{$

AZwgma g_mZ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE bYw]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m $& N>mÌm| H$m{ ohÝXr

odf` H$s bpãY _| g_mZ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE H$jm 8dt H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ [mg H$jm 7dt H$m ohÝXr

odf` H$m oH$VZm kmZ h¡ `h kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$jm 7dt H$s odf`dñVw AmYmnaV bpãY

H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m $& boãY H$gm¡Q>r oZ_m©U H$s odoK odñVma g{ oZåZm§oH$V h¡ $&

àma§^ _| H$jm 7dt H$s odf`dñVw AmYmnaV 100 A§H$ H$s oboIV ñdê$[ H$s

bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m $& oOgH$r odf`dñVw VmobH$m 3.4 _| ]Vm`r $JB© &

BH$mB©`m| _| g{ M`Z oH$`m $& boãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX Bg H$gm¡Q>r _| N>mÌm|

H$m{ H$m¡Z g{ àíZ g_PZ{ _| H$nR>ZmB© hm{Jr Am¡a àíZm| H$s Ñoï> g{ gyMZm H$m ñVa H¡$gm

hm{Zm MmohE `h OmZZ{ H{$ obE Ah_Xm]mX eha H{$ 20 àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ H$jm 7dt

_| ohÝXr odf` H$m AÜ`m[Z H$aZ{dmb{ oejH$m| H$m{ H$gm¡Q>r, gyMZmAm| H$s gabVm,

H$nR>ZVm, odf`dñVw _| \{$a]Xb AmoX gwPmd X{Z{ H{$ obE Xr JB© Am¡a g^r _V àmßV

H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX oZåZ BH$mB©`m| _| g{ 100 A§H$ H$s bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm H$s JB© $&

oOgH$r odf`dñVw oZåZm§oH$V gmaUr H{$ JÚ-[Ú aMZm Am¡a ì`mH$aU g{ ob`m J`m $&8

8 ohÝXr (oZåZ ñVa). H$jm ohÝXr (oZåZ ñVa). H$jm ohÝXr (oZåZ ñVa). H$jm ohÝXr (oZåZ ñVa). H$jm ohÝXr (oZåZ ñVa). H$jm 7. JwOamV amÁ` embm [mR>ç[wñVH$ _§S>b, Jm§YrZJa

2008.

67

VmobH$ VmobH$ VmobH$ VmobH$ VmobH$ 3.4

bpãY H$gm¡Q >r H$s BH$mB©`m ± Am¡a A§H$ ^mam §H$bpãY H$gm¡Q >r H$s BH$mB©`m ± Am¡a A§H$ ^mam §H$bpãY H$gm¡Q >r H$s BH$mB©`m ± Am¡a A§H$ ^mam §H$bpãY H$gm¡Q >r H$s BH$mB©`m ± Am¡a A§H$ ^mam §H$bpãY H$gm¡Q >r H$s BH$mB©`m ± Am¡a A§H$ ^mam §H$

AZw.Z§.AZw.Z§.AZw.Z§.AZw.Z§.AZw.Z§. BH$ mB ©/odf`dñV wBH$ mB ©/odf`dñV wBH$ mB ©/odf`dñV wBH$ mB ©/odf`dñV wBH$ mB ©/odf`dñV w gmohË` àH$magmohË` àH$magmohË` àH$magmohË` àH$magmohË` àH$ma

A§H$A§H$A§H$A§H$A§H$

1. ß`mam X{e _hmZ H$odVm 10

2. AdÝVr H$hmZr 10

3. _mZdVm OmJ CRr> H$hmZr 10

4. MVwa oMÌH$ma H$odVm 10

5. Z_©Xm oZ]§Y 10

6. o[Vm H$m{ [Ì [Ì 10

7. Xm{h{ Xm{h{ 10

8. h_ hm|J{ H$m_`m] H$odVm 10

9. AZwdmX/ì`mH$aU aMZm/ì`mH$aU 20

àmWo_H$ odÚmb`m| H{$ oejH$m| H{$ _V AmYmnaV BH$mB©`m| _| g{ boãY H$gm¡Q>r H$m

oZ_m©U oH$`m$&

bpãY H$gm¡Q>r [naoeï> D [a Am¡a [yd©bpãY H$gm¡Q>r oZ_m©U _| gh`m{Jr àmWo_H$

oejH$m| H$s gyMr [naoeï> gyMr E [a X{I| $& `hm± bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$m C[`m{J H{$db ]woÓ

ñVa g{ g_mZ N>mÌm| H$s ohÝXr odf` H$s bpãY kmV H$aZ{ H$m h¡ $&

3.1.3.2 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s aMZm •

CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ oZ_m©U H{$ obE em{YmWuZ{ JwOamV amÁ` embm [mR>ç[wñVH$ _§S>b

Ûmam àH$moeV H$jm 8dt H$s ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ H$m AÜ``Z oH$`m $& Bg [mR>ç[wñVH$ _|

g_modï> g^r BH$mB©`m| H$s EH$ _Vmdbr H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m oOg_| oejH$m| H$m{ oZX}e oX`m

J`m oH$ oZåZ odf`m§J _| g{ Am[H$m{ Om{ BH$mB© gab, _Ü`_ Am¡a H$nRZ bJVr hm{ CgH{$

gm_Z{ oX`{ H$m{ï>H$ _| (P )oMhZ H$a{ $& Bg _Vmdbr H$m{ Ah_Xm]mX eha, J«må` Am¡a

JwOamV H{$ AÝ` odÚmb`m| H{$ ohÝXr oejH$m| H$m{ ^{Or JB© $& ohÝXr oejH$m| H{$ Ûmam àmßV

68

_V _| g{ 40% H$nR>Z BH$mB©, 40% _Ü`_ BH$mB© Am¡a 20% gab BH$mB© [a AmYmnaV

100 A§H$ H$s oboIV CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m $&

X{I| BH$mB© M`Z H{$ obE à`w·V _Vmdbr [naoeï> F [a $&

X{I| BH$mB© M`Z _| gh`m{Jr odÚmb`m| H{$ ohÝXr oejH$ [naoeï> E [a &

3.1.3.3 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •

Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U H$aH{$ em{YH$Vm© Z{ Xm{Zm| H$gm¡oQ>`m| H$m{ JwOamV, _hmamï>

Am¡a CÎmaàX{e amÁ`m| H{$ em{Yj{Ì H{$ ode{fkm| H$m{, ohÝXr odf` [ÕoV H$m AÜ`m[Z H$m`©

H$aZ{dmb{ ]r.ES²> H$m°b{O H{$ AÜ`m[H$m{ § H$m{ ^{Or & BÝhm|Z{ Bg H$gm¡Q>r H$m{ d¡YVm àXmZ

H$aZ{ H{$ obE odo^ÝZ gwPmd oX`{ $& àmßV gwPmd H{$ AmYma [a em{YH$Vm© Z{ A[Zr H$gm¡Q>r

_| Amdí`H$ gwYma H$aH{$ H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m $& H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm H{$ obE ode{fkm|

H{$ Ûmam àmßV gwPmd H{$ AmYma [a gwYma H$m ã`m¡am VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 3.5 [a X{I| $&

H$gm¡Q>r oZ_m©U _| gwPmd X{Z{ dmb{ ode{fkm| H$s gyMr [naoeï> G [a Ed§ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r

[naoeï> H [a h¡ $&

69

VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m VmobH$m 3.5

ode{fkm| H{$ gwPmd Ed§ gwYmaode{fkm| H{$ gwPmd Ed§ gwYmaode{fkm| H{$ gwPmd Ed§ gwYmaode{fkm| H{$ gwPmd Ed§ gwYmaode{fkm| H{$ gwPmd Ed§ gwYma

AZw. AZw. AZw. AZw. AZw. g wPmdg wPmdg wPmdg wPmdg wPmd gwYma Ed§ ode{f oQ>ß[UrgwYma Ed§ ode{f oQ>ß[UrgwYma Ed§ ode{f oQ>ß[UrgwYma Ed§ ode{f oQ>ß[UrgwYma Ed§ ode{f oQ>ß[UrAm[H$s H$gm¡Q>r Q>{·g]wH$ [a

AmYmnaV h¡ ?

à`m{J _| H$m¡Z gm odf`dñVw

hm{Jm ?

Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r H$m H$nR>ZVm-

gabVm _yë` Im{µOm h¡ ?

Am[H$s àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm H$m¡Z

gr h¡ ?

bpãY H$gm¡Qr ·`m| b{Zr h¡ ?

bpãK-CÎma H$gm¡Qr H{$ àíZm| _|

^{X ·`m| ?

bpãK H$gm¡Q>r H$m odf`dñVw

H$jm 8dt H$m h¡ ?

bpãK H$gm¡Q>r H$m àíZ, 5, 6,

9 ]XbZ{ H${ gwPmd $&

Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r H{$ A§H$ g_mZ aI|

^mfm Ed§ ì`mH$aU g§]§Yr gwPmd

oejU gm_J«r ·`m h¡ ?

bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$jm 7dt H$s ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ [a

AmYmnaV h¡ Am¡a CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$jm 8dt H$s ohÝXr

[mR>ç[wñVH$ [a AmYmnaV h¡ $&

à`m {J _| H$jm 8dt H$r MòZV BH$mB ©`m | H$m

odf`dñVw hm{Jm $&

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_{ar àm`m{oJH$ `m{OZm “ AmH$pñ_H$ Xm{ g_mZJ« y[

H{$db CÎma H$gm¡Q>r `m{OZm h¡ $&”

]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r g{ àmßV odMbZ _mZm§H$m| H$m{ R>m {g

à_mU X{H$a J«y[ g_mZ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE &

·`m| oH$ `hm± bpãY H$gm¡Qr H{$ Aga H$m{ Om±MZm Zhr¨

h¡ `hm± bpãY H$gm¡Qr H{$db g_mZ J«y[ oZ_m©U H{$ obE

h¡$& Om{ 7dt H$s odf`dñVw AmYmnaV h¡ & O] H$s CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$ à`m{J H{$ Aga OmZZ{ H{$ obE h¡ $&

Zht, bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H$m odf`dñVw H$jm 7dt H$m

h¢ $& oOgH{$ _mÜ`_ g{ H$jm 8dt _| [¶T>V{ N>mÌm| H$s

H$jm 7dt H${ ohÝXr odf` H$s bpãK Zm[Zm h¡ $&

Amdí`H$ gwYma oH$`{ JE $&

Amdí`H$ gwYma H$aH{$ Xm{Zm| H$gm¡Q>r H{$ A§H$ 100

H$a oX`{ $&

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H$jm 8dt H${ ohÝXr odf` _| MòZV BH$mB©`m| _|

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em{YH$m`© _| àXVm| H$m AmH$bZ, àXVm| H$m `WmW© EH$ÌrH$aU Am¡a CgH$m AmYma

g§[yU© em{Y H{$ obE _hÎd[yU© h¡ $&

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H$gm¡Q>r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ àmßV àmßVm§H$m| H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{¶S>m odoY g{ g_{b Om{¶S>m ]Zm`m $&

g_{b Om{ ¶S>m odoY _| A§H$emoó` [ÕoV H$m gh`m{J àË`{H$ [mXmZ [a ob`m h¡ $& ]woÕ

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]mX g_{b Om{ ¶S> { H$m{ H$jm 7dt H$r odf`dñVw AmYmnaV bpãY

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ Ûmam àmßV àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU V¡`ma H$aH{$ _Ü`_mZ, _mZmH$odMbZ

Am¡a H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV (CR) kmV H$aH{$ àmßV [naUm_m| H$m odíb{fU oH$`m J`m $&

(]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r Am¡a bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ AmYma [a aM{ g_{b Om{¶S>m [oaoeï> I [a X{I| $&)

g_{b Om{¶Sm ]ZmH$a EH$ J«y[ H$m{ é¶T>> odoY Ûmam Am¡a Xyga{ J«y[ H$m{ oejU gm_J«r

H{$ gmW oejm H$m`© oH$`m J`m $& à`m{J H{$ A§V _| CÎma H$gm¡Q>r oboIV ê$[ _| X{H$a

àmßVm§H$ àmßV oH$`{ J`{ $& àmßV àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU V¡`ma H$aH{$ _Ü`_mZ$,

_mZH$odMbZ Am¡a H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV (CR) kmV oH$`m J`m $& àmßV àmßVm§H$m| H$m

gmW©H$Vm ñVa kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE eyÝ` [naH$ë[ZmAm| H$m{ Om±Mm J`m $& àmßV _yë`m| H$m

gmW©H$Vm ñVa H{$ AmYma [a ‘ t’ [arjU oH$`m J`m $&

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3.2 BH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z •BH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z •BH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z •BH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z •BH$mB© Ed§ oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z •

N>mÌm| H$s M§MbVm d¥oÎm H$m{ X{IV{ hþE H{$db Chalk and Talk H$s oejm

CX²X{í` àmoßV _| g\$b Zht hm{ gH{$Jr $& odo^ÝZ oejU gm_J«r H{$ gmW [¶T>mZ{ g{ e¡ojH$

àoH«$`m g\$b hm{ gH$Vr h¡ $& dV©_mZ VH$ZrH$s `wJ _| E{g{ H$B© C[H$aU h¡ Om{ gabVm g{

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·`m| oH$ - “I hear I forget

I see I Remember

I do I Understand.”

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H{$db empãXH$ AÜ`m[Z `mX Zht ahVm, H{$db oXImH$a AÜ``Z H$aZ{ g{ `mX ah OmVm

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AmVm h¡ $& 10

AÜ`m[H$ H$m{ oejm H$m`© _| ghm`Vm X{Z{ H{$ obE odkmZ Z{ AZ{H$ gm_J«r H$m{

C[bãY H$adm`m h¡ & BZ oejU gm_J«r _| d{ g] gmYZ, àUmob`m± VWm C[H$aU

g_modï> h¡ oOZH$s ghm`Vm g{ AÜ`m[H$ ]mbH$m| H$s Z{Ì Am¡a ldU Xm{Zm| BpÝÐ`m| H$m{

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H$a gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a N>mÌ AoYH$ AÀN>m [¶T> gH$Vm h¡ $&

3.2.1 BH$mB© M`Z H$s odoY •BH$mB© M`Z H$s odoY •BH$mB© M`Z H$s odoY •BH$mB© M`Z H$s odoY •BH$mB© M`Z H$s odoY •

àñVwV em{Y “8dt H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`wº$ oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m

9 `m{J{ÝÐOrV^mB©. ohÝXr ^mfm oejUohÝXr ^mfm oejUohÝXr ^mfm oejUohÝXr ^mfm oejUohÝXr ^mfm oejU (24dm± g§.). AmJam • odZm{X [wñVH$ _pÝXa

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h¡ oH$ÝVw odÚmb` g_`, eo·V IM© Am¡a _yë`m§H$Z H$s Ñoï> g{ `h AoYH$ ]m{Prb h¡,

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gd©àW>_ H$jm 8dt H$s ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ H$m JhamB© g{ AÜ``Z oH$`m J`m $&

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11-7-09

11-7-09

18-7-09

18-7-09

24-7-09

24-7-09

25-7-09

7 g{ 10

7-00 g{

7-35

7-35g{8-15

7-00g{7-35

7-35g{8-15

7-00g{7-35

7-35g{8-15

7-00g{7-35

7-35g{8-15

12-00g{ 12-40

12-40 g{ 1-20

7.00 g{

10-00

–

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

–

oXZm§H$ g_` Vmg

15-6-09

19-6-09

23-6-09

26-6-09

30-6-09

02-7-09

06-7-09

08-7-09

10-7-09

14-7-09

16-7-09

23-7-09

10-15g{1-15

8-45 g{ 9-20

”

”

”

”

”

”

”

”

”

10-15g{ 1-15

–

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

–

oXZm§H$ g_` Vmg

20-6-09

27-6-09

27-6-09

04-7-09

04-7-09

11-7-09

11-7-09

18-7-09

18-7-09

24-7-09

24-7-09

25-7-09

10-15g{1-15

8-30g{ 9-10

9-10g{ 9-45

8-30g{ 9-10

9-10g {9-45

8-30g{ 9-10

9-10g {9-45

8-30g{ 9-10

9-10g{ 9-45

8-30g{ 9-10

2-10g{ 2-50

10-15g{1-15

–

3

4

3

4

3

4

3

4

3

4

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oXZm§H$ g_` Vmg

gw_Z odÚmb`,gw_Z odÚmb`,gw_Z odÚmb`,gw_Z odÚmb`,gw_Z odÚmb`,ZmaU[wam Ah_Xm]mXZmaU[wam Ah_Xm]mXZmaU[wam Ah_Xm]mXZmaU[wam Ah_Xm]mXZmaU[wam Ah_Xm]mX

AI§S>mZ §X _mÜò_H$AI§S>mZ §X _mÜò_H$AI§S>mZ §X _mÜò_H$AI§S>mZ §X _mÜò_H$AI§S>mZ §X _mÜò_H$odÚmb`, emh[wa,odÚmb`, emh[wa,odÚmb`, emh[wa,odÚmb`, emh[wa,odÚmb`, emh[wa,

Ah_Xm]mXAh_Xm]mXAh_Xm]mXAh_Xm]mXAh_Xm]mX

gw_Z odÚmb`, ZmaU[wamg w_Z odÚmb`, ZmaU[wamg w_Z odÚmb`, ZmaU[wamg w_Z odÚmb`, ZmaU[wamg w_Z odÚmb`, ZmaU[wamAh_Xm]mXAh_Xm]mXAh_Xm]mXAh_Xm]mXAh_Xm]mX

AI§S>mZ §X _mÜò_H$AI§S>mZ §X _mÜò_H$AI§S>mZ §X _mÜò_H$AI§S>mZ §X _mÜò_H$AI§S>mZ §X _mÜò_H$odÚmb`, emh[wa,odÚmb`, emh[wa,odÚmb`, emh[wa,odÚmb`, emh[wa,odÚmb`, emh[wa,

Ah_Xm]mXAh_Xm]mXAh_Xm]mXAh_Xm]mXAh_Xm]mX

àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`


ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUrehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUrehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUrehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUrehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUr

à`m{J-à`m{J-à`m{J-à`m{J-à`m{J-1 ehar Hw$_maehar Hw$_maehar Hw$_maehar Hw$_maehar Hw$_ma

oZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmb`

à`m {J-à`m {J-à`m {J-à`m {J-à`m {J-2 ehar H$Ý`mehar H$Ý`mehar H$Ý`mehar H$Ý`mehar H$Ý`m

oZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`

83

AZw.AZ w.AZ w.AZ w.AZ w.Z § .Z § .Z § .Z § .Z § .

odf`m § Jodf`m § Jodf`m § Jodf`m § Jodf`m § J

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r/[yd© bpãY H$gm¡Q>r

_ram H{$ [X

ahr_ H{$ Xm{h{

Iwbm Amg_mZ

Jwbm]r Myo¶S>`m±

Yra{-Yra{

ogH§$Xa Am¡a [wé

g¶S>H$ H$s dmV

B©XJmh

o_Ì H$m{ [Ì

qghJ¶T> odf`

CÎmabpãY H$gm¡Q>r

16-6-09

18-6-09

22-6-09

25-6-09

29-6-09

01-7-09

03-7-09

07-7-09

09-7-09

13-7-09

15-7-09

20-7-09

7 g{ 10

7-00 g{

7-45

”

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10-00

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1

1

1

1

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oXZm§H$ g_` Vmg

17-6-09

18-6-09

22-6-09

25-6-09

29-6-09

01-7-09

03-7-09

07-7-09

09-7-09

13-7-09

15-7-09

21-7-09

7 g{ 10

8-45 g{

9-25

”

”

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10-00

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3

3

3

3

3

3

3

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oXZm§H$ g_` Vmg

16-6-09

18-6-09

22-6-09

25-6-09

29-6-09

01-7-09

03-7-09

07-7-09

09-7-09

13-7-09

15-7-09

23-7-09

10-15g{1-15

7-45 g{8-30

”

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–

2

2

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2

2

2

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oXZm§H$ g_` Vmg

17-6-09

18-6-09

22-6-09

25-6-09

29-6-09

01-7-09

03-7-09

07-7-09

09-7-09

13-7-09

15-7-09

21-7-09

10-15g{1-15

9-25g{10-05

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4

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oXZm§H$ g_` Vmg

odZm {X gd© odÚmb`,odZm {X gd© odÚmb`,odZm {X gd© odÚmb`,odZm {X gd© odÚmb`,odZm {X gd© odÚmb`,Jm {Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mXJm {Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mXJm {Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mXJm {Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mXJm {Vm oO. Ah_Xm]mX

J « m å`J « m å`J « m å`J « m å`J « m å`

e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-


àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`


J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUrJ«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUrJ«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUrJ«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUrJ«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| _| oejm H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUr

à`m {J-à`m {J-à`m {J-à`m {J-à`m {J-3 J«må` Hw $_maJ«må` Hw $_maJ«må` Hw $_maJ«må` Hw $_maJ«må` Hw $_ma

oZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmb`

à`m {J-à`m {J-à`m {J-à`m {J-à`m {J-4 J«må` H$Ý`mJ «må` H$Ý`mJ «må` H$Ý`mJ «må` H$Ý`mJ «må` H$Ý`m

oZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmbòZ`§oÌV odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`àm`m { oJH$ odÚmb`

odZm {X gd© odÚmb`, Jm {VmodZm {X gd© odÚmb`, Jm {VmodZm {X gd© odÚmb`, Jm {VmodZm {X gd© odÚmb`, Jm {VmodZm {X gd© odÚmb`, Jm {VmoO. Ah_Xm]mX J «måòO. Ah_Xm]mX J «måòO. Ah_Xm]mX J «måòO. Ah_Xm]mX J «måòO. Ah_Xm]mX J «må`

e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,e{R > A_wbI odÚmb`,Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-Jm {Vm, oO. Ah_Xm]mX-


84

3.2.4 AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| oejU gm_J«r H$m odoZ`m{J •AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| oejU gm_J«r H$m odoZ`m{J •AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| oejU gm_J«r H$m odoZ`m{J •AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| oejU gm_J«r H$m odoZ`m{J •AÜ`m[Z H$m`© _| oejU gm_J«r H$m odoZ`m{J •

em{YmWuZ{ odÚmb`m| H$m M`Z H$aH{$ BH$mB© M`Z H{$ ]mX oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z

oH$`m $& MòZV BH$mB©`m| H{$ odf`dñVw H{$ ^md H{$ AZwgma odo^ÝZ oejU gm_J«r H$m

C[`m{J [naoeï> L > [a h¡ $&


àñVwV AÜ`m`-3 _| em{YH$Vm©Z{ em{Y`m{OZm, C[H$aU oZ_m©U, Ý`mXe© M`Z,

BH$mB© M`Z, oejU gm_J«r H$m M`Z AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s g_`-gmaUr, AmoX H¡$g{ V¡`ma

oH$`m BgH$m odñV¥V ã`m¡am àñVwV oH$`m h¡ $&



4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10


CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±MCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±MCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±MCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±MCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M

à`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m M`Zà`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m M`Zà`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m M`Zà`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m M`Zà`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m M`Z

à`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ J « y[ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $à`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ J « y[ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $à`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ J « y[ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $à`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ J « y[ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $à`m {J [ümV² àm`m { oJH$ J « y[ Am ¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $

àmßVm§H$m | H$m àmßVm§H$m | H$m àmßVm§H$m | H$m àmßVm§H$m | H$m àmßVm§H$m | H$m ‘t’ [arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$

à`m {J [ümV² ehar Am ¡a J «må` j{Ì H { $ àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡aà`m {J [ümV² ehar Am ¡a J «må` j{Ì H { $ àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡aà`m {J [ümV² ehar Am ¡a J «må` j{Ì H { $ àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡aà`m {J [ümV² ehar Am ¡a J «må` j{Ì H { $ àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡aà`m {J [ümV² ehar Am ¡a J «må` j{Ì H { $ àm`m { oJH$ Am ¡a

oZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ CÎma H$gm ¡Q > r H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$moZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ CÎma H$gm ¡Q > r H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$moZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ CÎma H$gm ¡Q > r H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$moZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ CÎma H$gm ¡Q > r H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$moZ`§oÌV J « y[ H { $ N>mÌm | H { $ CÎma H$gm ¡Q > r H { $ àmßVm §H$m | H$m

[ a rjU[a rjU[a rjU[a rjU[a rjU

à`m {J [ümV² OmoV Am ¡a j{Ì H { $ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H { $ CÎmaà`m {J [ümV² OmoV Am ¡a j{Ì H { $ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H { $ CÎmaà`m {J [ümV² OmoV Am ¡a j{Ì H { $ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H { $ CÎmaà`m {J [ümV² OmoV Am ¡a j{Ì H { $ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H { $ CÎmaà`m {J [ümV² OmoV Am ¡a j{Ì H { $ AmYma [a N>mÌm | H { $ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm §H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``ZH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm §H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``ZH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm §H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``ZH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm §H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``ZH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm §H$m | H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z

à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm | j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm | j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm | j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm | j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm | j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$

àmßVm§H$m { H$m oddaU $àmßVm§H$m { H$m oddaU $àmßVm§H$m { H$m oddaU $àmßVm§H$m { H$m oddaU $àmßVm§H$m { H$m oddaU $

à`m{J àümV² àmßV Am±H$ ¶S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J àümV² àmßV Am±H$ ¶S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J àümV² àmßV Am±H$ ¶S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J àümV² àmßV Am±H$ ¶S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J àümV² àmßV Am±H$ ¶S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $

à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $à`m{J [ümV² àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $


86




em{Y H$m`© _| oOVZm _hÎd àXÎmm| H{$ AmH$bZ H$m h¡, CVZm _hÎd àXÎm

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àmßV Am±H$S>m| H$m{ AoYH$ ApÀN> Vah g_PZ{ H{$ obE Am¡a Cg_| AW© Am¡a

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AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H{$ [hb{ em{YH$Vm© Z{ N>mÌm| H$m{ S>m°. O{. EM. emh aoMV bYw ]woÕ

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87

j{Ì - J«må` j{Ì, Hw$_ma - H$Ý`m AmoX H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ àmßV g§_H$m| H$m VwbZmË_H$

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OmZH$mar Bg àH$ma h¡ $&

àXÎmm| H{$ dJuH$aU Am¡a odíb{fU _| em{YH$Vm© H$s ode{f Ñoï> _hÎd[yU©

h¡ $& àñVwV em{Y H$m`© _| àXÎmm| H{$ AmH$bZ H{$ obE oejU gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m

_yë`m§H$Z H$aZ{ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ g§_H$ àmßV oH$`{ J`{ CgH{ ]mX

àmßVm§H$m{ H$m{ dJuH¥$V H$aH{$ odíb{fU oH$`m J`m $&

àñVwV em{Y H$m`© H{$ AÝVJ©V àmßV àXÎmm| H{$ odíb{fU H{$ obE _Ü`_mZ

Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ kmV oH$`m J`m $& odo^ÝZ Ma H{$ g§X^© _| _Ü`_mZ _| A§Va

gmW©H$Vm H$s Om±M H{$ obE ‘t’ H$gm¡Q>r H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m $& Bg Vah oejU

gm_J«r H{$ Aga H{$ _yë`m§H$Z H{$ obE dUm©Ë_H$ gm§»`rH$s H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m $&

odíb{fU àXÎmm| H$m gabVm g{ AW©KQ>Z hm{ gH{$ BgobE g§_H$m| H$m{ oMÌmË_H$ ê$[

g{ Ama{I H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ àñVwV oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

4.2 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm H$s Om±M •

àñVwV em{YH$m`© _| N>mÌm| H$s bpãY H$s Om±M H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$m

oZ_m©U oH$`m J`m h¡ $& Bg H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm H$s Om±M H{$ obE

K. R. 21 Formula1 H$m gh`m{J ob`m J`m h¡ $& d¡YVm H$s Om±M H$aZ{ H{$

obE `hm± CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm H$s Om±M odÚmb` H$s gÌm§V [arjm _| N>mÌm| H{$

ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßV A§H$ H{$ gmW CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßV A§H$ H$m ghgå]ÝY kmV

H$aH{$ oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

1 Eg.[r. JwßVm. AmKwoZH$ _m[Z Ed§ _yë`m§H$Z.AmKwoZH$ _m[Z Ed§ _yë`m§H$Z.AmKwoZH$ _m[Z Ed§ _yë`m§H$Z.AmKwoZH$ _m[Z Ed§ _yë`m§H$Z.AmKwoZH$ _m[Z Ed§ _yë`m§H$Z. emaXm [wñVH$^dZ, B©bmhm]mX-

2005. P. 119

88

4.2.1CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VmCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VmCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VmCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VmCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm

àñVwV em{YH$m`© _| CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgr`Vm kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE

oZåZm§oH$V gyÌ H$m C[`m{J oH$`m h¡, oOg{ H{$. Ama. 21 gyÌ (K-R-21

Formula) H$hV{ h¡ $&

odídgZr`Vm JwUm§H$ =

Ohm± K = [arjU _| àíZm| H$s g§»`m $&

M = [arjU _| N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m _Ü`_mZ $&

O = [arjU _| N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ $&

4.2.1.1 Hw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VHw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VHw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VHw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`VHw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vmmmmm •••••

VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.27 _| J«må` j{Ì H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H$m

_Ü`_mZ 79.04 Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ 6.99 H$m{ oZåZ gyÌ _| aIZ{ [a


= 0.60

C[`w©·V gyÌ H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ Hw$_mam| H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm H$m

g§_H$ 0.60 kmV hm{Vm h¡ AV• V¡`ma H$s JB© CÎma H$gm¡Q>r Hw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE

odídgZr` h¡ $&

K

K-11 -

M [K-M]

KO 2

K

K-11 -

M [K-M]

KO 2

89

4.2.1.2 H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm•H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm•H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm•H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm•H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm•

VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.27 _| J«må` j{Ì H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H$m _Ü`[mZ

78.15 Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ 13.11 H$m{ oZåZm§oH$V gyÌ H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ odídgZr`Vm

g§_H$ kmV oH$`m J`m h¡ •


= 0.88

C[`w©·V gyÌ H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ H$Ý`mAm| H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm

H$m g§_H$ 0.88 kmV hm{Vm h¡ AV• V¡`ma H$s JB© CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J«y[ H{$

obE odídgZr` h¡ $&

4.2.2 CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm •

àñVwV em{YH$m`© _| aoMV CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm H«$_e• 7dt H$jm H$s

dmof©H$ [arjm Am¡a 8dt H$jm H$s gÌm§V [arjm H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ § H{$ gmW ghgå]ÝY

kmV H$aH{$ Om±Mr JB© h¡ $& _yb Am±H$S>m | g{ àm{S>·Q> odoY Ûmam ghgå]ÝY JwUm§H$

r kmV H$aZ{ H$m gyÌ h_{§ [hb{ hr odoXV h¡2

g§j{[ _|, Xm{ A§H$_mbmAm| H{$ [mañ[naH$ PwH$mdm| H{$ _Ü` gå]ÝY H$m{ hr

ghgå]ÝY H$hV{ h¢ $& ghgå]ÝY F$UmË_H$ VWm YZmË_H$ Xm{Zm| hr oXem _| hm{

K

K-11 -

M [K-M]

KO 2

r =N(EXY) – (EX)(EY)

[NEX2)–(EX)2] [N(EY 2)–(EY)2]

2 EM.H{$.H$n[b. gm§p»`H$s H{$ _yb VÎd.gm§p»`H$s H{$ _yb VÎd.gm§p»`H$s H{$ _yb VÎd.gm§p»`H$s H{$ _yb VÎd.gm§p»`H$s H{$ _yb VÎd. odZm{X [wñVH$ _§oXa-AmJam. 1975.

P. 558

90

gH$Vm h¡ $& ghgå]ÝY H$s EH$ ode{fVm Am¡a hm{Vr h¡ oH$ ghgå]ÝY (-1) g{ b{H$a

(+1) VH$ H$s gr_mAm| H{$ AÝVJ©V hr ahVm h¡ AWm©V² ghgå]ÝY-1g{ H$_ VWm

+1 g{ AoYH$ Zht hm{ gH$Vm h¡ $& dh gX¡d BZ Xm{Zm| hr gr_mAm| H{$ _Ü` hr

ahVm h¡ $& +1 ghgå]ÝY [yU© YZmË_H$ VWm -1 [yU© F$UmË_H$ ghgå]ÝY ]VmVm

h¡ $& 3

4.2.2.1 H$w_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVmH$w_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVmH$w_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVmH$w_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVmH$w_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm

Hw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE odZm{X

gd© odÚmb`, Jm{Vm H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a ogVå]a 2009

H$s gÌm§V [arjm H{$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM ghgå]ÝY kmV oH$`m h¡ $&

oOgH$m oddaU VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.1 _| h¡ $&


CÎma H$gm¡Q>r CÎma H$gm¡Q>r CÎma H$gm¡Q>r CÎma H$gm¡Q>r CÎma H$gm¡Q>r (x) Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ (y) H{$H{$H{$H{$H{$

gmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaU

N>mÌm|H$s N>mÌm|H$s N>mÌm|H$s N>mÌm|H$s N>mÌm|H$s x y x2 y2 xy ghgå]ÝY ghgå]ÝY ghgå]ÝY ghgå]ÝY ghgå]ÝY

g§»`m- g§»`m- g§»`m- g§»`m- g§»`m-N

25 1976 1657 157858 112083 131086 0.07

ghgå]ÝY kmV H$aZ{ H$m gyÌ •


[N(EX2–(EX)2)] [N(EY 2)–(EY)2]

3 am_[mb qgh Ed§ e_m©. Am{.[r. e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm §p»`H$s.e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm §p»`H$s.e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm §p»`H$s.e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm §p»`H$s.e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm §p»`H$s. AJ«dmb

[pãbH{$eÝg. AmJam-7, 2008. P. 458

91

C[`w©·V VmobH$m _| ghgå]ÝY 0.07 kmV hm{Vm h¡ $& AV• CÎma H$gm¡Q>r

Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _| ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM AË`§V oZåZ YZmË_H$

ghgå]ÝY h¡ $& AV• Hw$_mam| H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r d¡Y h¡ $&

4.2.2.2 H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡KVmH$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡KVmH$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡KVmH$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡KVmH$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡KVm

H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡KVm kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE odZm{X

gd© odÚmb`, Jm{Vm H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a ogVå]a 2009

H$s gÌm§V [arjm _| H$Ý`mAm| H{$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM ghgå]ÝY kmV

oH$`m h¡ $& oOgH$m oddaU VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.2 _| ]Vm`m J`m h¡ $&


CÎma H$gm¡Q>r CÎma H$gm¡Q>r CÎma H$gm¡Q>r CÎma H$gm¡Q>r CÎma H$gm¡Q>r (x) Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _|$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$ (y) H{$H{$H{$H{$H{$

gmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaUgmW ghgå]ÝY H$m oddaU

Ý`mXe© Ý`mXe© Ý`mXe© Ý`mXe© Ý`mXe© x y x2 y2 xy ghgå]ÝY ghgå]ÝY ghgå]ÝY ghgå]ÝY ghgå]ÝY

g§»`m- g§»`m- g§»`m- g§»`m- g§»`m-N

20 1563 1465 125417 112161 114729 0.08

ghgå]ÝY kmV H$aZ{ H$m gyÌ •

C[`w©·V VmobH$m H$m ghgå]ÝY 0.08 kmV hm{Vm h¡ $& AV• CÎma H$gm¡Q>r

Am¡a gÌm§V [arjm _| ohÝXr odf` H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM AË`ÝV oZåZ YZmË_H$

ghgå]ÝY kmV hm{Vm h¡ $AV• H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J«y[ H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s d¡YVm kmV

hm{Vr h¡ $&


[N(EX2–(EX)2)] [N(EY 2)–(EY)2]

92

4.2.3CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ Am±H$S> { •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ Am±H$S> { •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ Am±H$S> { •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ Am±H$S> { •CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ Am±H$S> { •

bpãY H$gm¡Q>r Am¡a CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm Hw$_ma Am¡a

H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J«y[ H{$ obE àmßV Am±H$S>m| H$m oddaU VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.3 _| h¡ $&


CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ g§_H$m| H$m oddaUCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ g§_H$m| H$m oddaUCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ g§_H$m| H$m oddaUCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ g§_H$m| H$m oddaUCÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$s odídgZr`Vm Am¡a d¡YVm oXImZ{dmb{ g§_H$m| H$m oddaU

H$gm¡Q>r àH$maH$gm¡Q>r àH$maH$gm¡Q>r àH$maH$gm¡Q>r àH$maH$gm¡Q>r àH$ma OmoVOmoVOmoVOmoVOmoV à_m[rH$aU H{$ g§_H$à_m[rH$aU H{$ g§_H$à_m[rH$aU H{$ g§_H$à_m[rH$aU H{$ g§_H$à_m[rH$aU H{$ g§_H$

odídgZr`Vm g§_H$odídgZr`Vm g§_H$odídgZr`Vm g§_H$odídgZr`Vm g§_H$odídgZr`Vm g§_H$ d¡YVm g§_H$ d¡YVm g§_H$ d¡YVm g§_H$ d¡YVm g§_H$ d¡YVm g§_H$

CÎma Hw$_ma 0.60 0.07

H$gm¡Q>r H$Ý`m 0.88 0.08

VmobH$m 4.3 H$m{ X{IZ{ g{ [Vm bJVm h¡ oH$ C[`w©·V J« y[ H{$ obE

CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H$m odídgZr`Vm g§_H$ Am¡a d¡YVm g_§H$ Hw$_mam| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE

0.60 Am¡a 0.07 h¡ Ed§ H$Ý`mAm| H{$ J« y[ H{$ obE 0.88 Am¡a 0.08 h¡ AV•

Xm{Zm| OmoV H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ obE CÎma H$gm¡Q>r odídgZr` Am¡a d¡Y kmV hm{Vr h¡ $&

4.3 à`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •à`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •à`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •à`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •à`m{JmË_H$ H$m`© H{$ obE g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •

àñVwV em{YH$m`© H{$ obE à`m{JmË_H$ em{Y odoY H$m M`Z oH$`m h¡ $& AV•

Ý`mXe© M`Z H{$ ]mX Ý`mXe© MòZV odÚmb` H$m{ og¸$m CN>mbH$a àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a

oZ`§oÌV Xm{ àH$ma H{$ J« y[m| _| ]m±Q>m $h¡ & Xm{Zm| J« y[m| H{$ Ý`mXe© g_mZ ñVadmb{ hm{

Bg obE oZåZm§oH$V à`wo·V H$m C[`m{J oH$`m Wm $&

1. ]woÕ _mZm§H$m| H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{¶S>m| H$m M`Z $&

2. boãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{¶S>m{ H$s Om±M $&

93

4.3.1]woÕ _mZm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •]woÕ _mZm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •]woÕ _mZm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •]woÕ _mZm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •]woÕ _mZm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b Om{ ¶S>m { H$m M`Z •

àñVwV em{Y _| Ý`mXe© M`Z H{$ obE Ah_Xm]mX eha Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$

Mma odÚmb`m| H$s 8dt H$jm H{$ g^r N>mÌm| H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m $& g^r N>mÌm| H$m{

S>m °. O{. EM. emh aoMV bYw]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r X{H$a ]woÕ àmßVm§H$ àmßV oH$`{ J`{ $&

]woÕ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ AmYma [a ]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àñWmo[V _mZm§H$m{ [a g{ odMbZ ]woÕ

_mZm§H$ Im{ µOH$a g_mZ ]woÕ A§H$ dmb{ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$m M`Z oH$`m

J`m $& N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{¶S> { [naoeï> I [a Ed§ S>m°. O{. EM. emh aoMV bKw]woÕ

H$gm¡Q>r [naoeï> C [a h¡ $&

4.3.2boãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b O¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm •boãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b O¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm •boãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b O¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm •boãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b O¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm •boãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H{$ Ûmam g_{b O¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm •

àñVwV em{Y H$m`© _| S>m°. O{. EM. emh aoMV bYw]woÕ H$gm¡Q>r H{$ odMbZ

]woÕ _mZm§H$m{ [a g{ aM{ J`{ Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ ohÝXr odf` H{$ bpãY ñVa H$m{

Zm[Z{ H{ obE H$jm 7dt H{$ [mR>ç[wñVH$ H{$ odf`dñVw AmYmnaV 100 A§H$ H$s EH$

H$gm¡Q>r H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m J`m $& Bg{ boãY H$gm¡Q>r H$m Zm_ oX`m J`m $& Bg bpãY

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J`m $&

4.3.2.1 ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$

g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&

Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV

J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ ohÝXr odf` H$s bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU

94

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àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm

odVaU, _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa VmobH$m

4.4 Am¡a 4.5 _| h¡ $&


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àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma

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86-90 04 05

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71-75 01 04

66-70 05 02

61-65 02 03

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_Ü`_mZ 74.68 74.60

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ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãYehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãYehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãYehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãYehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&

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àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m àH$ma g§»`m (N) odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV odMbZ ÌwoQ> AZw[mV

àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ 25 74.68 11.80 gmW©H$ Zht h¡

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H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm $&

Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV

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àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZàmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZàmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZàmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZàmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ

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àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar

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91-95 06 01

86-90 04 08

81-85 03 04

76-80 05 04

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66-70 - -

61-65 01 01

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51-55 01 01

N 20 20

_Ü`_mZ 82.80 82.00

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97


ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$

bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa $&



àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ 20 82.80 10.44 gmW©H$ Zht h¡

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4.3.2.3 J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$

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Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV

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J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$

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àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` Hw$_ma

91-95 1 –

86-90 5 6

81-85 2 4

76-80 4 4

71-75 3 2

66-70 3 2

61-65 2 3

56-60 5 3

51-55 – 1

N 25 25

_Ü`_mZ 74.48 74.52

_mZH$ odMbZ 11.68 12.00

99


J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$

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àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ 25 74.48 11.68

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MòZV J«må` j{Ì H{$ Hw$_mam| H$m Om{¶Sm g_{b h¡ $&

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H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm &H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm &H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm &H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm &H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s gmW©H$Vm &

Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s

H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$

odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.10 Am¡a 4.11

_| h¡ $&

100


J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$

bpãY H$gm ¡Q >r H { $ àmßVm §H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am ¡a _mZH$bpãY H$gm ¡Q >r H { $ àmßVm §H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am ¡a _mZH$bpãY H$gm ¡Q >r H { $ àmßVm §H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am ¡a _mZH$bpãY H$gm ¡Q >r H { $ àmßVm §H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am ¡a _mZH$bpãY H$gm ¡Q >r H { $ àmßVm §H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU, _Ü`_mZ Am ¡a _mZH$

odMbZodMbZodMbZodMbZodMbZ


àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` j{Ì oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` j{Ì àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` j{Ì oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` j{Ì àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` j{Ì oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` j{Ì àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` j{Ì oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` j{Ì àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ J«må` j{Ì oZ`§oÌV J« y[ J«må` j{Ì

H$Ý`mH$Ý`mH$Ý`mH$Ý`mH$Ý`m H$Ý`m H$Ý`m H$Ý`m H$Ý`m H$Ý`m

91-100 01 02

81-90 12 12

71-80 04 04

61-70 02 01

51-60 01 01

N 20 20

_Ü`_mZ 81.00 82.35

_mZH$ odMbZ 8.61 10.07

101


J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$

àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVaàmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVaàmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVaàmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVaàmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa

J«y[ H{$ Ý`mXe©J«y[ H{$ Ý`mXe©J«y[ H{$ Ý`mXe©J«y[ H{$ Ý`mXe©J«y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa


àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ 20 81.00 8.61 gmW©H$ Zht h¡

J«må` H$Ý`mE± 2.96 0.45

oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 20 82.35 10.07

J«må` H$Ý`mE±

VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.10 Am¡a 4.11 H{$ AZwgma J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a

oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ 81.00 Am¡a

82.35 h¡ Am¡a H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 0.45 h¡ Om{ oH$ gmW©H$ Zht h¡ $AV• àm`m{nJH$

H$m`© H{$ obE MòZV J«må` j{Ì H$s àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H${

Om{ ¶S{ g_{b h¡ $&

4.3.3àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s Om±M •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s Om±M •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s Om±M •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s Om±M •àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S>m | H$s Om±M •

ehar j{Ì Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$

N>mÌm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m oddaU VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.12 _| ]Vm`m

J`m h¡$&

102


ehar - J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãYehar - J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãYehar - J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãYehar - J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãYehar - J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãY

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡aH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡aH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡aH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡aH$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m _Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a

gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&

$ odÚmb`$ odÚmb`$ odÚmb`$ odÚmb`$ odÚmb` OmoV OmoV OmoV OmoV OmoV _Ü`_mZ _Ü`_mZ _Ü`_mZ _Ü`_mZ _Ü`_mZ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa

àH$ma àH$ma àH$ma àH$ma àH$ma àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ AZw[mV AZw[mV AZw[mV AZw[mV AZw[mV

ehar odÚmb` Hw$_ma 74.68 74.60 0.02 gmW©H$ Zht h¡

H$Ý`m 82.80 82.00 0.25 gmW©H$ Zht h¡

J«må` odÚmb` Hw$_ma 74.48 74.52 0.01 gmW©H$ Zht h¡

H$Ý`m 81.00 82.35 0.45 gmW©H$ Zht h¡

VmobH$m 4.12 H{$ AZwgma ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ §oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| Am¡a

H$Ý`mAm| H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV H«$_e• 0.02 Am¡a 0.25 h¡ Om{ gmW©H$ Zht h¡ $& J«må` j{Ì

H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ §oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_ma Am¡a H$Ý`mAm{| H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV

H«$_e• 0.01 Am¡a 0.45 h¡ Om{ gmW©H$ Zht h¡ $& AV• àñVwV em{Y H$m © _| MòZV Mmam|

odÚmb`m| H{$ g^r N>mÌm| H$s à`m{J [yd© ohÝXr odf` H$s obãY g_mZ h¢ $& AV• ]woÕ

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ AmYma [a MòZV Ý`mXe© H{$ Om{¶S>{ g_{b h¡ $&

4.3.3.1 ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$

bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU •bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m [arjU •

Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{ $ndÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$

Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU,

_Ü`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa VmobH$m H«$_m§H$

4.13 Am¡a 4.14 _| Xem©`m J`m h¡ $&

103


ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ N>mÌm|ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ N>mÌm|ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ N>mÌm|ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ N>mÌm|ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ N>mÌm|

H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&H{$ bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&


àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar/J«må` oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar/J«må` àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar/J«må` oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar/J«må` àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar/J«må` oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar/J«må` àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar/J«må` oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar/J«må` àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ ehar/J«må` oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar/J«må`

91-100 10 05

81-90 34 41

71-80 20 22

61-70 15 12

51-60 11 10

N 90 90

_Ü`_mZ 77.83 77.94

_mZH$ odMbZ 11.27 11.50

104

VmobH$m - VmobH$m - VmobH$m - VmobH$m - VmobH$m - 4.14

ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m _Ü`_mZ,ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m _Ü`_mZ,ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m _Ü`_mZ,ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m _Ü`_mZ,ehar Am¡a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H$m _Ü`_mZ,

_mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&_mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&_mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&_mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&_mZH$ odMbZ, H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Z{dmbr VmobH$m $&

J« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVaJ« y[ H{$ Ý`mXe© _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm ñVa


àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ 90 77.83 11.27 gmW©H$ Zht h¡

ehar/J«må` 1.69 0.07

oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 90 77.94 11.50

ehar/J«må`

VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.13 Am¡a 4.14 _| X{I gH$V{ h¡ oH$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[

H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 77.83 Am¡a 77.94 Ed§ H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 0.07 h¡ Om{

gmW©H$ Zht h¡ AV• àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ g^r N>mÌm| H{$ Om{¶S>{ g_{b h¡ &

4.4 à`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$mà`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$mà`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$mà`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$mà`m{J [ümV² àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ N>mÌm| H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m

t-[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$ ñ[ï>Vm &[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$ ñ[ï>Vm &[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$ ñ[ï>Vm &[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$ ñ[ï>Vm &[arjU H{$ g§X^© _| Hw$N> [yd© Amdí`H$ ñ[ï>Vm &

1. ndo^ÝZ àH$ma H{$ Xm{ g_yhm| H{$ _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa H$s gmW©H$Vm H$s Om±M

AbJ-AbJ odoY Ûmam H$s OmVr h¡ $& ]¶S> { g_yhm| _| Bg H$s Om±M H$m

AmYma H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV H$m _mZ hm{Vm h¡, oOgH$s JUZm gå]pÝYV g_yhm|

H{$ _mZH$ odMbZm| AWdm _mZH$ ÌwoQ>`m| H{$ AmYma [a H$s OmVr h¡ $& N>m{Q> {

g_yhm| _| BgH$s Om±M H$m AmYma Q>r-_mZ hm{Vm h¡ $& Q>r-_mZ H$s JUZm

àmßVm§H$m| g{ grY{ hr H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ $& VwbZmË_H$ g_yhm{ AWdm

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105

g_yhm{ H{$ gh-gå]ÝY JwUm§H$ (r) H$m{ ^r Ü`mZ _| aIZm [¶S>Vm h¡ $&

2. Xm{ N>m{Q> { g_yhm| H{$ _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa H$s gmW©H$Vm H$s Om±M ^r H«$mpÝVH$

AZw[mV H{$ AmYma [a H$s Om gH$Vr h¡, [aÝVw E{gr pñWoV _| àm`•

t-[arjU H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ grY{ àmßVm§H$m| g{ hr _Ü`_mZ H{$ AÝVa H$s

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(student) g{ hr ahVm h¡, Bgr H$maU Bg{ odÚmWu (student) H$m

[arjU (Test) H$hm OmVm h¡ `hm± student [yam Z H$hH$a, H{$db ‘t’

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H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV [arjU H$m C[`m{J àm`• Xm{ ]¶S> { g_yhm| H{$ _Ü`_mZm| H{$

AÝVa H$s gmW©H$Vm H$s Om±M H{$ obE oH$`m OmVm h¢ O] oH$ t-[arjU H$m

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obE oH$`m OmVm h¡ $& `hm± N>m{Q>{ Am¡a ]¶S>{ Ý`mXe© g{ VmË[`© h¡ •-

O] - N 30 g{ H$_ h¡ Vm{ N>m{Q>m Ý`mXe© Am¡a

106

N 30 g{ AoYH$ h¡ Vm{ ]S>m Ý`mXe© h¡ $&4

4. Xm{ àoVXe© _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa H$s gmW©H$Vm H{$ obE àm`• Z [arjU

(z-Test) AWdm t-AZw[mV [arjU (t-Ratio Test) H$m à`m{J oH$`m

OmVm h¡ $& z-[arjU EH$ O¡g{ hr h¡ [aÝVw ]¶S> { àoVXem} H{$ obE àm`•

z-[arjU VWm N>m{Q> { àoVXem~ H{$ obE t-[arjU eãX `w½_ H$m à`m{J oH$`m

OmVm h¡ $& [arjUm| H{$ Zm_ _| `h AÝVa Xm{ àoVXe© _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa H{$

àoVM`Z odVaU H$s àH¥$oV H{$ H$maU h¢ $& AmJ{ àoVXe© H{$ N>m{Q> {-]¶S>{ hm{Z{

H$s ñ[ï>Vm H$r JB© h¡ $& Xm{Zm| hr [arjUm| H{$ obE JUZm gyÌ g_mZ h¡ $&

t-odVaU H{$ g_mZ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU Xm{ _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa H$s gmW©H$Vm H{$

Bg t-[arjU _| t-AZw[mV H$s JUZm H$s OmVr h¡ $& t-AZw[mV dmñVd _|

Xm{ _Ü`_mZm| H{$ AÝVa VWm Bg AÝVa H$s _mZH$ ÌwoQ> H$m AZw[mV h¡ $&

5. ñ[ï>Vm• oH$gr t-AZw[mV H$s gmW©H$Vm àmo`·Vm ñVa H{$ g§X^© _| hr

oZYm©naV H$s OmVr h¡ $& àm`• 0.05 VWm 0.01 H{$$gmW©H$Vm ñVam| H$m

C[`m{J t-AZw[mV H$s gmW©H$Vm H{$ oZYm©aU H{$ obE oH$`m OmVm h¡ $&

6. ]¶S>{ àoVXem~ H{$ obE EH$ [wÀN>r` [najU H$s pñWoV _| t-AZw[mV H$m _mZ

1.66 g{ AoYH$ hm{Z{ [a 0.05 ñVa [a VWm 2.33 g{ AoYH$ hm{Z{ [a

0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ H$hm Om`{Jm, O] oH$ oÛ-[wÀN>r` [arjU hm{Z{ [a

0.05 ñVa [a VWm 2.58 g{ AoYH$ hm{Z{ [a 0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ H$hm

Om`{Jm $&5$

4 EM. H { $. H$o[b. gm § p»`H$s H { $ _ yb VÎd.gm § p»`H$s H { $ _ yb VÎd.gm § p»`H$s H { $ _ yb VÎd.gm § p»`H$s H { $ _ yb VÎd.gm § p»`H$s H { $ _ yb VÎd. odZm {X [ wñVH$ _ § oXa. AmJam.

1975. PP-625, 633-34.

5 Eg.[r. J w ßV m. AmY w oZH $ _ m[Z Ed § _ y ë`m § H $Z.AmY w oZH $ _ m[Z Ed § _ y ë`m § H $Z.AmY w oZH $ _ m[Z Ed § _ y ë`m § H $Z.AmY w oZH $ _ m[Z Ed § _ y ë`m § H $Z.AmY w oZH $ _ m[Z Ed § _ y ë`m § H $Z. emaXm [ w ñVH $ ^dZ,

Bbmhm]mX. 2005. PP-533, 532.

107

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àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ Am¡a Xyga{ J« y[ H$m{ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ _| ]m±Q>m $& àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m{ oejU

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J`m $&

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àmßVm§H$m | H$m AÜ``Z $àmßVm§H$m | H$m AÜ``Z $àmßVm§H$m | H$m AÜ``Z $àmßVm§H$m | H$m AÜ``Z $àmßVm§H$m | H$m AÜ``Z $&

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108


ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$

àmßVm§H$m { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmobH$màmßVm§H$m { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmobH$màmßVm§H$m { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmobH$màmßVm§H$m { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmobH$màmßVm§H$m { H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmobH$m


àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma ehar Hw$_ma ehar Hw$_ma ehar Hw$_ma ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar Hw$_ma

91-100 02 –

81-90 07 –

71-80 12 –

61-70 02 01

51-60 02 04

41-50 – 03

31-40 – 09

21-30 – 08

N 25 25

_Ü`_mZ 78.40 37.20

_mZH$ odMbZ 9.92 10.85

109



àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV Am¡a gmW©H$Vm ñVa Xem©Vr VmobH$m $&



àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ 25 78.40 9.92

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oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 25 37.20 10.85

ehar Hw$_ma

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oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 78.40 Am¡a

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[naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm [naH$ë[Zm 1


àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m § { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&

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_Ü`_mZ 78.40 h¡, Om{ AoYH$ h¡ AV• Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ àmßVm§H$m| _| gmW©H$ A§Va

X{Im OmVm h¡ $& AV• H$h gH$V{ h¡ oH$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ àmßVm§H$m| [a oejU

gm_J«r H$m Aga ñ[ï> ê$[ g{ hþAm h¡ $& AV• oejU gm_J«r H{$ Ûmam hþAm à`m{J

AgaH$maH$ h¡ $&

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111

4.5.2ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$

àmßVm§H$m { § H$m [arjU &àmßVm§H$m { § H$m [arjU &àmßVm§H$m { § H$m [arjU &àmßVm§H$m { § H$m [arjU &àmßVm§H$m { § H$m [arjU &

à`m{J àümV² àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ ehar j{Ì H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma


AZw[mV Ed§ gmW©H$Vm ñVa H$m oddaU VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.17 Am¡a 4.18 _|

Xem©`m J`m h¡ $&


ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$

àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmboH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmboH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmboH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmboH$m $&àmßVm§H$m { § H$m Amd¥oÎm odVaU Xem©Vr VmboH$m $&


àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[àm`m {oJH$ J« y[ ehar H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar H$Ý`m ehar H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar H$Ý`m ehar H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar H$Ý`m ehar H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar H$Ý`m ehar H$Ý`m oZ`§oÌV J« y[ ehar H$Ý`m

91-100 02 –

81-90 09 –

71-80 06 –

61-70 03 –

51-60 – 01

41-50 – 03

31-40 – 03

21-30 – 05

11-20 – 04

1-10 – 04

N 20 20

_Ü`_mZ 80.40 26.30

_mZH$ odMbZ 8.33 14.25

112


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àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ 20 80.40 8.33

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oZ`§oÌV J«y[ 20 26.30 14.25

ehar H$Ý`m

VmobH$m 4.17 Am¡a 4.18 g{ ñ[ï> hm{Vm h¡ oH$ ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a

oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 80.40

Am¡a 26.30 h¡ oOgH$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 14.65 h¡, Om{ 0.01 ñVa [a

gmW©H$ h¡ $&


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àmßVm§H$m { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&àmßVm§H$m { H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm $&

[naH$ë[Zm 2 H$m ñdrH$ma Zht oH$`m OmVm h¡ ·`m| oH$ ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV

J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ 26.30 g{ àm`m{oJH$

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113

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115

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71-80 12 –

61-70 04 03

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N 25 25

_Ü`_mZ 79.04 42.60

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116


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118

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81-90 08 –

71-80 05 01

61-70 – 02

51-60 04 06

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N 20 20

_Ü`_mZ 78.15 44.25

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119



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122

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8.62 h¡ Om{ 0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ h¡ $&

132


J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$

Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm &Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm &Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm &Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm &Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m { § H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va Zht hm{Jm &

àñVwV [naH$ë[Zm 8 H$m ñdrH$ma Zht oH$`m J`m h¡ ·`m| oH$ Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$

N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ]rM gmW©H$ A§Va X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h¡ O¡g{

oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ J«må` j{Ì H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ 42.60 h¡ Om{

àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$s J«må` H$Ý`mAm| H{$ _Ü`_mZ 78.15 g{ H$_ h¡ $& AV• àm`m{oJH$

Jy[ H{$ àmßVm§H$m| [a oejU gm_J«r H$m Aga ñ[ï> ê$[ g{ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h¡ $&

AV• oejU-gm_J«r AgaH$maH$ ogÕ hþB© h¡ $&

VmobH$m 4.26 H{$ AmYma [a J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| Am¡a

J«må` j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m{ H$m oMÌmË_H$

oddaU Ama{I H«$_m§H$ 8 _| àñVwV oH$`m h¡ $&

134

4.7 à`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm| j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$mà`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm| j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$mà`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm| j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$mà`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm| j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$mà`m{J [ümV² Xm{Zm| j{Ìm|, OmoV Am¡a J« y[ H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m

oddaU $&oddaU $&oddaU $&oddaU $&oddaU $&

àñVwV em{Y H$m`© _| à`m{J [ümV N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m oddaU

VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.27 _| oX`m J`m h¡ $&


Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ g^r N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m oddaU Xem©Vr VmobH$mXm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ g^r N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m oddaU Xem©Vr VmobH$mXm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ g^r N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m oddaU Xem©Vr VmobH$mXm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ g^r N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m oddaU Xem©Vr VmobH$mXm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ g^r N>mÌm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$m oddaU Xem©Vr VmobH$m

$$$$$

odÚmb` H$m OmoV J«y[ _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm odÚmb` H$m OmoV J«y[ _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm odÚmb` H$m OmoV J«y[ _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm odÚmb` H$m OmoV J«y[ _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm odÚmb` H$m OmoV J«y[ _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ H«$mpÝVH$ gmW©H$Vm

àH$ma àH$ma àH$ma àH$ma àH$ma odMbZ AZw[mV odMbZ AZw[mV odMbZ AZw[mV odMbZ AZw[mV odMbZ AZw[mV ñVañVañVañVañVa

àm`m{oJH$ 78.40 9.92

Hw$_ma 14.00 0.01

ehar j{Ì H{$ oZ §oÌV 37.20 10.85

odÚmb` àm`m{oJH$ 80.40 8.33

H$Ý`m 14.65 0.01

oZ §oÌV 26.30 14.25

àm`m{oJH$ 79.04 6.99

Hw$_ma 11.50 0.01

J«må` j{Ì H{$ oZ §oÌV 42.60 14.20

odÚmb` àm`m{oJH$ 78.15 13.11

H$Ý`m 7.84 0.01

oZ §oÌV 44.25 14.19

135

VmobH$m 4.27 H{$ AZwgma ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma

bpãY H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 78.40 Am¡a 37.20 h¡ oOgH$m

H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 14.00 h¡ Om{ 0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ h¡ $& AV• Bg_| X{I gH$V{

h¡ oH$ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H${ _Ü`_mZ g{ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ AoYH$ h¡ AV•

ehar j{Ì H{$ Hw$_mam| [a oejU gm_J«r H$m Aga hþAm h¡ $

8 ehar j{Ì H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ à`m{J

[ümV àmßVm§H$m| H$m{ X{I{ Vm{ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ 80.40 h¡ Om{ oZ`§oÌV J«y[

H{$ _Ü`_mZ 26.30 g{ AoYH$ h¡ Am¡a oOgH$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 14.65 h¡ Om{

0.01 ñVa [a gmW©H$ h¡ $AV• eh{ar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$

àmßVm§H$m| [a oejU gm_J«r H$m Aga ñ[ï> ê$[ g{ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h¡ $&

8 J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m|

H$m{ X{I{ Vm{ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ 79.04 g{ oZ`§oÌV

J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ 42.60 h¡ $& oOgH$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 11.50 h¡, Om{ 0.01 ñVa

[a gmW©H$ h¡ $& AV• _Ü`_mZ H$m{ X{IZ{ [a H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ oH$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$

Hw$_mam| H$m _Ü`_mZ AoYH$ h¡ AV• ñ[ï> h¡ oH$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| [a oejU

gm_J«r H$m Aga kmV hþAm h¡ $&

8 J«må` j{Ì H$s àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ à`m{J [ümV àmßVm§H$m|

H$m{ X{I| Vm{ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«må` H$Ý`mAm| H${ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m

_Ü`_mZ 78.15 Am¡a 44.25 h¡ oOgH$m H«$mpÝVH$ AZw[mV 7.84 h¡ Om{ 0.01

ñVa [a gmW©H$ h¡ $AV• Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H{$ ^{X X{IZ{ [a àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m

_Ü`_mZ oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ _Ü`_mZ g{ AoYH$ h¡ AV• àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ [a oejU

gm_J«r H$m Aga hþAm h¡ $& J«må` j{Ì H${ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ H$s H$Ý`mAm| [a oejU

gm_J«r H$m à^md AgaH$maH$ ogÕ hwAm h¡ $&

136

4.8 à`m{J [ümV² àmßV Am±H$S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&à`m{J [ümV² àmßV Am±H$S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&à`m{J [ümV² àmßV Am±H$S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&à`m{J [ümV² àmßV Am±H$S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&à`m{J [ümV² àmßV Am±H$S>m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&

àñVwV em{Y _| odo^ÝZ gm§p»`H$s H{$ C[`m{J g{ oejU gm_J«r H$m Aga Im{µOm J`m

h¡ $& àmßV [naUm_m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Om±MZ{ H{$ obE oZåZm§oH$V gyÌ H$m

C[`m{J oH$`m J`m h¡ $&

C[`w©·V gyÌ hm{b{S>m`Zm Am¡a Wm{_g (1979) H{$ em{YH$m`© _| à`w·V ì`mdhmnaH$

gmW©H$Vm kmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE h¡ $&

4.8.1ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm •H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm •H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm •H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm •H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm •

VmobH$m H«$_m§H$ 4.27 H{$ AZwgma ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$

odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ 78.40 Am¡a

37.20 h¡ $& oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _mZH$ odMbZ 10.85 h¡ $&

C[`w©·V Am±H$S>m| H$m{ oZåZm§oH$V gyÌ _| aIH$a ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$

kmV oH$`m J`m $&

1. ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm =à`m{JmË_H$ J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ

oZ`§oÌV J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ

oZ`§oÌV J«y[H$m _mZH$ odMbZ

13

>

6

2. Agam§H$ =(à`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ) – (oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ)

oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ

1. ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm =à`m{JmË_H$ J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ



13

>

13

>= (78.40) – (37.20) (10.85)

= 41.20 3.61>

6 _h{e [r. amdb, A§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«rA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«rA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«rA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«rA§J« {Or oejm _| XjVmbjr AÜ``Z-AÜ`m[Z gm_J«r

H$s aMZm Am¡a à^md,H$s aMZm Am¡a à^md,H$s aMZm Am¡a à^md,H$s aMZm Am¡a à^md,H$s aMZm Am¡a à^md, AàH$Q> _hmem{Y à]§Y, JyOamV odÚm[rR>,

Ah_Xm]mX, 2003

137

C[`w©·V gmW©H$Vm A§H$ H$m{ X{IH$a H$h gH$V{ h¡ oH$ ehar j{Ì H{$ Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$

Hw$_mam| H{$ Am±H$¶S>m| H$m YZmË_H$ ^{X oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ _mZH$ odMbZ g{ 11.41 JwZm

AoKH$ h¡ AV• Am±H$¶S> { { H{$db A§H$emór` Ñoï> g{ hr Zht oH$ÝVw ì`mdhmnaH$ Ñoï>

g{ ^r gmW©H$ h¡ $&

C[`w ©·V [ÕoV g{ Agam§H$ H$m _yë` 3.79 h¡ $& Agam§H$ H$m `h _yë` 1 g{

AoKH$ h¡ AV• à`m{J AgaH$maH$ ahm h¡ E{gm H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ $&

4.8.2ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$

CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`dhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`dhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`dhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`dhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`dhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&

VmobH$m 4.27 H{$ AZwgma ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ odÚmb`m|

H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e• 80.40 Am¡a 26.30

h¡ Am¡a _mZH$ odMbZ 14.25 h¢ $& C[`w ©·V Am±H$S>m | H$m{ oZåZ gyÌ _| aIH$a

ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ kmV oH$`m h¡ $&

Agam§H$ =(à`m{oJH$ J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ) – (oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _Ü`_mZ)


= 78.40 – 37.20 41.12 10.85 10.85

= 3.79=

ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm =à`m{JmË_H$ J«y[H$m _Ü`_mZ



13

>

13

>= (80.40) – (26.30) (14.25)

= 54.10 (14.25)

= 54.10 4.75

>

>

13

138

ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J«y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m gmW©H$Vm A§H$ ehar j{Ì H{$ Xm{Zm|

J« y[m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ gmW©H$Vm A§H$ H{$ ]rM YZmË_H$ ^{X oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ _mZH$

odMbZ g{ 11.38 JwZm AoYH$ h¡ $& AV• [naUm_ H{$db A§H$emór` odoY g{ hr

Zht oH$ÝVw ì`mdhmoaH$ Ñoï> g{ ^r gmW©H$ h¡ $&

C[`w©·V [ÕoV g{ Agam§H$ 3.79 àmßV hþAm h¡ $& Agam§H$ H$m kmV _yë` 1 g{

AoYH$ h¡ AV• à`m{J AgaH$maH$ ahm h¡ E{gm kmV hm{Vm h¡ $&

4.8.3J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaJ«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaJ«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaJ«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎmaJ«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ CÎma

H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&

VmobH$m 4.27 H{$ AZwgma J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H$m

_Ü`_mZ 79.04 Am¡a 42.60 h¡ Ed§ J«må` j{Ì H{$ oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ

14.20 h¡ $& àmßV Am±H$S>m| H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ oZåZ àH$ma h¡$&



= 80.40 – 26.30 54.10 14.25 14.25

= 3.79=




13

>

13

>= (79.04) – (42.60) (14.20)

= 36.44 (14.20)

= 36.44 4.73

>

>

13

139

C[`w©·V gmW©H$Vm A§H$ g{ H$h gH$V{ h¡ oH$ J«må` j{Ì H{$ Xm{Zm| J« y[ H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$

àmßVm§H$m| H$m YZmË_H$ ^{X oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ _mZH$ odMbZ g{ 7.70 JwZm AoYH$ h¡,

AV• [aoUm_ H{$db A§H$emoó` odoY g{ hr Zht oH$ÝVw ì`mdhmnaH$ Ñoï> g{ ^r

gmW©H$ h¡ $&

C[`w©·V [ÕoV g{ Agam§H$ 2.56 kmV hþAm h¡ $& Agam§H$ H$m _yë` 1 g{ AoKH$ h¡

AV• à`m{J AgaH$maH$ ahm h¡ $&

4.8.4J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$

CÎma H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&CÎma H$gm¡Q>r àmßVm§H$m | H$s ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm $&

VmobH$m 4.27 H{$ AZwgma J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ odÚmb`m|

H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$ CÎma H$gm¡Q>r H{$ àmßVm§H$m| H$m _Ü`_mZ 78.15 Am¡a 44.25 h¡ Ed§

oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H$m _mZH$ odMbZ 14.19 h¡ C[`w©·V Am±H$S>m| H$m{ oZåZ gyÌ _| aIH$a

ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ kmV oH$`m J`m h¡ $&



= 79.04 – 42.60 36.44 14.20 14.20

= 2.56=




13

>

13

>= (78.15) – (44.25) (14.19)

= 33.9 4.73>

140

J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ J« y[ Am¡a oZ`§oÌV J« y[ H{$ odÚmb`m| H$s H$Ý`mAm| H{$

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ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ Xem©Vr VmobH$m $ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ Xem©Vr VmobH$m $ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ Xem©Vr VmobH$m $ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ Xem©Vr VmobH$m $ì`mdhmnaH$ gmW©H$Vm Am¡a Agam§H$ Xem©Vr VmobH$m $

H«$_ H«$_ H«$_ H«$_ H«$_ j{Ì j{Ì j{Ì j{Ì j{Ì OmoV ì`mdhmnaH$ Agam§H$OmoV ì`mdhmnaH$ Agam§H$OmoV ì`mdhmnaH$ Agam§H$OmoV ì`mdhmnaH$ Agam§H$OmoV ì`mdhmnaH$ Agam§H$

gmW©H$Vm gmW©H$Vm gmW©H$Vm gmW©H$Vm gmW©H$Vm

1. ehar j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a Hw$_ma 41.20 3.61 3.79

oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ odÚmb` H$Ý`m 54.10 4.75 3.79

2. J«må` j{Ì H{$ àm`m{oJH$ Am¡a Hw$_ma 36.44 4.73 2.56

oZ`§oÌV J«y[ H{$ odÚmb` H$Ý`m 33.9 4.73 2.38

>

>

>

>



= 78.15 – 44.25 33.9 14.19 14.19

= 2.38=

141

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H$m`© H{$ obE V¡`ma H$s JB© [naH$ë[ZmAm| H$m gm§p»`H$s H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ ñ[ï>rH$aU

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“ oejU-gm_J«r” H$m{ Amdí`H$ ñWmZ X{Zm hm{Jm $& oejU gm_J«r H$m{B© ^mar eãX

144

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146

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H$mobH$m àgmX Ed§ AÝ` (2005). ]¥hV ohÝXr H$m{e. dmamUer • kmZ _§ÊS>b_

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JwOamV amÁ` embm [mR>ç[wñVH$ _§S>b, (2008). ohÝXr (oZåZñVa) H$jm 7,

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AmJam• oejm od^mJ

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Om{Zg [r. (1975). odoS>`m{ H¡$g{Q> Am¡a ñbmBS> Q> {[ H$s ghm`Vm g{ VH$ZrH$s

ê$[ g{ à^mdH$Vm Om±MZm. AàH$moeV _hmem{Y à]§Y, _{p·gH$m{•

`woZdog©Q>r Am{\$ _{p·gH$m{$&

oÌ[mR>r E_.Eg. (2006). AmYwoZH$ oejm VH$ZrH$ Ed§ C[H$aU. ZB© oXëbr•

Am{_{Km [pãbH{$eÝg $&

Zm`H$ a.gm. (1997). [Ìb{IZ Am¡a H$hmZr b{IZ. Ah_Xm]mX• JyO©a àH$meZ &

^mB© dm`.O{ (2006). ohÝXr ^mfm oejU (24dm±.g§.) AmJam• odZm{X [wñVH$

_§oXa $&

^mJ©d Eb. (2007). ohÝXr oejU. oXëbr• d§XZm [pãbH{$eÝg $&

_mWwa Eg.Eg. (2008). oejU H$bm Ed§ e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$ (15$dm±.g.) AmJam•

AJ«dmb [pãbH{$eÝg $&

doeï> H{$.gr. (2006). oejU Ed§ Ao^`m{½`Vm. AmJam• C[H$ma àH$meZ $&

e_m© E. Ed§ g·g{Zm Ama. (2007). e¡ojH$ VH$ZrH$ Am¡a H$jm-H$j à]§YZ,

O`[wa• BpÝS>`Z [pãbqeJ hmCg $&

e_m© E.H{$. (1987). AÜ`m[Z _| lì`-Ñí` gmYZ, MùS>rJT>• hna`mUm gmohË`

AH$mX_r $&

e_m© Eg. (2002). oejmemó. oXëbr• H$m{ñ_m{g ]wH$ìhr $&

garZ Eg Ed§ garZ E. (2005). e¡ojH$ AZwg§KmZ odoY`m± (5dm± g.) AmJam.

odZm{X [wñVH$ _§oXa $&

qgh Ama. Ed§ e_m© Am{.[r.(2008). e¡ojH$ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ gm§p»`H$r (V¥.g§.)

AmJam• AJ«dmb [pãbH{$eÝg $&

DQpV$ q] $.A¡. (2009). rinZ A_¡ kpdprS>L$ rhop_p¡dp ¬ k¬ip ¡^__y ¬

`Ùr[ip÷ Ad]$php]$: kprlÐe dyÖZpge âp.rg.

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rinZ dpV¡ $ kfm rinZ kpdN°u_u fQ_p A_¡ [¡_u i¥nrZL$ rkrÙ

`f AkfL$pfL$[p. AâL$pri[ dlpip¡^ r_b¬^. kp¥fpô$ eyr_hrk®V$u,

fpS>L$p ¡V$ : rinZip÷ ch_.

[yf.Æ.A¡_. (2003). âp\rdL$ ipmpAp¡_p ^p¡fZ 7 _p ep¡NrhÛp A¡L$d `f

Ap^pqf[ rhqX $ep ¡ L $pe ®¾ $d_u fQ_p A_¡ AkfL$pfL $[p [`pkhu.

AâL$pri[ ùA¡Q.X $ u. dlpip ¡^ r_b¬^, N yS>fp[ e y r_hrk®V $ u,

Ad]$php]$: rinZ rhcpN

`V¡$g dy.dp. (2004). NrZ[ rinZdp¬ blzdpÝed k¬`|V$_u fQ_p A_¡

AkfL$pfL$[p_p¡ Aæepk. AâL$pri[ ùA¡Q.X$u. dlpip¡^ r_b¬^,

N|S>fp[ rhÛpùW$, Ad]$php]$ : rinZ dlprhÛpge.

dL$fpZu A¡Q. (2003). k¬õL© $[ rhje_p rinZdp¬ rinZ kp^_p¡_uL$Q_p

A_¡ [¡_p Dèp¡N_u AkfL$pf[p AâL$pri[ ùA¡Q.X$u. dlpip¡^

r_b¬^, kp¥fpô² $ eyr_hrk®V$u, fpS>L$p ¡V$ : rinZ rhcpN.

fphg d.â. (2003). A¬N° ¡Æ rinZdp¬ nd[pgnu AÝee_-AÝep`_

kpdN°u_u fQ_p A_¡ [¡_u AkfL$pfL$[p_p¡ Aæepk. AâL$pri[

ùA¡Q.X$u. dlpip¡^ r_b¬^, N|S>fp[ rhÛpùW$, Ad]$php]$ : rinZ

dlprhÛpge.

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162

odf` • ohÝXrodf` • ohÝXrodf` • ohÝXrodf` • ohÝXrodf` • ohÝXr

bpãY H$gm ¡Q >rbpãY H$gm ¡Q >rbpãY H$gm ¡Q >rbpãY H$gm ¡Q >rbpãY H$gm ¡Q >r

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CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd© oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [¶T> { $&CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd© oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [¶T> { $&CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd© oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [¶T> { $&CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd© oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [¶T> { $&CÎma obIZ{ g{ [yd© oZåZoboIV gyMZmE± [¶T> { $&

1. gd©àW_ H$gm¡Q>r H$m{ [¶Tm{ $&

2. AJa àíZ `m CÎma obIZ{ _| H$m{B© H$oR>ZmB© h¡ Vm{ Am[ gw[admB©Pa$H{$ gmW ]mV

H$a§{ $&

3. Bg H$gm¡Q>r _| Hw$b 10 àíZ h¢, g^r àíZm| H{$ CÎma obIZm Amdí`H$ h¢ $&

4. g^r àíZm| H{$ A§H$ 10 h¢¡ Ed§ g§[yU© H$gm¡Q>r 100 A§H$m| H$s h¢ $&

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6. H$gm¡Q>r H{$ g^r àíZ 7dt H$jm H$s ohÝXr [mR>ç[wñVH$ _| g{ [yN> { J`{ h¢ AV•

Am[ Bg H$gm¡Q>r H$m{ obIZ{ g{ [hb{ H$jm 7dt H{$ ohÝXr odf`dñVw H$m{ `mX H$a

broOE $&

7. H$gm¡Q>r hmW _| AmZ{ H{$ ]mX 10 o_ZQ> VH$ [oT>E ]mX _| obIZm àma§^ H$a{ $&

8. Bg H$gm¡Q>r H{$ CÎma Zrbr [{Z g{ obI| &

10. Bg H$gm¡Q>r _| Ama§^ _| EH$ H$m{ï>H$ _| Am[Z{ H$jm 7dt H$s dmof©H$ [arjm _|

ohÝXr odf` _| àmßV oH$E A§H$ obIZm h¢ &

163

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -1 "ß`mam X {e _hmZß`mam X {e _hmZß`mam X {e _hmZß`mam X {e _hmZß`mam X {e _hmZ' H$odVm H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$odVm H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$odVm H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$odVm H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$odVm H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma

EH$-Xm{ dm·` _| oboIE $&EH$-Xm{ dm·` _| oboIE $&EH$-Xm{ dm·` _| oboIE $&EH$-Xm{ dm·` _| oboIE $&EH$-Xm{ dm·` _| oboIE $& (10)

1. g] OJ H$s Am±Im{ H$m Vmam H$m¡Z h¡ ?

2. [J [rN>{ H$m¡Z Zht hQ>mV{ ?

3. g]H$m{ amh H¡$g{ oXImV{ h¡ ?

4. oH$g H{$ obE ]obXmZ H$a|J{ ?

5. H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr oXemE± h_mar h¡ ?

6. Mmam| oXemAm| _| ·`m H$aZm hm{Jm ?

7. _mW{ H$m daXmZ ·`m h¡ ?

164

8. "ß`mam X{e _hmZ' H$odVm H{$ H$od H$m¡Z h¡ ?

9. g] X{em| g{ h_mam X{e H¡$gm h¡ ?

10. h_ma{ X{e H$m Zm_ ·`m h¡ ?

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -2 "AdÝVrAdÝVrAdÝVrAdÝVrAdÝVr' H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ dm·`m| H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ dm·`m| H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ dm·`m| H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ dm·`m| H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ dm·`m|

_| oboIE $&_| oboIE $&_| oboIE $&_| oboIE $&_| oboIE $& (10)

1. bm{J H$m¡Z-g{ Adga H$s VmH$ _| ahV{ W{ ?

2. _{h_mZ o_R>mB©`m| H$m ·`m H$a ahm Wm ?

3. AdÝVrZ{ _{h_mZ H$s µO{] _| ·`m S>mbm ?

4. ì`m[mar Z{ oH$VZ{ àíZ [yN>{ ?

165

5. ì`m[mar H{$ àým| H{$ CÎma X{Z{ H{$ obE oH$gH$m{ ]wbdm`m J`m ?

6. AdÝVr oH$g [a gdma hm{H$a Xa]ma _| [hþ±Mm ?

7. [hb{ ì`m[mar H$m àíZ ·`m Wm ?

8. Xyga{ ì`m[mar àíZ ·`m Wm ?

9. Vrga{ ì`m[mar H$m àíZ ·`m Wm ?

10. "AmH$me _| oH$VZ{ Vma{ h¡' àíZ H$m AdÝVr Z{ ·`m CÎma oX`m ?

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -3 "_mZdVm OmJ CR>r_mZdVm OmJ CR>r_mZdVm OmJ CR>r_mZdVm OmJ CR>r_mZdVm OmJ CR>r' H$hmZr H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$hmZr H{ $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$hmZr H{ $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$hmZr H{ $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma H$hmZr H{ $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àíZm | H { $ CÎma

oboIE $&oboIE $&oboIE $&oboIE $&oboIE $& (10)

1. g§V oH$g{ A[Zm Y_© _mZV{ W{ ?

166

2. Xm{Zm| [j ·`m OmZZ{ H{$ obE g§V H{$ [mg J`{ $?

3. g§VZ{ oH$g{ Hw$oQ>`m H{$ Am±JZ _| éH$Z{ H{$ obE H$hm ?

4. g§V H{$ obE Iwer H$s ]mV ·`m Wr ?

5. g§V H{$ [wH$maZ{ [a H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z Am`m ?

6. o]ëbr H$m{ AmVm X{IH$a Jm±d dmb{ ·`m gm{MZ{ bJ{ ?

7. g§VZ{ IaJm{e Am¡a o]ëbr H$m{ ·`m§ oX`m ?

8. Hw$Îm{ H$m Zm_ ·`m Wm ?

9. IaJm{e, o]ëbr Am¡a Hw$Îm{ H$m ñd^md H¡$gm hm{Vm h¡ ?

167

10. g§V Z{ J«m_rU bm{Jm| g{ ·`m H$hm± ?

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -4 "MVwa oMÌH$maMVwa oMÌH$maMVwa oMÌH$maMVwa oMÌH$maMVwa oMÌH$ma' H$odVm H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& H$odVm H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& H$odVm H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& H$odVm H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& H$odVm H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $&

(10)

1. oMÌH$ma gwZgmZ OJh [a ·`m ]Zm ahm Wm ?

2. oMÌH$ma H{$ [mg H$m¡Z Am J`m ?

3. `_amO H$m{ gm_Z{ X{IH$a oMÌH$ma H$m{ ·`m hþAm ?

4. oMÌH$ma Z{ `_amO H{$ o_Ì H$m{ ·`m H$hm ?

5. `_amO H$m o_Ì H¡$g{ ]¡R> J`m ?

6. oMÌH$ma H¡$g{ oIgH$ J`m ?

168

7. [rR> Yw_mH$a ]¡R>m e{a ·`m gm{MZ{ bJm ?

8. oMÌH$ma oH$g_| ]¡R>H$a Mbm J`m ?

9. ^mJV{ hþE oMÌH$ma H$m{ e{aZ{ ·`m H$hm ?

10. oMÌH$ma Z{ e{a H$m{ H$mJµO H$b_ ·`m| oX`{ ?

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -5 "Z_©XmZ_©XmZ_©XmZ_©XmZ_©Xm' oZ]§Y H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& oZ]§Y H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& oZ]§Y H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& oZ]§Y H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& oZ]§Y H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& (10)

1. "Z_©Xm' eãX H$m AW© ·`m h¡ ?

2. "Z_©Xm' H$m{ Xyga{ H$m¡Z-g{ Zm_ g{ [hMmZV{ h¡ ?

3. "Z_©Xm' H$hm± g{ ]hVr h¡ ?

4. "Z_©Xm' H$m OÝ_-ñWmZ H$hm± h¡ ?

169

5. O]b[wa _| Z_©Xm H{$ gmW H$m¡Z gr ZXr o_bVr h¡ ?

6. g^r ZoX`m± Z_©Xm _| o_bH$a H¡$gr hm{ OmVr h¡ ?

7. Z_©Xm H$s `mÌm oH$VZ{ oH$bm{_rQ>a H$s h¡ ?

8. qdÜ`mMb Am¡a gmV[wS>m H$s KmoQ>`m| H$m _mJ© oH$VZm bå]m h¡ ?

9. "gaXma gam{da' ·`m h¡ ?

10. H$]radQ> H$hm± pñWV h¡ ?

170

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -6 (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) "[¶T>mB© H$m _hÎd[¶T>mB© H$m _hÎd[¶T>mB© H$m _hÎd[¶T>mB© H$m _hÎd[¶T>mB© H$m _hÎd' ]VmV{ hþE Am[ A[Z{ o_Ì H$m{ [Ì oboI]VmV{ hþE Am[ A[Z{ o_Ì H$m{ [Ì oboI]VmV{ hþE Am[ A[Z{ o_Ì H$m{ [Ì oboI]VmV{ hþE Am[ A[Z{ o_Ì H$m{ [Ì oboI]VmV{ hþE Am[ A[Z{ o_Ì H$m{ [Ì oboIEEEEE & & & & & (5)

171

(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma "o[Vm H$m [Ìo[Vm H$m [Ìo[Vm H$m [Ìo[Vm H$m [Ìo[Vm H$m [Ì' aMZm H{$ AmYma [a oboIE & aMZm H{$ AmYma [a oboIE & aMZm H{$ AmYma [a oboIE & aMZm H{$ AmYma [a oboIE & aMZm H{$ AmYma [a oboIE & (5)

1. Jm±YrOr Z{ [Ì H$hm± g{ nbIm Wm ?

2. oS>ßQ>r JdZ©a H$s H¥$[m g{ Jm±YrOr H$m{ ·`m [Vm Mbm ?

3. [wÌ H$m{ oH$g ]mV H$m Ag§Vm{f Wm ?

4. Jm±YrOr A[Z{ [wÌ g{ ·`m ]ZZ{ H$s Amem aIV{ W{ ?

5. H$m_ H$s AoYH$Vm _| _Zwî` H$m{ ·`m H$aZm MmohE ?

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -7 oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $&oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $&oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $&oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $&oZåZoboIV àíZm| H{$ CÎma oboIE $& (10)

1. H$b H$aZ{ dmb{ H$m`© H$m{ H$]ra H$] H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$hV{ h¡ $&

2. H$]ra ^JdmZ g{ oH$VZr `mMZm H$aVm h¡ ?

172

3. H$]ra oH$g{ ^wIm Z OmZ{ H$s ]mV H$aV{ h¡ ?

4. Vwbgr H{$ AZwgma g§gma _| H¡$g{ bm{J hm{V{ h¡ ?

5. Vwbgr nH$gH$m{ o_bH$a MbZ{ H$m{ H$hV{ h¡ $?

7. ahr_ ]¶S>{ H$m{ X{IH$a N>m{Q>{ H{$ g§X^© _| ·`m H$hV{ h¡ ?

8. Ohm± gwB© H$m_ AmVr h¡ dhm± ·`m H$m_ Zht AmVm ?

9. ]¶S>{ [{¶S> [a \$b H$hm± bJV{ h¡ ?

10. Ka _| Xm_ ]¶T>Z{ [a ·`m H$aZm MmohE ?

173

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -9 (A) oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $& (A) oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $& (A) oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $& (A) oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $& (A) oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $& (5)

AdÝVr EH$ hg_wI ìò·V Wm $& Jar]m| H$m Vm{ dh oà` o_Ì Wm $&

BgboE bm{J Cg{ ]hþV MmhV{ W{ $& Hw$N> bm{J E{g{ ^r W{ Om{ CÝh| oM¶T>mZ{ Am¡a

ZrMm oXImZ{ H{$ Adga H$s VmH$ _| ahV{ W{ $& [aÝVw AdÝVr A[Zr gyP-]yP g{

CbQ>m CÝht bm{Jm| H$m{ _yI© ]Zm oX`m H$aVm Wm $&

174

(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m ohÝXr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $&oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m ohÝXr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $&oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m ohÝXr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $&oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m ohÝXr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $&oZåZm§oH$V JÚI§S> H$m ohÝXr _| AZwdmX H$soOE $& (5)

dpfy ¬ S>Þdõ\m R>¡ dÝeâ]¡$idp¬ Aph¡gu d¥L$g `h®[dpmp_u AdfL¬ $V$L$

`lpX$u. S>Þd kde¡ lz ¬ A¡L$ ]y $bmp-`p[mp TfZp¬ S>¡hu Ry> ¬. fõ[pdp¬ L¡ $V$gpe

_p_p-dp¡V$p TfZp_u kp\¡ kp\¡ dp¡V$u _]$uAp¡ dpfpdp¬ dm¡ R>¡, S>¡d L¡ $

d¬]$lpV$dp¬ d¬S>f _]$u, _ftkl `yfdp¬ i¡f A_¡ i½$f _]$uAp¡, l$p¡i¬Npbp]$dp¬

[php, L$pS>g A_¡ _p_u [php [\p S>bg`yfdp¬ lfZ _]$u. Ap bû dpfpdp¬

kdpe_¡ A¡L$ê$` b_u Åe R>¡.

175

(H $)(H $)(H $)(H $)(H $) oZåZm§nH$V àíZm| H{$ gyMZmZwgma CÎma oboIE g^r àíZ H{$ A§H$ g_mZ h¡&oZåZm§nH$V àíZm| H{$ gyMZmZwgma CÎma oboIE g^r àíZ H{$ A§H$ g_mZ h¡&oZåZm§nH$V àíZm| H{$ gyMZmZwgma CÎma oboIE g^r àíZ H{$ A§H$ g_mZ h¡&oZåZm§nH$V àíZm| H{$ gyMZmZwgma CÎma oboIE g^r àíZ H{$ A§H$ g_mZ h¡&oZåZm§nH$V àíZm| H{$ gyMZmZwgma CÎma oboIE g^r àíZ H{$ A§H$ g_mZ h¡&

(A)(A)(A)(A)(A) oZåZm§oH$V eãXm| H{$ odam{YmWu eãX oboIE $&oZåZm§oH$V eãXm| H{$ odam{YmWu eãX oboIE $&oZåZm§oH$V eãXm| H{$ odam{YmWu eãX oboIE $&oZåZm§oH$V eãXm| H{$ odam{YmWu eãX oboIE $&oZåZm§oH$V eãXm| H{$ odam{YmWu eãX oboIE $& (02)

(1) g_ñ`m # (2) Y_© #

(3) g‚mZ # (4) J«m_rU #

(])(])(])(])(]) H$mì`[§o·V [yU© H$soOE $&H$mì`[§o·V [yU© H$soOE $&H$mì`[§o·V [yU© H$soOE $&H$mì`[§o·V [yU© H$soOE $&H$mì`[§o·V [yU© H$soOE $& (02)

dra og[mhr h_

g]g{ Ý`mam ß`mam ohÝXwñVmZ $&

(H $)(H $)(H $)(H $)(H $) oZåZm§oH$V CXmhaU [¶T>H$a ZrM{ obI{ eãXm| H$m { oboIE ?oZåZm§oH$V CXmhaU [¶T>H$a ZrM{ obI{ eãXm| H$m { oboIE ?oZåZm§oH$V CXmhaU [¶T>H$a ZrM{ obI{ eãXm| H$m { oboIE ?oZåZm§oH$V CXmhaU [¶T>H$a ZrM{ obI{ eãXm| H$m { oboIE ?oZåZm§oH$V CXmhaU [¶T>H$a ZrM{ obI{ eãXm| H$m { oboIE ? (02)

CXm. oMÌ - oMÌH$ma

1. H$bm • 2. g§JrV •

3. _yoV© • 4. AmH¥$oV •

(S>)(S>)(S>)(S>)(S>) g_mZmWu eãX oboIE $&g_mZmWu eãX oboIE $&g_mZmWu eãX oboIE $&g_mZmWu eãX oboIE $&g_mZmWu eãX oboIE $& (02)

1. ì`` • 2. d§XZm •

3. YZdmZ • 4. X{I^mb •

(B)(B)(B)(B)(B) ghr Om{ ¶S> { o_bmBE &ghr Om{ ¶S> { o_bmBE &ghr Om{ ¶S> { o_bmBE &ghr Om{ ¶S> { o_bmBE &ghr Om{ ¶S> { o_bmBE & (02)

(A)(A)(A)(A)(A) (])(])(])(])(])

1. S>a 1. M¡Z

2. odídmg 2. g\$b

3 H$m_`m] 3. âm{gm

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1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.

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N>mÌ H$m Zm_ •

H$jm • dJ© • dJ©H«$_m§H$ •

odÚmb` H$m Zm_ •

qbJ • b¶S>H$m b¶S>H$s

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1. gd©àW_ H$gm¡Q>r H$m{ [¶T>{ $&

2. AJa àíZ `m CÎma obIZ{ _| H$m{B© H$oR>ZmB© h¡ Vm{ gw[admB©Pa$ H{$ gmW ]mV H$a{§$&

3. Bg H$gm¡Q>r _| Hw$b 10 àíZ h¡§, g^r àíZm| H{$ CÎma obIZm Amdí`H$ h¡§ $&

4. g^r àíZ H{$ A§H$ 10 h¡§ $& g§[yU© H$gm¡Q>r 100 A§H$m|$ H$s h§¡ $&

5. g^r àíZm| H{$ CÎma àíZ H{$ ZrM{ oXE J`{ na·V ñWmZm| _| obI| $&

6. H$gm¡Q>r H{$ g^r àíZ H$jm 8dt H$s [R>rV BH$mB©`m| _| g{ [yN>{ J`{ h¡ $&

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185

ààààà ý -ý -ý -ý -ý -1 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) "_ram H { $ Xm { [X_ram H { $ Xm { [X_ram H { $ Xm { [X_ram H { $ Xm { [X_ram H { $ Xm { [X' H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým | H { $ EH$-Xm { H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým | H { $ EH$-Xm { H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým | H { $ EH$-Xm { H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým | H { $ EH$-Xm { H { $ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým | H { $ EH$-Xm {

dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE $&dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE $&dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE $&dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE $&dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE $& 5 ( )

1. gmdZ H$s ]Xna`m _ram H$m{ H¡$gr bJVr h¡ ?

2. _ram Z{ oH$g YZ H$s ]mV H$s h¡ ?

3. "IM} Z IyQ>{ Mm{aZ byQ>{ oXZ-oXZ ]¶T>V gdm`m' _ramZ{ E{gm ·`m{§ H$hm h¡ ?

4. gV H$s Zmd H${ I{doQ>`m H$m¡Z h¡ ?

5. _ram Z{ H$m¡Z-gm YZ [m`m h¡ ?

(]) nZåZoboIV eãXm| H{$ [`m©`dmMr eãX oboIE $& 5 ( )

1. ]Xoa`m • 2. Jwé •

3. Xm_U • 4. gVJwé •

5. oJaYa • 6. Zmd •

186

7. gmdZ • 8. ^dgmJa •

9. ]{bm • 10. oH$a[m •

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -2 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""ahr_ H{$ Xm{h{ahr_ H{$ Xm{h{ahr_ H{$ Xm{h{ahr_ H{$ Xm{h{ahr_ H{$ Xm{h{''''' H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ §

_| CÎma oboIE _| CÎma oboIE _| CÎma oboIE _| CÎma oboIE _| CÎma oboIE $ &$ &$ &$ &$ & 5 ( )

1. Qy>Q>{ _w·Vmhma g{ ·`m VmË[`© h¡ ?

2. ahr_ oH$gH$m{ _am hþAm _mZV{ h¡ ?

3. ahr_ Z{ g‚mZ H$s VwbZm oH$gg{ H$s h¡ ?

4. ]¶S>m{ § H$m ]¶S>ß[Z oH$g_| h¢ ?

5. ^¥Jw F$fr Z{ oH$g{ bmV _mar Wr ?

(]) odbm{_ (odéÓmWu) eãX oboIE $&(]) odbm{_ (odéÓmWu) eãX oboIE $&(]) odbm{_ (odéÓmWu) eãX oboIE $&(]) odbm{_ (odéÓmWu) eãX oboIE $&(]) odbm{_ (odéÓmWu) eãX oboIE $& 5 ( )

1. µJar] # 6. o_Ì #

2. ohV # 7. Am[oÎm #

187

3. ]¶S>m # 8. ZwH$gmZ #

4. gwOZ # 9. oXZ #

5. XrZ # 10. Za #

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -3 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""Iwbm Amg_mZIwbm Amg_mZIwbm Amg_mZIwbm Amg_mZIwbm Amg_mZ''''' H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma

EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & 5 ( )

1. Iwbm Amg_mZ H{$ H$od H$m¡Z h¡ ?

2. b¶S>oH$`m± Kam| H$m{ ·`m H$a ahr Wr ?

3. VJ¶S>{-VJ¶S>{ Zm¡OdmZ ·`m b{H$a Mb{ ?

4. `wdoV`m| H$m{ oH$gH$m I`mb Zht Wm ?

5. d{ g] [ZKQ> [a ·`m H$a ahr Wr ?

188

(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZm§oH$V odYmZm| H{$ H$maU X{H$a [yU© H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V odYmZm| H{$ H$maU X{H$a [yU© H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V odYmZm| H{$ H$maU X{H$a [yU© H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V odYmZm| H{$ H$maU X{H$a [yU© H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V odYmZm| H{$ H$maU X{H$a [yU© H$soOE & 5 ( )

1. gmam OhmZ Iwe hþAm, ·`m| oH$...

2. bm{J Jmªd Am¡a ]mµOma Mb{ ·`m| oH$...

3. [ZKQ> [a ^r¶S> g{ dmVmdaU ]Xbm, ·`m| oH$...

4. gy`© H$s oH$aU| OZOrdZ ]Xb X{Vr h¡, ·`m| oH$...

5. Iwbm Amg_mZ, ·`m{§ oH$...

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -4 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m±Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m±Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m±Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m±Jwbm]r Myo ¶S>`m±''''' H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ CÎma

EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & EH$-Xm{ dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & 5 ( )

1. H$odVm H$m _w»` [mÌ oH$g ì`dgm` g{ Ow¶S>m h¡ ?

189

2. Jrà H${ D$[a ·`m bQ>H$m ahVm Wm ?

3. `mÌr H{$ [yN>Z{ [a S>mB©da Z{ H¡$gr AZw^yoV H$s ?

4. bmI H$hZ{ [a H$m¡Z Zht _mZVr h¡ ?

5. Jwbm]r Myo¶S>`m± oH$gH$s h¡§ ?

(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZm§oH$V _whmdam| H{$ AW© X{H$a dm·` _| à`m{J H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V _whmdam| H{$ AW© X{H$a dm·` _| à`m{J H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V _whmdam| H{$ AW© X{H$a dm·` _| à`m{J H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V _whmdam| H{$ AW© X{H$a dm·` _| à`m{J H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V _whmdam| H{$ AW© X{H$a dm·` _| à`m{J H$soOE & 5( )

1. PQ>H$m ImZm •

2. A_mZV g_PZm •

3. hmdr hm{Zm •

4. ]¶S>r _y±N>dmbm •

190

5. g§VmZ H{$ àoV à{_ •

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -5 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""Yra{-Yra{Yra{-Yra{Yra{-Yra{Yra{-Yra{Yra{-Yra{''''' H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$mì` H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým| H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{

dm·`m{ § _| oboIE &dm·`m{ § _| oboIE &dm·`m{ § _| oboIE &dm·`m{ § _| oboIE &dm·`m{ § _| oboIE & 5 ( )

1. _Zwî` H$m{ g]Hw$N> H¡$g{ àmßV hm{Vm h¡ ?

2. H$od _§oOb VH$ H¡$g{ [hþ±Mm ?

3. D$[a CR>Z{ H{$ obE H$od H$m{ oH$gH$s MwZm¡Vr Zht Wr ?

4. OrdZ _| Hw$N> [mZ{ H{$ obE ·`m H$aZm [¶S>Vm h¡ ?

5. H$od H$m Kmd oH$gg{ â J`m ?

191

(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZoboIV dm·`m| H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$roOE &oZåZoboIV dm·`m| H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$roOE &oZåZoboIV dm·`m| H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$roOE &oZåZoboIV dm·`m| H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$roOE &oZåZoboIV dm·`m| H$m JwOamVr _| AZwdmX H$roOE & 5 ( )

1. h_ ·`m gmW b{H$a Am`{ h¡, ·`m b{H$a Om`|J{ $&

2. N>b H$[Q> g{ H$hr H$m{B© ogoÕ Zht o_bVr $&

3. oJaZ{ [a am{Zm Zht MmohE, h±gV{-h±gV{ CR>Z{ dmb{ H$m{ IwXm ^r gmW X{Vm h¡ $&

4. Oha [rH$a hr e§H$a, ZrbH§$R> H$hbmE $&

5. OrdZ _| BÝVOma H$aZ{ [a g]Hw$N> o_bVm h¡, [a Yra{-Yra{ à`ËZ Omar aIZm

MmohE $&

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -6 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""ogH§$Xa Am¡a [wéogH§$Xa Am¡a [wéogH§$Xa Am¡a [wéogH§$Xa Am¡a [wéogH§$Xa Am¡a [wé''''' [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ g§ojßV [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ g§ojßV [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ g§ojßV [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ g§ojßV [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZoboIV àým{ § H{$ g§ojßV

CÎma oboIE & CÎma oboIE & CÎma oboIE & CÎma oboIE & CÎma oboIE & 5 ( )

1. ZmQ>çm§e H{$ [mÌm| H{$ Zm_ oboIE $&

2. ogH§$Xa oH$g{ A[Zm g]g{ ]¶S>m eÌw _mZVm h¡ ?

192

3. g_a H$m¡Z Wm ?

4. ogH§$Xa H$hm± H$m amOm Wm ?

5. g{ë`wH$g Z{ ·`m JbVr H$s Wr ?

(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZoboIV g§dmX H$m¡Z ]m{bVm h¡ ?oZåZoboIV g§dmX H$m¡Z ]m{bVm h¡ ?oZåZoboIV g§dmX H$m¡Z ]m{bVm h¡ ?oZåZoboIV g§dmX H$m¡Z ]m{bVm h¡ ?oZåZoboIV g§dmX H$m¡Z ]m{bVm h¡ ? 5 ( )

1. h_| A[Z{ AmXo_`m| H$s JbVr H$m A\$gm{g h¡ $&

2. h_| Am[H$s VH$Xra Z{ Zht OrVm, h_| Am[H{$ Ym{I{ Z{ OrVm h¡ $&

3. ·`m amOXyV H{$ d{e _| Am`{ amOm H$m{ _maZm R>rH$ h¡ &

193

4. _hmamO g{ _m\$s _m±Jm| $&

5. Vw_ `hm± Am¡a Bg ob]mg _|$&

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -7 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""g¶S>H$ H$s$ ]mVg¶S>H$ H$s$ ]mVg¶S>H$ H$s$ ]mVg¶S>H$ H$s$ ]mVg¶S>H$ H$s$ ]mV''''' [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ EH$ Xm{ [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ EH$ Xm{ [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ EH$ Xm{ [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ EH$ Xm{ [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ EH$ Xm{

dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE & dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE & dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE & dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE & dm·`m| _| CÎma oboIE & 5 ( )

1. "g¶S>H$ H$s ]mV' oZ]§Y H{$ b{IH$ H$m Zm_ ·`m h¡ ?

2. Ahë`m [ËWa H¡$g{ hm{ JB© ?

3. g¶S>H$ oH$gH$s àVrjm H$aVr h¡ ?

4. [oWH$m| H$m{ N>m`m H$m¡Z àXmZ H$aVm h¡ ?

194

5. g¶S>H$ bm{Jm| g{ ·`m A[{jm aIVr h¡ ?

(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZoboIV odYmZm| _| g{ ghr odYmZ H{$ AmJ{ oZåZoboIV odYmZm| _| g{ ghr odYmZ H{$ AmJ{ oZåZoboIV odYmZm| _| g{ ghr odYmZ H{$ AmJ{ oZåZoboIV odYmZm| _| g{ ghr odYmZ H{$ AmJ{ oZåZoboIV odYmZm| _| g{ ghr odYmZ H{$ AmJ{ (PPPPP ) oMh²Z H$soOE Am¡aoMh²Z H$soOE Am¡aoMh²Z H$soOE Am¡aoMh²Z H$soOE Am¡aoMh²Z H$soOE Am¡a

µJbV H{$ AmJ{ µJbV H{$ AmJ{ µJbV H{$ AmJ{ µJbV H{$ AmJ{ µJbV H{$ AmJ{ (OOOOO ) oMh²Z H$soOE $&oMh²Z H$soOE $&oMh²Z H$soOE $&oMh²Z H$soOE $&oMh²Z H$soOE $& 5 ( )

1. g¶S>H$ oH$grH$m ^r Ka Zht $&

2. g¶S>H$ H$adQ> ]XbVr ahVr h¡ $&

3. g¶S>H$ ]{hm{gr H$s ZtX gm{ ahr h¡ $&

4. g¶S>H$ g]H$m{ odX{e b{ OmVr h¡ $&

5. g¶S>H$ oH$gr H$m bú` Zht h¡ $&

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -8 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A) """""B©XJmhB©XJmhB©XJmhB©XJmhB©XJmh''''' H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ H$hmZr H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{

dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & 5 ( )

1. H$hmZr H{$ _w»` [mÌ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z h¡ ?

2. oH$g Y_© H{$ bm{J am{µO{ aIV{ h¡ ?

3. B©X H{$ oXZ bm{J H$hm± OmV{ h¡ ?

195

4. hmo_X H{$ [mg oH$VZ{ [¡g{ W{ ?

5. hmo_XZ{ _{b{ _| g{ ·`m§ IarXm ?

(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZoboIV odYmZm| H{$ ZrM{ oXE J`{ odH$ë[m| _| g{ CoMVoZåZoboIV odYmZm| H{$ ZrM{ oXE J`{ odH$ë[m| _| g{ CoMVoZåZoboIV odYmZm| H{$ ZrM{ oXE J`{ odH$ë[m| _| g{ CoMVoZåZoboIV odYmZm| H{$ ZrM{ oXE J`{ odH$ë[m| _| g{ CoMVoZåZoboIV odYmZm| H{$ ZrM{ oXE J`{ odH$ë[m| _| g{ CoMV 5 ( )

odH$ë[ Ty> ± ¶T>H$a odYmZm| H$s [yoV© H$soOE & odH$ë[ Ty> ± ¶T>H$a odYmZm| H$s [yoV© H$soOE & odH$ë[ Ty> ± ¶T>H$a odYmZm| H$s [yoV© H$soOE & odH$ë[ Ty> ± ¶T>H$a odYmZm| H$s [yoV© H$soOE & odH$ë[ Ty> ± ¶T>H$a odYmZm| H$s [yoV© H$soOE & (((((CÎma àíZ H{$ gm_Z{ oboIECÎma àíZ H{$ gm_Z{ oboIECÎma àíZ H{$ gm_Z{ oboIECÎma àíZ H{$ gm_Z{ oboIECÎma àíZ H{$ gm_Z{ oboIE)))))

1. Jm±d _| hb-Mb Wr, ·`m| oH$... $

1. H$m{B© AZOmZ Kwg Am`m Wm $&

2. am{µOm H{$ ]mX B©X H$m oXZ Wm, g] B©XJmh OmZ{dmb{ W{ $&

3. gaH$mar AmX_r Am`{ W{ $&

4. ZmQ>H$ oXIm`m OmVm $Wm $&

2. hmo_X MaIr [a Zht ]¡R>m, ·`m| oH$....

1. CgH{$ [mg og\©$ VrZ [¡g{ W{ $&

2. hmo_X H$m{ M·H$a AmV{ W{ $&

3. hmo_X H$m o_Ì Zht Am`m Wm $&

4. Cg{ [g§X Zht Wm $&

3. Xyga{ b¶S>H{$ ^r oM_Q>m IarXZm MmhV{ W{, ·`m| oH$...

1. d{ AÀN>{ Am¡a gñV{ W{ $&

2. CÝh| oM_Q>m IarXZ{ H{$ obE AbJ g{ [¡g{ oXE J`{ W{ $&

3. hmo_X H{$ oM_Q>{ Z{ g] H$m{ _m{ohV H$a ob`m Wm $&

196

4. dh hmo_X H$s ]am]ar H$aZm MmhV{ W{ $&

4. hmo_X Z{ oM_Q>m IarXm, ·`m| oH$...

1. CgH{$ o_Ì Z{ H$hm Wm $&

2. dh oM_Q>m IarXH$a H§$K{ [a aIZm MmhVm Wm $&

3. A_rZm H$s C±Job`m± Ob OmVr Wr Bg obE hmo_XZ{ oM_Q>m IarXm $&

4. CgH$s _m± Z{ H$hm Wm $&

5. A_rZm H$m _Z JXJX hm{ J`m ·`m| oH$...

1. dh em_ hm{Z{ g{ [hb{ Am`m Wm &

2. dh AÀN>m bJ ahm Wm $&

3. hmo_X H{$ A§Xa Ë`mJ, gX²^md Am¡a odd{H$ X{Im &

4. dh CgH$m ]{Q>m Wm $&

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -9 (A)(A)(A)(A)(A)"""""o_Ì H$m{ [Ìo_Ì H$m{ [Ìo_Ì H$m{ [Ìo_Ì H$m{ [Ìo_Ì H$m{ [Ì''''' [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma oboIE & [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma oboIE & [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma oboIE & [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma oboIE & [mR> H{$ AmYma [a oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma oboIE &

5 ( )

1. [Ì oH$g{ obIm J`m Wm ?

2. [Ì oH$gZ{ obIm Wm ?

3. oh_m§ew ·`m X{IZ{ H{$ obE J`m Wm ?

197

4. o_Ì H$m{ [Ì obIZ{ _| g§]m{YZ ·`m hm{Jm ?

5. [Ì obIZ{dmb{ H$m [Vm H$m¡Z gr Am{a obIm OmVm h¡ ?

à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -à ý -9 (])(])(])(])(]) A[Z{ Ka g{ àdmg H{$ obE [¡g{ _±JdmZ{ H{$ obE o[VmOr H$m{ [ÌA[Z{ Ka g{ àdmg H{$ obE [¡g{ _±JdmZ{ H{$ obE o[VmOr H$m{ [ÌA[Z{ Ka g{ àdmg H{$ obE [¡g{ _±JdmZ{ H{$ obE o[VmOr H$m{ [ÌA[Z{ Ka g{ àdmg H{$ obE [¡g{ _±JdmZ{ H{$ obE o[VmOr H$m{ [ÌA[Z{ Ka g{ àdmg H{$ obE [¡g{ _±JdmZ{ H{$ obE o[VmOr H$m{ [Ì

obnIE $&obnIE $&obnIE $&obnIE $&obnIE $& 5 ( )

198

àý-àý-àý-àý-àý-10 (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) """""og§hJT> odOòg§hJT> odOòg§hJT> odOòg§hJT> odOòg§hJT> odO`''''' [a$ AmYmnaV oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ [a$ AmYmnaV oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ [a$ AmYmnaV oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ [a$ AmYmnaV oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{ [a$ AmYmnaV oZåZm§oH$V àým§ { H{$ CÎma EH$-Xm{

dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & dm·`m| _| oboIE & 5 ( )

1. og§hJT> H{$ C[a H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z g{ àmUr Zht M¶T> gH$V{ W{ ?

2. VmZmOr Z{ Jm{h H$m{ oH$b{ [a oM[H$mZ{ g{ [hb{ ·`m H$hm ?

3. OrOm]mB© H$s ·`m oOVZ{ H$s BÀN>m Wr ?

4. _wJbm| Z{ hoW`ma ·`m| S>mb oXE ?

5. _mVm H{$ [mg OmH$a oedmOr Z{ ·`m H$hm ?

àý-àý-àý-àý-àý-10(])(])(])(])(]) oZåZm§oH$V na·V ñWmZm| H$s [yoV© `m{½` eãX obIH$a H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V na·V ñWmZm| H$s [yoV© `m{½` eãX obIH$a H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V na·V ñWmZm| H$s [yoV© `m{½` eãX obIH$a H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V na·V ñWmZm| H$s [yoV© `m{½` eãX obIH$a H$soOE &oZåZm§oH$V na·V ñWmZm| H$s [yoV© `m{½` eãX obIH$a H$soOE &

5 ( )

1. oedmOr H$s _mVm H$m Zm_ Wm $& (OrOm]mB©, Ahë`m]mB©)

2. VmZmOr H{$ [mg Zm_ H$s Jm{h Wr $& (èd§Vr, O`d§Vr)

3. Am¡a§JO{] Z{ oH$b{ H$s gwajm H$m ^ma H$m{ gm¢[ aIm Wm & (VmZmOr,CX`^mZw)

4. VmZmOr _amR>m H$s \$m¡µO _| gdm}ƒ W{ $& (g¡oZH$, g{Zm[oV)

5. VmZmOr H{$ ^mB© H$m Zm_ Wm $& (gy`m©, CX`^mZw)

----*----

[naoeï> [naoeï> [naoeï> [naoeï> [naoeï> I

8dt$ H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$mdt$ H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$mdt$ H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$mdt$ H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$mdt$ H$jm H{$ ohÝXr oejU _| à`w·V oejU-gm_J«r H{$ Aga H$m

_ yë`m §H $Z$ &_ yë`m §H $Z$ &_ yë`m §H $Z$ &_ yë`m §H $Z$ &_ yë`m §H $Z$ &

Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV ehar Ed§ J«må` j{Ì H{$ Hw$_mam| Am¡a H$Ý`mAm| H{$ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV ehar Ed§ J«må` j{Ì H{$ Hw$_mam| Am¡a H$Ý`mAm| H{$ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV ehar Ed§ J«må` j{Ì H{$ Hw$_mam| Am¡a H$Ý`mAm| H{$ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV ehar Ed§ J«må` j{Ì H{$ Hw$_mam| Am¡a H$Ý`mAm| H{$ Ý`mXe© H{$ obE MòZV ehar Ed§ J«må` j{Ì H{$ Hw$_mam| Am¡a H$Ý`mAm| H{$ g_{bg_{bg_{bg_{bg_{b

Om{ ¶S > {Om { ¶S > {Om { ¶S > {Om { ¶S > {Om { ¶S > {

200

ehar j{Ì H$s odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S> {ehar j{Ì H$s odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S> {ehar j{Ì H$s odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S> {ehar j{Ì H$s odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S> {ehar j{Ì H$s odÚmb`m| H{$ Hw$_mam| H{$ g_{b Om{ ¶S> {

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gm{b§H$s [¡b{e

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H$m{oï> àodU

H$m{oï> am{ZH$

M§X{b AmH$me

e_m© H¥$Umb

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gm{b§H$s _`wa

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gm{b§H$s oOk{e

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dmK{bm odZm{X

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[wé • (oZ^©`Vm g{) • O¡gm EH$ _hmamO H$m{ Xyga{ _hmamO H{$ gmW H$aZm MmohE $&

ogH§$Xa • Am[ Am¡a ^r H$hZm MmhV{ h¢ ?

[wé • (]{[admhr g{) • h_| Om{ Hw$N> H$hZm Wm, dh h_Z{ [hb{ Odm] _| H$h oX`m $&

h_ Am¡a Hw$N> Zht H$hZm MmhV{ $&

ogH§$Xa • `w_Zrg, _hmamO [wé H{$ `{ Xm{Zm| Odm] gwZhar ha\$m| _| obIH$a h_ma{ IOmZ{

_| aI{ OmE± $& O] h_ `yZmZ OmE±J{ Vm{ dhm± H{$ bm{Jm| H$m{ oXImE±J{ oH$ XwoZ`m

_| E{g{ AmX_r ^r h¢, Om{ b¶S>mB© hmaV{ h¢, _Ja ohå_V Zht hmaV{ $&

(`w_Zrg oga PwH$mVm h¡ $& Am§o^ H$m{ AM§^m hm{Vm h¡ $&)

ogH§$Xa • (A[Zr ]mV Omar H$aV{ hþE) • O] h_ `yZmZ OmE±J{, Vm{ A[Z{ bm{Jm| H$m{

]VmE±J{, oH$ XwoZ`m _| E{g{ ^r AmX_r h¢, Om{ A[Zr oH$ñ_V H{$ gm_Z{ ^r oga

Zht PwH$mV{, Am¡a oOZH{$ ]ƒ{ ^r _m¡V H{$ _w±h _| OmZ{ g{ Zht Y]amV{ $&

([wé Mm¢H$H$a X{IVm h¢ $&)

ogH§$Xa • (g_a H$s Va\$ A±Jwbr CR>mH$a) • AmAm{ amOHw$_ma & AmJ{ AmAm{ & h_

Vwåhmam ^r ñdmJV H$aV{ h¢ & Vw_ ^r ]hmXwa hm{ & Vwåhma{ [wQ²>R>{ ^r _O]yV h¢ &

214

(g_a AmJ{ AmVm h¡ $& Xm{ og[mhr hmW CR>mV{ h¡ ± $& ogH§$Xa Bemam H$aH{$

og[moh`m| H$m{ bm¡Q>m X{Vm h¡ $& g_a AH{$bm AmJ{ ]¶T>Vm h¡ $&)

[wé • (h¡amZ hm{H$a g_a g{) • g_a $& Vw_ `hm± Am¡a Bg ob]mg _| ? `h ·`m

]mV h¡ ?

g_a • (ohMoH$MmV{ hþE) • o[VmOr

ogH§$Xa • (]mV H$mQ>H$a) • ]hmXwa ]m[ H$m ]hmXwa ]¡Q>m, ]m[ H$s oJaâVmar H{$ ]mX

Amam_ g{ Ka _| Z ]¡R> gH$m, Am¡a Bg ob]mg _| h_| H$Ëb H$aZ{ Am J`m $&

b{oH$Z - (g_a g{) Zm¡OdmZ, A\$gm{g H$am{ oH$ h_mar Am±I Z{ Vwåh| [hMmZ

ob`m, Am¡a Vw_ h_| H$Ëb Z H$a gH{$ $& h_mar VH$Xra O]aXñV h¡ $& h_ ]M

JE Am¡a h_ Vwåhmar ]hmXwar H$s Vmar\$ H$aV{ h¢ $&

([wé A[Z{ [wÌ H$s Va\$ Jd© g{ X{IVm h¡ $&)

ogH§$Xa • ([wé g{) • OmBE, h_Z{ Am[H$m{ AmOmX oH$`m $& Am[H{$ ]{Q> { H$m{ AmOmX

oH$`m $& Am[H{$ og[moh`m| H$m{ AmOmX oH$`m $Am¡a BVZm hr Zht h_Z{ O{hb_

ZXr H{$ Amg[mg H$m oOVZm ^r BbmH$m OrVm h¡, dh ^r Am[H{$ hdmb{

oH$`m $& (g{ë`wH$g g{) g{ë`wH$g, \$m¡Om| H$m{ I]a ^{O Xm{ oH$ dh OrVm hþAm

BbmH$m BZH{$ hdmb{ H$a X| $&

215

7. g¶S>H$ H$s ]mV g¶S>H$ H$s ]mV g¶S>H$ H$s ]mV g¶S>H$ H$s ]mV g¶S>H$ H$s ]mV

adrÝÐZmW R>mHw$a

“ _¢ g¶S>H$ hÿ ± $& Ahë`m O¡g{ _woZ H${ em[ g{ [ËWa hm{ JB© Wr, R>rH$ d¡g{ hr _| ^r

em`X oH$gr H{$ em[ g{ oMaoZoÐV gwXrY© AOJa H$s ^m±oV dZ-O§Jb Am¡a [hm¶S>-[hmo¶S>`m| g{

JwOaVr hþB© [{ ¶S>m| H$s N>m`m H{$ ZrM{ g{ Am¡a Xya VH$ \¡$b{ hþE _¡XmZm| _| C[a g{ X{e-X{emÝVam|

H$m{ Y{aVr hþB© ]hþV oXZm| g{ ]{hm{er H$s ZtX gm{ ahr ahÿ ± $& O¶S>-oZÐm _| [¶S>r-[¶S>r _¢ A[ma

YraO H{$ gmW A[Zr Yyb _| bm{Q>H$a em[ H$s AmoIar Ko¶S>`m| H$m BÝVOma H$a aht hÿ ± $&

h_{em g{ Ohm±-Vhm± pñWa hÿ±, AodMb hÿ±, h_{em g{ EH$ hr H$adQ> gm{ aht hÿ±, _Ja o\$a ^r

_wP{ [b-â H$s \w$agV Zht oH$ µOam Amam_ H$a by± $& BVZm ^r \$wagV Zht oH$ A[Z{

ogahmZ{ H{$ [mg EH$ N>m{Q> { g{ N>m{Q>m Zrb{ a§J H$m dZ-\$yb ^r oIbm gHy±$ $& _¢ ]m{b Zht

gH$Vr; [a AÝY{ H$s Vah g] Hw$N> _hgyg H$a gH$Vr hÿ± $& _{ar Bg Jhar O¶S>-oZÐm _| bmIm|

MaUm| H{$ eãX oXZ-amV Xw•ñdßZ H$s Vah Yy_V{ ahV{ h¢ $& _¢ MaUm| H{$ ñ[e© g{ CZH{$ öX`m|

H$m{ [¶T> b{Vr hÿ±, _¢ g_P OmVr hÿ± H$m¡Z Ka Om ahm h¡, H$m¡Z [aX{e Om ahm, H$m¡Z H$m_ g{ Om

ahm h¡, H$m¡Z Amam_ H$aZ{ Om ahm h¡, H$m¡Z CËgd _| Om ahm h¡, Am¡a H$m¡Z í_emZ H$m{ Om ahm

h¡ $& oOgH{$ gwI H$s Ka-J¥hñWr h¡, ñZ{h H$s N>m`m h¡; dh ha H$X_ [a gwI H$s Vñdra

ItMVm h¡, Amem H{$ ]rO ]m{Vm OmVm h¡ $& OmZ [¶S>Vm h¡, Ohm±-Ohm± CgH{$ [¡a [¶S>V{ h¢ dhm±-

dhm± jU â _| _mZm| EH$-EH$ bVm A§Hw$naV Am¡a [woî[V hm{ CR>{Jr $& oOgH{$ Ka Zht, Aml`

Zht, CgH{$ [Xj{[ _| Z Amem h¡, Z AW© h¢, CgH{$ H$X_m| _| Z Xm`m± h¡; Z ]m`m± h¡; CgH{$

[¡a H$hV{ h¢, _¢ Mby± Vm{ ·`m|, Am¡a R>hê±$ Vm{ oH$g obE ? CgH{$ H$X_m| g{ _{ar gyIr hwB© Yyb

_mZm{ Am¡a ^r gyI OmVr h¡ $&

“ g§gma H$s H$m{B© ^r H$hmZr _¢ [yar Zht gwZ [mVr $& AmVr g¡H$¶S>m|-hOmam| dfm~ g{ _¢

bmIm|-H$am{ ¶S>m| bm{Jm| H$s oH$VZr h±gr, oH$VZ{ JrV, oH$VZr ]mV| gwZVr AmB© hÿ±, [a Wm{¶S>r-gr

]mV gwZ [mVr hÿ± $& ]mH$s gwZZ{ H{$ obE O] H$mZ bJmVr hÿ± V] X{IVr hÿ± oH$ dh AmX_r hr

Zht ahm $& B©g Vah Z OmZ{ oH$VZ{ `wJm| H$s oH$VZr Qy>Q>r-\y$Q>r ]mV| Am¡a o]Ia{ hþ`{ JrV _{ar

Yyb H{$ gmW Yyb ]Z J`{ h¢, Am¡a Kyb ]ZH$a A] ^r C¶S>V{ ahV{ h¢, H$m¡Z H$h gH$Vm h¡ $?

216

“ dh gwZm{, H$m{B© Jm ahr h¡ – H$hV{ - H$hV{ H$h Zhr [mB© $& Am{h, R>ham{, Oam JrV

H$m{ [yam H$a OmAm{, [yar ]mV Vm{ gwZ b{Z{ Xm{ _wP{, [a H$hm± R>har dh ? JmV{ - JmV{ Z OmZ{

H$hm± Mbr JB© ! AmoIa VH$ _¢ gwZ hr Z [mB© $& ]g, AmO AmYr amV VH$ CgH$s [J-ÜdoZ

_{a{ H$mZm| _| Jy ±OVr ah{Jr $& _Z hr _Z gm{My ±Jr, H$m¡Z Wr dh $? dhm± Om ahr Wr Z OmZ{ ?

Om{ ]mV Z H$h [mB© Cgr H$m{ o\$a H$hZ{ JB© $& A] H$s ]ma O] o\$a Cgg{ ^|Q>{ hm{Jr, dh O]

_w±h CR>mH$a BgH{$ _w ±h H$s Va\$ VmH{$Jm, V] ‘ H$hV{-H$hV{’ o\$a ‘ H$h Zhr [mB©’ Vm{ ? V]

Cgg{ o\$a _w ±h _m{ ¶S>H$a oga ZrMm H$aH{$, ]hþV Yra{-Yra{ bm¡Q>V{ g_` o\$a AJa dh JmVr

Om`, H$hV{-H$hV{ H$h Zht [mB© Vm{ ?

‘‘ g_moßV Am¡a ñWmo`Ëd em`X H$ht hm{Jm, [a _wP{ Vm{ Zht oXImB© X{Vm $& EH$ MaU

oMh²Z H$m{ ^r Vm{ _¢ Á`mXm X{a VH$ H$m_ [a Zht aI gH$Vr $& _{a{ C[a bJmVma MaU -oMh²Z

[¶S> ah{ h¡; [a Z`{ [m±d AmH$a [yamZ{ oMh²Zm| H$m{ [m|N> OmV{ h¢ $& Om{ Mbm OmVm h¡ dh Vm{

[rN>{ Hw$N> N>m{ ¶S> hr Zht OmVm $& H$XmoMV² CgH{$ oga H{$ ]m{P g{ Hw$N> o_bVm ^r h¡ Vm{ hOmam|

MaUm| H{$ Vb{ bJmVma Hw$Mbm OmH$a Hw$N> hr X{a _| dh Yyb _| o_b OmVm h¡ $& [aÝVw EH$

]mV A^r X{I ahr hÿ ±, dh `h oH$ oH$gr-oH$gr _hm[wawf H{$ [wî[-ñVy[ H{$ AÝXa E{gm EH$

A_a ]rO [¶S> J`m h¡ Om{ Yyb _| [¶S>H$a ^r A§Hw$naV Am¡a doÛ©V hm{H$a _{a{ ]Jb _| ñWm`r

ê$[ g{ odamO ahm h¡ Am¡a [oWH$m| H$m{ N>m`m àXmZ H$a ahm h¡ $&

‘‘ _¢ oH$gr H$m ^r bú` Zht h± ÿ $& g] H$m C[m` _mÌ hÿ ± $& _¢ oH$gr H$m Ka Zht hÿ ±,

[a g]H$m{ Ka b{ OmVr hy ± $& _yP{ oXZ-amV `hr gÝVm[ gVmVm ahVm h¡ oH$ _wP [a H$m{B©

Vo]`V g{ H$X_ Zht aIZm MmhVm $& _wP [a H$m{B© I¶S>m ahZm [gÝX Zht H$aVm $& oOZH$m Ka

]hþV Xya h¡ d{ _wP{ hr H$m{gV{ Am¡a em[ X{V{ ahV{ h¢ $& _¢ Om{ CÝh| [a_ Y¡`© H{$ gmW CZH{$ Ka

H{$ Ûma VH$ [hþ ±Mm X{Vr hy ±, BgH{$ obE H¥$VkVm H$hm± [mVr hÿ ± ? d{ A[Z{ Ka OmH$a Amam_

H$aV{ h¢, Ka [a AmZÝX _ZmV{ h¢, Ka _| CZH$m gwI-goå_bZ hm{Vm h¡, o]Nw> ¶S> { hþE g] o_b

OmV{ h¡; Am¡a _wP [a H{$db WH$mdQ> H$m ^md XagmV{ h¢, H{$db AoZÀN>m H¥$V l_ hþAm

g_PV{ h¢, _wP{ H{$db odÀN>{X H$m H$maU _mZV{ h¢ $& ·`m§ Bgr Vah ]ma-]ma Xya hr g{, Ka

H{$ Pam{I{ _| g{ [§I [gmaH$a ]mha AmVr hþB© _Ywa hmñ`-bhar _{a{ [mg AmV{ hr eyÝ` _|

217

o]brZ hm{ Om`m H$a{Jr ? Ka H{$ Cg AmZÝX H$m EH$ H$U ^r, EH$ ]y±X ^r, _¢ Zht [mC±Jr ?

‘‘ H$^r-H$^r dh ^r [mVr hÿ± $& N>m{Q>{-N>m{Q>{ ]ƒ{ Om{ h±gV{-h±gV{ _{a{ [mg AmV{ h¢ Am¡a

em{aJwb _MmV{ hþE _{a{ [mg AmH$a I{bV{ h¢, A[Z{ Ka H$m AmZÝX d{ _{a{ [mg b{ AmV{ h¢ $&

CZH{$ o[Vm H$m Amerdm©X Am¡a _mVm H$m ñZ{h Ka g{ ]mha oZH$bH$a, _{a{ [mg AmH$a, g¶S>H$

[a hr _mZm{ A[Zm Ka ]Zm b{Vm h¡ $& _{ar Kyb _| d{ ñZ{h X{ OmV{ h¢, ß`ma-N>m{ ¶S> OmV{ h¢ $&

_{ar Kyb H$m{ d{ A[Z{ de _| H$a b{V{ h¡ § Am¡a A[Z{ N>m{Q> {-N>m{Q> { H$m{_b hmWm| g{ CgH$s T> {ar

[a hm¡b{-hm¡b{ W[oH$`m± X{-X{H$a [a_ ñZ{h g{ Cg{ gwbmZm MmhV{ h¢ $& A[Zm oZ_©b öX`

b{H$a ]¡R>{-]¡R>{ d{ CgH{$ gmW ]m§V{ H$aV{ h¡§ $& hm`-hm`, BVZm ñZ{h, BVZm ß`ma [mH$a ^r _{ar

`h Yyb CgH$m Odm] VH$ Zht X{ [mVr ! _{a{ obE H¡$gm em[ h¢ `h ?

‘‘ N>m{Q> {-N>m{Q> { H$m{_b [m±d O] _{a{ C[a g{ Mb{ OmV{ h¢ V] A[Z{ H$m{ _¢ ]¶S>r H$oR>Z

AZw^d H$aVr hÿ±; _mby_ hm{Vm h¡ CZH{$ [m±dm| _| bJVr hm{Jr $& Cg g_` _wP{ Hw$gw_-H$br H$s

Vah H$m{_b hm{Z{ H$s gmY hm{Vr h¡ $& A[Z{ _Z H$s ]mV _¢ g_Pm Zht gH$Vr; [a oH$gr H$od

Z{ H$hm h¡ –

‘‘ Oh±-Oh± AéU MaU Mob OmVm,

Vh±-Vh± MaoZ hm{` __ JmVm $&”

‘‘ AéU MaU E{gr H$R>m {a KaVr [a ·`m| MbV{ h¢ ? oH$ÝVw òX Z MbV{ Vm{ em`X

Zht ^r har-har Kmg [¡Xm Z hm{Vr $&

‘‘ àoVoXZ oZò_V ê$[ g{ Om{ _{a{ C[a MbV{ h¢ CÝh| _¢ AÀN>r Vah [hMmZVr hÿ ± $&

[a d{ Zht OmZV{ oH$ CZH{$ obE _¢ oH$VZr àVrjm oH$`m H$aVr h±ÿ $& _¢ _Z-hr-_Z CZH$r _yoV©

H$s H$ë[Zm H$a b{Vr hÿ± $& ]hþV oXZ hþE, E{gr hr EH$ àoV_m A[Z{ H$m{_b MaUm| H$m{ b{H$a

Xm{[ha H$m{ ]hþV Xya g{ AmVr, N>m{Q> {-N>m{Q> { Zy[wa éZPwZ-éZPwZ H$aH{$ CgH{$ [m±dm| _| am{-am{H$a

]OV{ ahV{ $& em`X CgH{$ Am{R> ]m{bZ{ H{$ Am{R> Z W{, em`X CgH$s ]¶S>r-]¶S>r Am±I| g§Ü`m

H{$ AmH$me H$s ^m±oV åbmZ Ñoï> g{ oH$gr H{$ _w±h H$s Am{a X{IVr ahVt $& Cg M]yVa{ dmb{ dQ>

d¥j H{$ ]mB© Va\$, Ohm± _{ar EH$ emIm Jm±d H$s Am¡a Mbr JB© h¡ dhm±, [{ ¶S> H{$ ZrM{ dh

218

hmar-WH$s Mw[Mm[ I¶S>r ahVr Am¡a Xygam EH$ H$m{B© A[Zm oXZ â H$m H$m_ [yam H$aH{$

AZ_Z{ _Z g{ JmZm JmVm hþAm CgH{$ gm_Z{ g{ Jm±d H$s Am{a Mbm OmVm $& em`X dh oH$gr

H$s Am{a X{IVm Z Wm, H$ht ^r R>hamVm Z Wm, Am¡a grYm Ka H{$ Ûma [a OmH$a A[Zm [wadr

JrV IV_ H$aVm Wm $& CgH{$ Mb{ OmZ{ [a dh ]mobH$m A[Z{ WH{$ hþE [¡am| g{ o\$a Cgr amñV{

g{ bm¡Q> OmVr, oOgg{ dh AmB© Wr $& ]mobH$m O] bm¡Q>Vr V] _mby_ hm{Vm oH$ AÝYH$ma hm{

Am`m h¡ $& g§Ü`m H{$ AÝYH$ma H$m R>§S>m ñ[e© _¢ A[Z{ A§J-àË`§Jm| [a [yar Vah AZw^d H$aZ{

bJVr $& O] Jm{Yyob H{$ g_` H$s H$m¡Am| H$s H$m±d-H$m±d o]ëHw$b W_ OmVr, [oWH$m| H$m

AmZm-OmZm H$ar]-H$ar] ]ÝX-gm hm{ OmVm; g§Ü`m H$s hdm H{$ Pm|H$m| g{ ]m±g H{$ Pm¶S> ah-

ahH$a PaPa - PaPa eãX H$a CR>V{, dh Cgr Vah àoVoXZ AË`ÝV _§X JoV g{ AmVr Am¡a

d¡g{ hr Yra{-Kra{ Mbr OmVr $& EH$ oXZ \$mJwZ H{$ AÝV H{$ oXZm| _|, Xm{[ha H$m{ O] Am_ H{$

]m¡a hdm g{ P¶S> ah{ W{, dh Xygam Om{ AmVm Wm dh Z Am`m $& Cg oXZ ]hþV amV-]rV{

]mobH$m Ka bm¡Q> JB© $& O¡g{ A^r ]rM-]rM _| [{ ¶S>m| g{ gyI{ [Îm{ P¶S> ah{ h¢ d¡g{ hr H$^r-

H$^r Xm{-EH$ ]y±X Am±gy _{ar Zrag Ja_ Yyb [a [¶S>V{ Am¡a gyI OmV{ W{ $& o\$a, CgH{$ Xyga{

hr oXZ Xm{[ha H$m{ dh ]mobH$m Cgr [{ ¶S> H{$ ZrM{ AmH$a I¶S>r hþB©, [a Cg oXZ ^r dh Z

Am`m $& o\$a amV H$m{ dh Yra{-Kra{ Ka H$s Va\$ Mb Xr $& Hw$N> Xya OmH$a Cgg{ Mbm Z

J`m, _{a{ C[a Yyb _¢ bm{Q> JB© ]{Mmar, Am¡a Xm{Zm| hmWm| g{ _w ±h T>H$H$a N>mVr \$m¶S>-\$m¶S>H$a

am{Z{ bJr $&

‘‘ H$m¡Z hm{ o]oQ>`m ? ·`m Bg oZO©Z amoÌ _| ^r H$ht H$m{B© _{ar N>mVr [a odlm_ b{Z{

AmVm h¡ $& Vy oOgH{$ [mg g{ bm¡Q>r h¡, ·`m dh _wPg{ ^r H$R>m{a h¡ ? VyZ{ oOg{ [wH$ma-[wH$ma

H$a H$m{B© Odm] Zht [m`m, ·`m dh _wPg{ ^r ]¶T>H$a Jy ±Jm h¡ ? VyZ{ oOgH$s Va\$ X{Im h¡

·`m dh _wPg{ ^r Á`mXm AÝYm h¡ ?

‘‘ ]mobH$m CR> ]¡R>r, I¶S>r hm{ JB©, Am±I| [m|N> S>mbt Am¡a o\$a _wP{ N>m{ ¶S>H$a Mbr

JB© $& em`X dh Ka bm¡Q> JB©, em`X dh A] ^r emÝV _wI g{ Ka H$m H$m_-Y§Ym H$aVr

hm{Jr, em`X dh oH$gr g{ ^r A[Z{ Xw•I H$s ]mV Zht H$aVr hm{Jr $& hm±, oH$gr-oH$gr oXZ

dh g§Ü`m g_` Ka H{$ Am±JZ _| MÝÐ_m§ H$s Mm±XZr _| [¡a \¡$bmE ]¡R>r oXImB© X{Vr h¡ $& Cg

219

d·V H$m{B© ]wbmVm Vm{ dh Mm¢H$ [¶S>Vr Am¡a PQ> CR>H$a ^rVa Mbr OmVr [a _¢Z{ CgH{$ Xyga{

oXZ g{ AmO VH$ H$^r CgH{$ MaUm| H$m ñ[e© Zht oH$`m $&

‘‘ E{g{ oH$VZ{ hr [m±dm| H{$ eãX Zrad hm{ J`{ h¢ $& _¢ ·`m CZH$s `mX aI gH$Vr hÿ± ?

og\©$ CZ [m±dm| H$s H$éU Zy[wa ¿doZ A] ^r H$^r-H$^r `mX Am OmVr h¡ $& [a _wP{ ·`m K¶S>r

â ^r em{H$ `m g§Vm[ H$aZ{ H$s Nw>Q> ²Q>r o_bVr h¡ ? em{H$ oH$g-oH$g H{$ obE H$a| ? E{g{

oH$VZ{ hr AmV{ h¡§ Am¡a Mb{ OmV{ h¢ $&

‘‘ Cµ\$, H¡$gr H$¶S>r Km_ h¡ ! EH$-EH$ ]ma gm±g N>m{ ¶S>Vr hÿ ± Am¡a V[r hþB© Kyb gwZrb

AmH$me H$m{ YwAm±Yma H$aH{$ C¶S>r Mbr OmVr h¡ $& A_ra Am¡a Jar], gwIr Am¡a Xw•Ir, `m¡dZ

Am¡a ]w¶T>m[m, h±gr Am¡a am{Zm, OÝ_ Am¡a _¥Ë`w g] Hw$N> _{a{ C[a EH$ hr gm±g _| Yyb H{$ óm{V

H$s Vah C¶SVm Mbm Om ahm h¡ $& BgobE g¶S>H$ H$s Z h±gr h¡ Z am{Zm $& Ka hr ]rV{ hþE [a

em{H$ H$aVm h¡, dV©_mZ H{$ obE gm{MVm h¡, ôdî` H{$ obE Amem _| Sy >]m ahVm h¡ $& [a

g¶S>H$ ! dh Vm{ dV©_mZ H{$ àË`{H$ [b _| hµOmam|-bmIm| Z`{-Z`{ AoVoW`m| H$m{ b{H$a hr

ì`ñV ahVr h¡ $& E{g{ ñWmZ [a A[Z{ [X-Jm¡ad [a odídmg H$aH{$, AË`ÝV X[© H{$ gmW [¡a

aIVm hþAm H$m¡Z A[Z{ oMa MaU-oMh²Z aI OmZ{ H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡ ? oOZH{$ obE `hm± H$s

hdm _| Vw_ XrY© oZ•ídmg N>m{ ¶S> OmV{ hm{, Vwåhma{ Mb{ OmZ{ [a ·`m d{ Vwåhma{ obE odbm[

H$aV{ ah|J{ $& Vwåhma{ d{ XrY© oZ•ídmg Z`{ AoVoW`m| H$s Am±Im{ _| Am±gy ItM bm`|J{ ? hdm

[a hdm ·`m oQ>H$ gH$Vr h¡ ? Zht, Zht, ì`W© H$s H$m{oee h¡ $& _¢ A[Z{ C[a Hw$N> ^r [¶S>m

ahZ{ Zht X{Vr; Z h±gr, Z am{Zm $& og\©$ _¢ hr AH{$br [¶S>r hþB© hÿ±, Am¡a [¶S>r ahÿ±Jr $&”

220

8. B©XJmh B©XJmh B©XJmh B©XJmh B©XJmh

à{_M§X

a_OmZ H{$ [ya{ Vrg am{ µOm| H{$ ]mX AmO B©X AmB© h¡ $& oH$VZm _Zm{ha, oH$VZm Hw$hmdZm

à^mV h¡ $& AmO H$m gy`© X{Im{, oH$VZm ß`mam, oH$VZm erVb h¡, _mZm{ g§gma H$m{ B©X H$s

]YmB© X{ ahm h¡ $! Jm±d _| oH$VZr hbMb h¡ ! B©XJmh OmZ{ H$s V¡`mna`m± hm{ ahr h¢ $& oH$gr H{$

Hy$V} _| ]Q>Z Zht h¢, [¶S>m{g H{$ Ka _| gwB©-VmJm b{Z{ Xm¡ ¶S>m Om ahm h¡ $& oH$gr H{$ OyV{ H$¶S>{ hm{

J`{ h¢, CZ_| V{b S>mbZ{ H{$ obE V{br H{$ Ka ^mJm OmVm h¡ $& OëXr-OëXr ]¡bm| H$m{ gmZr-

[mZr X{ X| $& B©XJmh g{ bm¡Q>V{-bm¡Q>V{ Xm{[ha hm{ OmEJr $& VrZ H$m{g H$m [¡Xb amñVm, o\$a

g¢H$¶S>m | AmXo_`m| g{ o_bZm-^|Q>Zm $& Xm{[ha H{$ [hb{ bm¡Q>Zm Ag§^d h¡ $& b¶S>H{$ g]g{

Á`mXm àgÝZ h¢ $& oH$grZ{ EH$ am{ µOm aIm h¡, dh ^r Xm{[ha VH$, oH$gr Z{ dh ^r Zht,

b{oH$Z B©XJmh OmZ{ H$s Iwer CZH{$ ohñg{ H$s MrµO h¡ $& am{O{ ]¶S>{-]y¶T>m| H{$ obE hm|J{ $& BZH{$

obE Vm{ B©X h¡ $& am{O B©X H$m Zm_ aQ>V{ W{ $& AmO dh Am JB© $& A] OëXr [¶S>r h¡ nH$ bm{J

B©XJmh ·`m| Zht MbV{ $& CZH{$ A[Zr O{]m| _| Vm{ Hw$]{a H$m YZ âm hþAm h¡ $& ]ma-]ma O{]

g{ A[Zm IµOmZm oZH$mbH$a oJZV{ h¢ Am¡a Iwe hm{H$a o\$a aI b{V{ h¢ $& _h_yX oJZVm h¡,

EH$ Xm{ Xg ]mah ! CgH{$ [mg ]mah [¡g{ h¢ $& _m{hogZ H{$ [mg EH$ Xm{ VrZ AmR> Zm¡ [ÝÐh

[¡g{ h¢ $& BÝht AZoJZV [¡gm| g{ AZoJZV MrO| bmE±J{ - oIbm¡Z{, o_R>mB©`m±, o]Jwb, J|X

Am¡a OmZ{ ·`m-·`m ! Am¡a g]g{ Á`mXm àgÝZ h¡ hmo_X $& Jar] gyaV, Xw]bm-[Vbm b¶S>H$m,

oOgH$m ]m[ JV df© h¡µO{ H$s ^|Q> hm{ J`m $& o\$a EH$ oXZ _m± ^r _a JB© $& A] hmo_X A[Zr

]y¶T>r XmXr A_rZm H$s Jm{X _| gm{Vm h¡ Am¡a CVZmhr àgÝZ h¡ $&

hmo_X H{$ [m±d _| OyV{ Zht h¢, oga [a EH$ [wamZr-YwamZr Q>m{[r h¢, oOgH$m Jm{Q>m H$mbm

[¶S> J`m h¡, o\$a ^r àgÝZ h¡ $& A^moJZ A_rZm A[Zr H$m{R>mar _| ]¡R>r am{ ahr h¡ $& AmO

B©X H$m oXZ Am¡a CgH{$ Ka _| XmZm Zht B©g A§YH$ma Am¡a oZamem _| dh Sy>]r Om ahr h¡ $&

oH$gZ{ ]wbm`m Wm, Bg oZJm{¶S>r B©X H$m{ $&

A_rZm H$m oXb H$Mm{Q> ahm h¡ $& Jm±d H{$ ]ƒ{ A[Z{-A[Z{ ]m[ H{$ gmW Om ah{ h¢ $&

hmo_X H$m ]m[ A_rZm H{$ ogdm` Am¡a H$m¡Z h¡ ? Cg{ H¡$g{ AH{$b{ _{b{ _| OmZ{ X{ ? Cg ^r¶S>

221

^m¶S> _| ]ƒm H$ht Im{ J`m Vm{ ·`m hm{Jm ? Zht, A_rZm Cg{ `m| Z OmZ{ X{Jr $& ZÝht-gr

OmZ, VrZ H$m{g Mb{Jm H¡$g{ ? [¡am| _| N>mb{ [¶S> OmE±J{ $& OyV{ ^r Vm{ Zht h¡ $& Hw$b Xm{ AmZ{

[¡g{ ]M ah{ h¢ $& VrZ [¡g{ hmn_X H$s O{] _|, [m±M A_rZm H{$ ]Qw>E _| $& `hr Vm{ o]gmV h¡

Am¡a B©X H$m Ë`m¡hma ! Aëbmh hr ]{¶S>m [ma bJmE $&

hmo_X ^rVa XmXr g{ H$hVm h¡, “ Vw_ S>aZm Z ht Aå_m, g]g{ [hb{ AmC±Jm !”

Jm±d g{ _{bm Mbm $& Am¡a ]ƒm| H{$ gmW hmo_X ^r Om ahm Wm $& H$^r g] Xm¡ ¶S>H$a

AmJ{ oZH$b OmV{ $& o\$a oH$gr [{¶S> H{$ ZrM{ I¶S>{ hm{H$a gmWdmbm| H$m B§VOma H$aV{ $& hmo_X

H{$ [¡am| _| Vm{ O¡g{ [a bJ JE h¢ $& dh H$^r WH$ gH$Vm h¡ $&

]¶S>r-]¶S>r B_maV| AmZ{ bJt $& `h AXmbV h¡, `h H$mb{O h¡, `h ·b]Ka h¡ $&

AmJ{ Mb{ $& hbdmB©`m| H$s XwH$mZ| ewê$ hþB© $& AmO gy[ gOr hþB© Wr $& BVZr o_R>mB©`m± H$m¡Z

ImVm h¡ $? X{Im{ Z, EH$-EH$ XwH$ma [a _Zm| hm|Jr $&

ghgm B©XJmh ZµOa AmB© $& B_br H{$ KZ{ d¥jm| H$s N>m`m h¡ $& ZrM{ [·H$m \$e© h¡, Cg

[a OmoO_ o]N>r hþB© h¡ $& am{ µO{Xmam| H$s [§o·V`m± EH$ H{$ [rN>{ EH$ Z OmZ{ H$hm± VH$ Mbr JB©

h¡ $& `hm± H$m{B© YZ Am¡a [X Zht X{IVm $& BZ J«m_rUm|Z{ ^r ]Oy oH$`m Am¡a o[N>br [§o·V _|

I¶S>{ hm{ JE $& oH$VZm gw§Xa g§MmbZ h¡, oH$VZr gw§Xa ì`dñWm $& hOmam| oga EH$ gmW ogOX{

_| PwH$ OmV{ h¢, o\$a g] H{$ g] EH$ gmW I¶S> { hm{ OmV{ h¢ & _mZm{ ^mV¥Ëd H$m EH$ gyÌ BZ

g_ñV AmË_mAm| H$m{ EH$ b¶S>r _| o[am{E hþE h¡ $&

Z_mO IV_ hm{ JB© $& bm{J Am[g _| Jb{ o_b ah{ h¢ A] o_R>mB© Am¡a oIbm¡Zm| H$s

XwH$mZm| [a Ymdm hm{Vm h¡ $& J«m_rUm| H$m `h Xb Bg odf` _| ]mbH$m| g{ H$_ CËgmhr Zht

h¡ $& `h X{Im{, qhS>m{bm h¡ $& EH$ [¡gm X{H$a M¶T> OmAm{ $& H$^r Amg_mZ [a OmV{ hþE _mby_

hm|J{, H$^r O_rZ [a oJaV{ hþE $& `h MaIr h¡ $& bH$¶S>r H{$ hmWr, Km{ ¶S> { Am¡a D±$Q> N>¶S>m| g{

bQ>H{$ hþE h¢ $& EH$ [¡gm X{H$a ]¡R> OmAm{ Am¡a [ƒrg M·H$am| H$m _Om bm{ $& _h_yX,

_m{hogZ, Zya{ Am¡a gå_r BZ Km{¶S>m{ Am¡a D±Q>m| [a ]¡R>V{ h¢ $& hmo_X Xya I¶S>m h¡ $& VrZ [¡g{ Vm{

CgH{$ [mg h¢ $& A[Z{ H$m{f H$m EH$ oVhmB© Oam-gm M·H$a ImZ{ H{$ obE Zht X{ gH$Vm $&

222

g] MaoI`m| g{ CVaV{ h¢ $& A] oIbm¡Z{ b|J{ $& BYa XwH$mZm| H$s H$Vma bJr hþB© h¡ &

Vah-Vah H{$ oIbm¡Z{ h¢ - og[mhr Am¡a JwOna`m, amOm Am¡a dH$sb, o^íVr Am¡a Ym{o]Z $&

dmh, bJVm h¡ A] ]m{bZm hr MmhV{ h¢ $& _h_yX og[mhr b{Vm h¡, ImH$s ]Xu Am¡a bmb

[J¶S>rdmbm, H§$Y{ [a ]§XyH$ aI{ hþE _mby_ hm{Vm h¡ A^r H$dm`V oH$`{ Mbm Am ahm h¡ $&

_m{hogZ H$m{ o^íVr [g§X Am`m $& H$_a PwH$s hþB©, C[a _eH$ aI{ hþE h¡ $& _eH$ H$m _w±h EH$

hmW g{ [H$¶S> { hþE h¡ $& oH$VZm àgÝZ h¡ $& em`X H$m{B© JrV Jm ahm h¡ $& ]g _eH$ g{ [mZr

CS>{bZm hr MmhVm h¡ $&

Zya{ H$m{ dH$sb g{ à{_ h¡ $& H$mbm Mm{Jm, ZrM{ gµ\{$X AMH$Z, AMH$Z H{$ gm_Z{ H$s

O{] _| KS>r, gwZhar O§Ora, EH$ hmW _| H$mZyZ H$m [m{Wm ob`{ hþE $& _mby_ hm{Vm h¡, A^r

oH$gr AXmbV g{ oOah `m ]hg oH$`{ Mb{ Am ah{ h¢ $& `{ g] Xm{-Xm{ [¡g{ H{$ oIbm¡Z{ h¢ $&

hmo_X H{$ [mg Hw$b VrZ [¡g{ h¢, BVZ{ _h±J{ oIbm¡Z{ H¡$g{ b{ ? oIbm¡Zm H$ht hmW g{ Ny>Q>

[¶S> {, Vm{ Mya-Mya hm{ OmE $& Oam [mZr [¶S> { Vm{ gmam a§J Ywb OmE $& E{g{ oIbm¡Z{ oH$g H$m_

H{$ ! CÝh| b{H$a dh ·`m H$a{Jm ?

oIbm¡Zm| H{$ ]mX o_R>mB©`m± AmVr h¢ $& oH$gr Z{ a{doS>`m± br h¢, oH$gr Z{ Jwbm]-

Om_wZ, oH$gr Z{ gm{hZhbdm $& _µO{ g{ Im ah{ h¢ $& hmo_X o]amXar g{ [¥WH²$ h¡ $& A^mJ{ H{$

[mg VrZ [¡g{ h¢ $& ·`m| Zht Hw$N> b{H$a ImVm $& bbMmB© Am±Im| g{ g]H$s Am{a X{IVm h¡ $&

o_R>mB`m| H{$ ]mX Hw$N> XwH$mZ| bm{h{ H$s MrOm| H$s h¡, Hw$N> oJbQ> Am¡a Hw$N> ZH$br

JhZm| H$s $& b¶S>H$m| H{$ obE `hm± H$m{B© AmH$f©U Zht h¡ $& d{ g] AmJ{ ]¶T> OmV{ h¢ $& hmo_X

bm{h{ H$s XwH$mZ [a éH$ OmVm h¡ $& H$B© oM_Q>{ aI{ hþE h¢ $& Cg{ »`mb Am`m, XmXr H{$ [mg

oM_Q>m Zht h¡ $& Vd{ g{ am{oQ>`m± CVmaVr h¢ Vm{ hmW Ob OmVm h¡ $& AJa dh oM_Q>m b{ OmH$a

XmXr H$m{ X{ Vm{ oH$VZr àgÝZ hm|Jr $& o\$a CZH$s A±Jwob`m± H$^r Z Ob|Jr $& Ya _| EH$ H$m_

H$s MrO hm{ OmEJr $& oIbm¡Z{ g{ ·`m \$m`Xm ! ì`W© _{ [¡g{ Iam] hm{V{ h¢ $& Oam X{a hr Vm{

Iwer hm{Vr h¡ $& o\$a Vm{ oIbm¡Zm| H$s Am{a H$m{B© Am±I CR>mH$a Zht X{IVm $& `m o\$a Ka

[hþ±MV{-[hþ±MV{ Qy>Q>-\y$Q>H$a ]a]mX hm{ OmE±J{ $& oM_Q>m oH$VZ{ H$m_ H$s MrO h¡ $& am{oQ>`m± Vd{

g{ CVma bm{, Myëh{ _| g|H$ bm{ $& H$m{B© AmJ _m±JZ{ AmE Vm{ MQ>[Q> Myëh{ g{ AmJ oZH$mb H$a

223

Cg{ X{ Xm{ $& Aå_m ]{Mmar H$m{ H$hm± \$wagV h¡ oH$ ]mµOma OmE±, Am¡a BVZ{ [¡g{ hr H$hm± o_bV{

h¢ am{ µO hmW Obm b{Vr h¢ $&

hmo_X H{$ gmWr AmJ{ ]¶T> JE h¢ $& g]rb [a g]H{$ g] e]©V [r ah{ h¢ $& X{Im{, g]

oH$VZ{ bmbMr h¢ $& BVZr o_R>mB©`m± bt, _wP{ oH$gr Z{ EH$ ^r Z Xr $& Cg [a H$hV{ h¢, _{a{

gmW Mbm{, _{am `h H$m_ H$am{, _{am dh H$m_ H$am{ $& A] AJa oH$grZ{ H$m{B© H$m_ H$aZ{ H$m{

H$hm, Vm{ [yNy> ±Jm $& ImE± o_R>mB`m±, Am[ _w±h g¶S>{Jm, \$m{ ¶S> {-\w±$og`m± oZH$b{Jr, Am[ hr µO]mZ

MQ>m{ar hm{ OmEJr $& V] Ka g{ [¡g{ MwamE±J{ Am¡a _ma ImE±J{ $& oH$Vm] _| PyR>r ]mV| Wm{ ¶S>r hr

obIr h¢ $& _{ar O]mZ ·`m| Iam] hm{Jr ? Aå_m oM_Q>m X{IH$a _{a{ hmW g{ b{ b|Jr Am¡a

H$h|Jr - _{am ]ƒm, Aå_m H{$ obE oM_Q>m bm`m h¡ $& oH$VZm AÀN>m b¶S>H$m h¡ $& BZ bm{Jm|

H{$ oIbm¡Zm| [a H$m¡Z BÝh| XwAmE± X{Jm ? ]¶S>m| H$s XwAmE± grY{ Aëbmh H{$ Xa]ma _| [hþ±MVr h¢

Am¡a Vwa§V gwZr OmVr h¢ $& _{a{ [mg [¡g{ Zht h¡§ Vm{ ·`m ? _¢ Jar] ghr, oH$gr g{ Hw$N> _m±JZ{

Vm{ Zht OmVm $&

CgZ{ XwH$mZXma g{ [yN>m, “ `h oM_Q>m oH$VZ{ H$m h¡ ?”

“ N>• [¡g{ bJ|J{ $&”

hmo_X H$m oXb ]¡R> J`m $& o\$a ^r ]m{bm - “ R>rH$-R>rH$ ]VmAm{ $&”

“ R>rH$-R>rH$ [m±M [¡g{ bJ|J{ $& b{Zm hm{ Vm{ bm{, Zht Vm{ MbV{ ]Zm{”

hmo_X Z{ H$b{Om _O]yV H$aH{$ H$hm, “ VrZ [¡g{ bm{J{ ?” Am¡a dh AmJ{ ]¶T> J`m oH$

XwH$mZXma H$s Yw¶S>oH$`m± Z gwZ{ $& b{oH$Z XwH$mZXma Z{ Yw ¶S>oH$`m± Zht Xt $& ]wbmH$a oM_Q>m X{

oX`m $& hmo_X Z{ Cg{ Bg Vah H§$Y{ [a aIm, _mZm{ ]§XyH$ h¡ $& o\$a emZ g{ AH$¶S>Vm hþAm

g§oJ`m| H{$ [mg Am`m $&

_m{hogZ Z{ h±gH$a H$hm, “ `h oM_Q>m ·`m| bm`m ]wÕx ? BgH$m ·`m H$a{Jm ?”

hmo_X Z{ oM_Q>{ H$m{ O_rZ [a [Q>H$H$a H$hm - “ Oam A[Zm o^íVr Vm{ O_rZ [a

oJamAm{ $& gmar [gob`m± Mya-Mya hm{ OmE ]ƒy H$s $&”

224

_h_yX ]m{bm, “ Vm{ `h oM_Q>m H$m{B© oIbm¡Zm h¡ ?”

hmo_X - “ oIbm¡Zm ·`m| Zht h¡ ? A^r H§$Y{ [a aIm ]§XyH$ hm{ JB© $& hmW _| b{

ob`m, \$H$sam| H$m oM_Q>m hm{ J`m $& Mmhÿ± Vm{ Bgg{ _§Ora{ H$m H$m_ b{ gH$Vm hÿ± $& EH$ oM_Q>m

O_m Xy± Vm{ Vw_ bm{Jm| H{$ gma{ oIbm¡Zm| H$s OmZ oZH$b OmE $& Vwåhma{ oIbm¡Z{ oH$VZm hr Om{a

bJmE±, _{a{ oM_Q>{ H$m ]mb ^r ]m±H$m Zht H$a gH$V{ $& ]hmXwa e{a h¡ - _{am oM_Q>m $&” gå_r

Z{ I±Oar br Wr $& à^modV hm{H$a ]m{bm, “ _{ar I±Oar g{ ]Xbm{J{ ? Xm{ AmZ{ H$s h¡ $&”

hmo_X Z{ I±Oar H$s Am{a C[{jm g{ X{Im $& ]m{bm - “ _{am oM_Q>m Mmh{ Vm{ Vwåhmar

I±Oar H$m [{Q> \$m¶S> S>mb{ $& ]g, EH$ M_¶S> { H$s oPëbr bJm Xr, T>]-T>] ]m{bZ{ bJr $&

Oam-gm [mZr bJ OmE Vm{ IV_ hm{ OmE $& _{am ]hmXwa oM_Q>m AmJ _|, [mZr _|, Am±Yr _|,

Vw\$mZ _| ]am]a S>Q>m ah{Jm $&”

oM_Q>{ Z{ g^r H$m{ _m{ohV H$a ob`m, b{oH$Z A] [¡g{ oH$gH{$ [mg Ka{ h¢ $& o\$a _{b{

g{ ]hþV Xya oZH$b AmE h¢ $& Yy[ V{O hm{ ahr h¡ $& Ka [hþ ±MZ{ H$s OëXr h¡ $& ]¶S>m | g{ oOX

H$a| Vm{ ^r oM_Q>m Zht o_b gH$Vm $& hmo_X h¡ ]¶S>m MmbmH$ $& BgrobE CgZ{ A[Z{ [¡g{ ]Mm

aI{ W{ $&

Am¡am| Z{ VrZ-VrZ, Mma-Mma AmZ{ [¡g{ IM© oH$E, [a H$m{B© H$m_ H$s MrO Z b{

gH{$ $& hmo_X Z{ VrZ [¡g{ _| a§J O_m ob`m $& gM hr Vm{ h¡, oIbm¡Zm| H$m ·`m âm{gm ? Q>yQ>-

\y$Q> OmE±J{ $& hmo_X H$m oM_Q>m Vm{ ]Zm ah{Jm ]agm| !

_m{hogZ Z{ H$hm, “ Oam A[Zm oM_Q>m Xm{, h_ ^r X{I| $& Vw_ h_mam o^íVr b{H$a

X{Im{ $&”

_h_yX Am¡a Zya{ Z{ ^r A[Z{-A[Z{ oIbm¡Z{ [{e oH$E $&

hmo_X H$m{ BZ eVm} H$m{ _mZZ{ _| H$m{B© Am[oÎm Z Wr $& oM_Q>m ]mar-]mar g{ g]H{$ hmW

_| J`m Am¡a CZH{$ oIbm¡Z{ ]mar-]mar g{ hmo_X H{$ hmW _| AmE $& oH$VZ{ Iy]gyaV oIbm¡Z{

W{ $&

225

amñV{ _| _h_yX H$m{ ^yI bJr $& CgH{$ ]m[ Z{ H{$b{ ImZ{ H$m{ oXE $& _h_yX Z{ H{$db

hmo_X H$m{ A[Zm gmWr ]Zm`m $& CgH{$ AÝ` o_Ì _w ±h VmH$V{ ah J`{ $& `h Cg oM_Q>{ H$m

à^md Wm $&

½`mha ]O{ gma{ Jm±d _| hbMb _M J`r $& _{b{dmb{ bm¡Q> AmE $& _m{hogZ H$r N>m{Q>r

]hZ Z{ Xm¡ ¶S>H$a o^íVr CgH{$ hmW g{ N>rZ ob`m Am¡a _ma{ Iwer H{$ CN>br Vm{ o_`m± o^íVr

ZrM{ Am ah{ Am¡a gwabm{H$ ogYma{ $&

o_`m± Zya{ H{$ dH$sb H$m A§V Bgg{ ^r Á`mXm Jm¡ad_` hþAm $& dH$sb O_rZ [a `m

VmH$ [a ]¡R> Zht gH$V{ $& CZH$s _`m©Xm H$m odMma Vm{ H$aZm hr hm{Jm $& Xrdma _| Xm{ Iy±oQ>`m±

Jm¶S>r JB© $& CZ [a bH$¶S>r H$m EH$ [Q>am aIm J`m $& [Q>a{ [a H$mJµO H$m EH$ H$mbrZ o]N>m`m

J`m $& dH$sb gmh] amOm ^m{O H$s ^m±oV qghmgZ [a o]amO{ $& Zya{ Z{ CÝh| [§Im PbZm ewê$

oH$`m $& AXmbVm| _| Ig H$s Q>oÅ>`m± Am¡a o]Obr H{$ [§I{ ahV{ h¢ ·`m `hm± _m_ybr [§Im ^r

Z hm{ ? ]m±g H$m [§Im Am`m Am¡a Zya{ hmd H$aZ{ bJm $& _mby_ Zht, [§I{ H$s hdm g{, `m

[§I{ H$s Mm{Q> g{ dH$sb gmh] ñdJ©bm{H$ g{ _¥Ë`wbm{H$ _| Am ah{ Am¡a CZH$m _mQ>r H$m Mm{bm

_mQ>r _| o_b J`m $& o\$a ]¶S> { Om{a-em{a g{ _mV_ hþAm Am¡a dH$sb gmh] H$s ApñW`m± Yya{

[a S>mb Xr JB© $&

A] o_`m± hmo_X H$m hmb gwoZE $& A_rZm CgH$s AmdmO gwZV{ hr Xm¡¶S>r, Am¡a CgH$m{

Jm{X _| CR>mH$a ß`ma H$aZ{ bJr $& ghgm CgH{$ hmW _| oM_Q>m X{IH$a dh Mm¡ §H$s $& ]m{br,

“ `h oM_Q>m H$hm± g{ Am`m ?”

“ _¡Z{ _m{b ob`m h¡ $&”

“ H¡$ [¡g{ _| ?”

“ VrZ [¡g{ oXE $&”

A_rZm Z{ N>mVr [rQ> br $& `h H¡$gm ]{g_P b¶S>H$m h¡ oH$ Xm{[ha hþAm, Hw$N> Im`m Z

o[`m $& bm`m ·`m, oM_Q>m ! “ gma{ _{b{ _| VwP{ Am¡a H$m{B© MrO Z o_br, Om{ `h bm{h{ H$m

oM_Q>m CR>m bm`m ?”

226

hmo_X Z{ A[amYr ^md g{ H$hm, “ Vwåhmar C±Job`m± Vd{ g{ Ob OmVr Wr, BgobE _¢Z{

ob`m $&”

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4. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V _yb [XmW© $&

5. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V oIbm¡Z{ $&

6. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V [oV_mE± $&

7. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V Vgdra| $&

8. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V ñdoZo_©V oMÌ ZmQ>`m§e $&

9. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V ñdoZo_©V bH$S>r H$s àoV_mE± $&

10. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V J{hZ{ $&

11. lì` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V ñdoZo_©V lì` H¡$g{Q> $&

12. lì` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V H¡$g{Q> $&

13. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V o\$ë_ $&

14. Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V C[H$aU $&

15. oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| à`w·V ImÚgm_J«r $&

16. _woÐV Ñí` oejU-gm_J«r H{$ ê$[ _| XñVmd{O Am¡a H$hmoZ`m±

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[aoeï> -[aoeï> -[aoeï> -[aoeï> -[aoeï> -N

AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s Vgdra|AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s Vgdra|AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s Vgdra|AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s Vgdra|AÜ`m[Z H$m`© H$s Vgdra|

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