View
214
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
7th International ETH Conference on Combustion
Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Zissis Samaras
Laboratory of Applied
Thermodynamics
Aristotle University Thessaloniki
Overview of tOverview of the EU DG he EU DG TRENTREN Particulates Particulates
Project on theProject on the
Characterisation of Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Exhaust Particulate
Emissions from Road Emissions from Road VehiclesVehicles
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Contents of the presentation
1. Outline of the “PARTICULATES” project
2. Measurement Protocols and Common Formats
3. Some Results
4. Preliminary Conclusions
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
The “PARTICULATES
”
project team
A 5 FP European research programmesponsored by the Directorate General
on TRansport and ENergy
Partners: Associate partners:Aristotle University (GR) – Coord. Renault (F) Concawe (B) INRETS (F) Volvo (S) Dekati (FIN) Tampere University (FIN) Stockholm Univ. (S) EMPA (CH) Athens Uni. (GR) AEAT (UK) TRL (UK)IFP (F) INERIS (F) AVL (AUT) LWA (UK) AVL- MTC (S) Graz University (AUT)Aachen University (D) ConsultantsJRC Peten (NL) D. KittelsonVTT (FIN) G. ReischlFord Forschungszentrum Aachen (D)
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
The“PARTICULATES
”
relevant info
Project started April 2000 3,5-year duration (ends October
2003) Total cost: 3,6 M€, EU contribution:
2,5 M€ (70%) http://vergina.eng.auth.gr/mech/
lat/particulates
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
The “PARTICULATES
”
targets
Definition of the exhaust aerosol properties which will be examined and evaluation of available measurement instruments and techniques
Development and introduction of a harmonised protocol for the definition of exhaust aerosol sampling conditions
Examination of the particulate emissions of current light duty vehicles and heavy duty engines
Investigation of the influence of engine technology, fuel quality and after-treatment on particulate emissions
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Status and outlook
A commonly agreed test procedure was developed, addressing sampling and dilution conditions
A test protocol was developed based on the selected instruments
The test conditions were evaluated with a round robin exercise
A car chasing study was conducted to check the relevance of the test protocol
Testing of a large number of vehicles and fuels is completed
Collection of all test results is centrally conducted using common formats and methodologies
Final results are expected October 2003
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Main Issues in Particle Analysis
Issue 1: What to measure? … instrument Particle property Size range Resolution (time, size) Applicability / cost
Issue 2: How to measure? … sampling method Dilution factor Residence time Temperature RH
Decisions were taken accounting for: Requirements from health and environment
experts Potential for evaluation of technology
measures
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Samplingsystem used
Ageing Chamber
2-stage ejector Dilutor
Dilution Air Line
Sample Line
Silica Gel
CharcoalFilter
EjectorDilutor
Heater Denuder
Mass Flow
Controller
ELPI
SMPS
Diffusion
Charger
Cooling Agent Line
Fdddg kjlk
TEOMPump
Throttle Valve
Grav. Impactor
CPC
CO2 analysisCO2 analysis
RawRaw DilutedDiluted
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Measurement Equipment
Primary Dilutor
CO2 Analysers
Mass Flow Controller
CO2 Calibration Gases
Thermodenuder
SMPS andELPI
CPC and ASMO
Mass FlowControllerand DGI
Test set up for LDV - ShellTest set up for LDV - Shell
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Test set up for HDV - AVLTest set up for HDV - AVL
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Linear behavior Linear behavior of nucleation by of nucleation by
varying varying humidityhumidity
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
relative humidity of dilution air [%]
rati
o (
mo
de
<30
nm
)/(m
od
e >
30n
m)
[-]
All other parameters were held constant: dilution All other parameters were held constant: dilution ratio: 16-23, residence time: 3.5-3.6 s and dilution air ratio: 16-23, residence time: 3.5-3.6 s and dilution air
temperature: 40-42 °Ctemperature: 40-42 °C
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Typical size distribution of a Euro II car at 50 km/h high load
0.0E+00
2.0E+08
4.0E+08
6.0E+08
8.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.2E+09
1.4E+09
1.6E+09
1.8E+09
1 10 100 1000
electrical mobility particle diameter dp [nm]
dN
/dlo
g d
p [
cm-3
]
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Selection of sampling
parameters
Similarity to atmospheric dilution Potential to form nucleation mode Small sensitivity to change of parameters Feasibility to reach at the lab
DR: 12.5:1DT: 32°C
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Selection of sampling
parameters
Dilution Parameter: Residence Time
0.0E+00
2.0E+08
4.0E+08
6.0E+08
8.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.2E+09
1.4E+09
1 10 100 1000Mobility Diameter [nm]
Nu
mb
er C
on
cen
trat
ion
dN
/dlo
gD
p [
#/cm
3 ]
DR=21, DT=21, RT=0,7
DR=29, DT=24, RT=2,2
50 km/h, 7,6 kW
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Conditions at different
instruments
Example: Diesel engine
emissions
Ageing Chamber
2-stage ejector Dilutor
Dilution Air Line
Sample Line
Silica Gel
CharcoalFilter
EjectorDilutor
Heater Denuder
Mass Flow
Controller
ELPI
SMPS
Diffusion
Charger
Cooling Agent Line
Fdddg kjlk
TEOM
DR 12 : 1DR 12 : 1T 30 - 40°CT 30 - 40°C
RT 1 msRT 1 ms
Pump
Throttle Valve
Grav. Impactor
DR 150 : 1DR 150 : 1T ambT amb
RT 3.0 sRT 3.0 s
DR 1000-15000 : DR 1000-15000 : 11
T ambT ambRT 3.5 sRT 3.5 s
DR 120 : 1DR 120 : 1T 30°CT 30°C
RT 3.5 sRT 3.5 s
CPC
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Validation of the Particulates
Dilution Protocol
On-road chasing of
exhaust plume
Conducted by Ford
Test vehicle:1.8 l Dieselspeed, fuel consumption exhaust temperatures
Ford Mobile Lab:SMPS, CPC, NOx, CO, T and RH
Test track:
high speed oval, 4 km/lap
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Particle size distributions
during chasing and with
PARTICULATES system
1.0E+12
1.0E+13
1.0E+14
1.0E+15
10 100 1000
Mobility diameter [nm] N
um
be
r e
mis
sio
n r
ate
dN
/dlo
g(D
p)
[km -1
]
Chasing
PART.
1.0E+12
1.0E+13
1.0E+14
1.0E+15
1.0E+16
1.0E+17
10 100 1000
Mobility diameter [nm]
Nu
mb
er
em
iss
ion
ra
te
dN
/dlo
g(D
p)
[km
-1 ]
Chasing PART. DT = 32°C LR PART. DT = 32°C SR PART. DT = 10°C SR
50 km/h50 km/h
120 km/h120 km/h
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
DR fluctuation when sampling close to engine
outlet (1.5 m from
exhaust manifold)
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600RPM
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
kW
14.0+13.0 to 14.012.0 to 13.011.0 to 12.010.0 to 11.09.0 to 10.08.0 to 9.07.0 to 8.06.0 to 7.05.0 to 6.0
DR map
Initial settingInitial setting
kW
VW 1.9 TDI engine
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
DR fluctuation when sampling at the end of a
5 m tailpipe with a ceramic DPF installed instead of the
muffler
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600RPM
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
kW
14.0+13.0 to 14.012.0 to 13.011.0 to 12.010.0 to 11.09.0 to 10.08.0 to 9.07.0 to 8.06.0 to 7.05.0 to 6.0
DR map (Buffered system)
Setting
VW 1.9 TDI engine
kW
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Thermodenuder losses
410
0102030405060708090
100
10 100 1000Mobility diameter (nm)
Pen
etra
tio
n (
%)
Operation ~1h
Operation ~22h
from manufacturer
Operation ~1h
0.00E+00
1.00E+07
2.00E+07
3.00E+07
4.00E+07
5.00E+07
6.00E+07
10 100 1000
Nu
mb
er c
on
cen
trat
ion
[#/
cm3]
Operation ~ 22 h
0.00E+00
1.00E+07
2.00E+07
3.00E+07
4.00E+07
5.00E+07
6.00E+07
10 100 1000
Nu
mb
er c
on
cen
trat
ion
[#/
cm3]
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Calculated penetration as a function of
particle size for transfer lines to
different instruments
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Dp [µm]
Pen
etra
tio
nELPIDGIDDCSMPSCPC
The low penetration for the ELPI is due to TD losses
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Repeatability
Upper figure: solid
(accumulation mode) particles
Lower figure: nucleation and accumulation
mode
0.00E+00
5.00E+14
1.00E+15
1.50E+15
2.00E+15
2.50E+15
3.00E+15
3.50E+15
4.00E+15
4.50E+15
10 100 1000
Mobility Diameter [nm]
Nu
mb
er e
mis
sio
n r
ate
dN
/dlo
gD
p [
km-1
]
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Co
V
0
1E+14
2E+14
3E+14
4E+14
5E+14
6E+14
7E+14
8E+14
9E+14
10 100 1000
Mobility Diameter [nm]
Nu
mb
er
em
iss
ion
ra
te
dN
/dlo
gD
p [
kw
h-1
]
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Co
V
4 SMPS scans on two consecutive days at 120 km/h
18 SMPS scans of solid particles
performed over two months on a VW Golf
Euro I
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Reproducibility: same or similar
vehicle (VW Golf Euro III) at
3 labs
50 km/h steady state
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
CO*10 NOx/10 HC*10 CO2/10000 CVS PM DGI PM
Em
issi
on
[g
/km
]
SHELL
FFA
AVL MTC
n/d
0.0E+00
5.0E+13
1.0E+14
1.5E+14
2.0E+14
2.5E+14
DDC*1e9 ELPI CPC
Nu
mb
er c
on
cen
trat
ion
[km
-1]
or
Act
ive
Su
rfac
e*1e
9 [
cm2/
km] SHELL
FFA
AVL MTC
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Comparison between CVS
and gravimetric impactor
VW Golf TDI Euro III
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
50 90 100 110 120 cold UDC hot UDC
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[mg/
km]
-30%
-25%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
% d
iffer
ence
DG
I-CV
S
DGI
CVS
% diff
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Comparability between wet
and dry branch
VW Golf TDI Euro III
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
50 km/h 90 km/h 100 km/h 110 km/h 120 km/h
Mea
n D
iam
eter
[n
m]
ELPI mean aerod
SMPS mean mobility
DDC & CPC mean
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Sampling: Cycles
NEDC CADC Steady Speeds
(50, 90, 120 km/h)
LDV
ECE R49 ESC ETC
HDV
Some also conduct: Aftertreatment tests More transient cycles More steady state tests
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
CONCAWE LD Programme
Daily Test Schedule Cold NEDC (1180 s) Hot NEDC (1180 s) Artemis Urban (993 s) Artemis Road (1082 s) Artemis Motorway 130 km/h (1068 s) 120 km/h Road-Load (600 s) 50 km/h High-Load (600 s) 50 km/h Road-Load (600 s) 50 km/h Road-Load with High Dilution
[W1] (600 s)
Fuel Change Pre-condition
Monday – Data processing and Pre-condition
Tuesday to Friday – Full Test Days
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Diesel Fuel Analyses
Fuel Code D-1 to D-4 D-5 D6 D7 Fuel Description Units Sulphur
Matrix Swedish Class 1
EN590: pre-2000
5% RME Blend
Cetane Number 54.0 55.1 54.5
Density kg/m3 845 810 856 846
T50 °C 282 226 279 284
T95 °C 358 282 366 358
FBP °C 368 294 373 367
Flash point °C 68 66 71
CFPP °C -33 -39 - 14 - 33
KV @ 40 C mm2/s 3.04 1.79 3.15 3.08
Poly-aromatics % m/m 4.3 <0.1 7.3 5.0 Mono-aromatics % m/m 14.1 1.7 31.0 12.9
Carbon % m/m 86.8 85.9 87.1 86.3
Hydrogen % m/m 13.2 14.4 12.9 13.1
LHV MJ/kg 42.8 43.9 42.4 42.5
Ash % m/m 0 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Water mg/kg 36 35 50 40 Oxidation Stability g/m3 <1 10 0.2 0.3 HFRR µm 375 386 389 237 FAME Nil Nil Nil 5% v/v Sulphur mg/kg 3 307 7 D-1 pre-1996 1550 D-2 2000 280 D-3 50 ppm S 38 D-4 10 ppm S 8
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Gasoline Analyses
Fuel Code G-1 G-2 G-3 Fuel Description
Units EN 228: Year 2000
EN 228: 50 ppm S
EN 228: 10 ppm S
RON 96.4 96.8 96.8 MON 85.3 86.0 86.0 Density kg/m3 753 749 748 RVP kPa 58.7 57.7 57.7 E70 % v/v 29.4 32.5 32.5 E100 % v/v 50 51.2 51.2 E150 % v/v 85.5 86.1 86.1 FBP °C 195 193 193 Residue % v/v 1.0 1.1 1.1 Olefins % v/v 8.8 9.9 9.9 Aromatics % v/v 35.4 33.4 33.4 Benzene % v/v 0.8 0.6 0.6 Sulphur mg/kg 143 45 6 Induction time minutes 693 >480 Existent gum mg/100ml <1 <1 Cu Corrosion OK OK Lead mg/l <1 <1 <1 Phosphorus mg/l <1 <1 <1 Carbon % m/m 86.3 86.0 86.0 Hydrogen % m/m 13.0 13.2 13.2 Oxygen % m/m 0.7 0.8 0.8
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Properties determinationin a single run
Total “active” surface [RT] Total particle number [RT]
Surface and number give mean size [RT] Size segregated solid particle number [RT] Solids particle mass [RT] Gaseous pollutants [RT] Particle mass (VF/nVF) - CVS [CYCLE] Mass weighted size distribution [CYCLE] Number weighted size distribution[SS]
RT: Real Time CYCLE: Mean value over cycle SS: Steady State
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Laboratory Vehicle Engine Principle AfterTreatment Fuel
Test Temperature Vehicle Type Cycle Emission Standard
AVLAMTSHTUVOVTEM
AVL SCANIAAVL PROTOTYPE + CRTAVL PROTOTYPE + SCRLAT RENAULT LAGUNALAT TOYOTA COROLLALAT BMW 318LAT VW GOLFMTC PEUGEOT 607MTC HONDA ACCORDMTC MITSUBISHI CHARISMAMTC PEUGEOT 406MTC VW GOLF TDI
DIESELGASOLINE
NOCRTSCRTWCOXICATCAT DPFDPFNOX STORAGEOXICAT + DPF
D6 (300 PPM S)G3G1ETD5OILD5D6D7G2BIODIESELD1RME30UG (33 PPM S)
ESC MODE 1ESC MODE 2ESC MODE 3ESC MODE 4ESC MODE 5ESC MODE 6ESC MODE 7ESC MODE 8ESC MODE 9ESC MODE 10ESC MODE 11ESC MODE 12ESC MODE 13OVERALL ESCETC URBAN STREETSETC RURAL ROADSETC MOTORWAYSETC OVERALLST1 (R49-2)ST2 (ESC 5)
EURO IIIEURO III+CRTEURO III+SCREURO IEURO III+DPFULEVEURO IIEURO II+CRT
AMBIENT-7 C-15 C-20 C
HDELDVHDV
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Regulated PM emissions
(LAT data)
NEDC: PM
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
D2 Laguna D3 Laguna D4 Laguna D5 Laguna D4 Golf D3 Golf D2 Golf D2 Golf(w/o cat.)
D4 Laguna(w. trap)
D3 Laguna(w. trap)
D4 Laguna(w/o trap)
PM
[g
/km
]
Note: Confidence intervals correspont to max, min of all repetitions
Euro III DieselEuro III Diesel
Euro II DieselEuro II Diesel
Euro I Euro I DieselDiesel
Eu
ro I
II D
iesel +
tra
pEu
ro I
II D
iesel +
tra
p
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Active surface area
(LAT data)
Active Surface Area - Cold NEDC
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
Lag D2 Lag D3 Lag D4 Lag D5 Cor G3 Cor G1 BMWG1
BMWG3
Golf CatD4
Golf CatD3
Golf CatD2
Golf D2 Lag trp1D4
Lag trp1D3
Lag D4 Lag trp2D4
cm
2 k
m-1
Euro III Euro III GasGas
Euro I Euro I GasGas
Euro III DieselEuro III DieselEuro II DieselEuro II Diesel Euro I Euro I
DieselDiesel
Euro III Diesel + trapEuro III Diesel + trap
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Total number of particles (wet
branch)
(LAT data)
CPC Total N - Cold NEDC
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.0E+13
1.0E+14
1.0E+15
Lag D2 Lag D3 Lag D4 Lag D5 Cor G3 Cor G1 BMWG1
BMWG3
Golf CatD4
Golf CatD3
Golf CatD2
Golf D2 Lag trp1D4
Lag trp1D3
Lag D4 Lag trp2D4
km
-1
Euro III Euro III GasGas
Euro I Euro I GasGas
Euro III DieselEuro III Diesel Euro II DieselEuro II DieselEuro I Euro I DieselDiesel
Euro III Diesel + trapEuro III Diesel + trap
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Total number of particles (wet
branch)
(LAT data)
SMPS Ntot - 120 km/h
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.0E+13
1.0E+14
1.0E+15
1.0E+16
Lag D2 Lag D3 Lag D4 Lag D5 Cor G3 Cor G1 BMWG1
BMWG3
Golf CatD4
Golf CatD3
Golf CatD2
Golf D2 Lag trp1D4
Lag trp1D3
Lag D4 Lag trp2D4
km-1
Euro III Euro III GasGas
Euro I Euro I GasGas
Euro III DieselEuro III DieselEuro II DieselEuro II Diesel
Euro I Euro I
DieseDiesell
Euro III Diesel + trapEuro III Diesel + trap
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Number of solid particles (dry
branch)
(LAT data)
ELPI N Stages 1-7 - Cold NEDC
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.0E+13
1.0E+14
1.0E+15
Lag D2 Lag D3 Lag D4 Lag D5 Cor G3 Cor G1 BMWG1
BMWG3
Golf CatD4
Golf CatD3
Golf CatD2
Golf D2 Lag trp1D4
Lag trp1D3
Lag D4 Lag trp2D4
km
-1
Euro III Euro III GasGas
Euro I Euro I GasGas
Euro III DieselEuro III Diesel Euro II DieselEuro II DieselEuro I Euro I DieselDiesel
Euro III Diesel + trapEuro III Diesel + trap
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Cumulative emissions
CADC-20 oC
(EMPA data)
CADC
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Time [s]
% o
f int
egra
ted
valu
e
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
spee
d [k
m/h
]
CPC, 555, wet CPC, 358, dry DC, wet ELPI, dry speed [km/h]
Ford Galaxy, 1.9 TD Diesel
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Cumulative emissions
CADC-20 oC
(EMPA data)
CADC
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Time [s]
% o
f int
egra
ted
valu
e
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
spee
d [k
m/h
]
CPC, 555, wet CPC, 358, dry DC, wet ELPI, dry speed [km/h]
Renault Mégane, 1.6 16V Gasoline
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Gasoline / Diesel vehicle
emissions comparison
Mnc: Non-cat moped
Mcat: Cat Motorcycle
D: Diesel Euro IIIG: Gasoline Euro III
1,0E+08
1,0E+09
1,0E+10
1,0E+11
1,0E+12
1,0E+13
1,0E+14
1,0E+15
1,0E+16
dN
/dlo
gD
p (
km-1
)
Mnc
Mcat
D
50 km h-1
G
Ambient Equivalent
1,0E+08
1,0E+09
1,0E+10
1,0E+11
1,0E+12
1,0E+13
1,0E+14
1,0E+15
1,0E+16
1 10 100 1000
Mobility diameter (nm)
dN
/dlo
gD
p (
km-1
)
D
G
120 km h-1
Ambient Equivalent
1,0E+08
1,0E+09
1,0E+10
1,0E+11
1,0E+12
1,0E+13
1,0E+14
1,0E+15
1,0E+16
dN
/dlo
gD
p (
km-1
)
G
Mcat
Mnc
D
50 km h-1
1,0E+08
1,0E+09
1,0E+10
1,0E+11
1,0E+12
1,0E+13
1,0E+14
1,0E+15
1,0E+16
1 10 100 1000 10000Aerodynamic diameter (nm)
dN
/dlo
gD
p (
km-1
)
120 km h-1
D
G
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Summary& Conclusions
Sampling parameters are critical if nucleation mode particles are to be taken into account
Soot particles are easier to characterise
Necessity to sample and analyze total aerosol but difficult to regulate in certification tests
Candidate metrics: mass: will remain legislation metric “active” surface : more sensitive than
mass, emphasis to small particles total number concentration : nuclei
particles are in general unstable
7th International ETH Conference on
Combustion Generated Particles
Zurich 18-08-2003
Summary& Conclusions
Diesel engines and vehicles equipped with a particulate trap produced extremely low particulate mass, low numbers of carbonaceous particles and low total numbers of particles when operating on low sulphur fuels.
The fuel sulphur effect was greatest under high speed/temperature operation. Under these conditions, higher sulphur fuels resulted in both higher particle mass and number emissions
Direct injection gasoline vehicles produced measurable amounts of particulate mass emissions over the NEDC cycle, far below conventional diesel vehicles, but higher than trap-equipped diesels
Recommended