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Learning Objective:
To know: • Four Humours theory• Galen’s theory of opposites and treatments• Causes and treatments for Black Death
Understand: • Impact Galen’s writing had on progress in medicine• How his theories impacted on other medical theories in the
middle ages• Role of religion in causes and treatment of black death
Explain – what does this tell us about knowledge of causes
and treatments of diseases in Roman and Middle Ages
Copy out the diagram below:
What/why did they believe in the four
humours? Link to four seasons?
Examples & aims of treatments?
Galen’s theory of opposites?
Person 1 Person 1
Person 2Person 2
Hippocrates, Greek doctorwho thought of four humours. Those who
followed him were called Hippocratic
P16/17
Galen was a Greek doctor who had trained at Smyrna and then at Alexandria, in Egypt, where a mixture of Greek and Egyptian medicine was taught and some human dissection was allowed.• When Galen went home to Pergamon (in modern day Turkey), in 157 CE, he became surgeon to the gladiators. This work and his knowledge of anatomy developed his surgical skills.• He became a successful doctor and, in 162 CE, moved to Rome where he later became doctor to the emperor, Marcus Aurelius.• Although human dissection was not allowed in Rome, he continued to study anatomy by dissecting animals such as monkeys and pigs. He showed that urine is produced by the kidneys in one of his public dissections of animals, when he tied the ducts leading to the bladder and then the kidneys began to swell.• Galen also developed the work of Hippocrates, especially treatment based on the Four Humours. Hippocrates had preferred an approach based on minimal intervention by doctors and a healthy lifestyle, for example he suggested rest and no food as a treatment for fevers. However, Galen believed very strongly in bloodletting as a treatment for almost all illnesses and he also suggested that the balance of a person’s Four Humours could be restored by his Theory of Opposites – if you have too much phlegm, which is linked to water and cold, you should eat hot peppers; if you have a temperature, you should eat cucumber, which would cool you down.• He published over 350 books about medicine and surgery that summarised medical knowledge at the time, including his own new ideas, putting them all together into a single system. He was extremely confident and claimed that he had perfected the work of Hippocrates, with the result that many people believed there was no point in any further medical research.
Who was GALEN?
Hippocrates: 24-25
• Clinical Observations• Rejection of supernatural• Exercise and diet• Ethical behaviour
GalenRome 2c
Theories Galen’s Texts Impact of Galen’s teachingsmedicine
Link with astrology
Theory of opposites
Other theories/beliefs Hinder
progress?
TreatmentsMiddle ages
Middle Ages
Dissecting Inaccuracies
Please read the first section on pg. 68. Can you add to your notes regarding the impact of Galen’s teachings.
Page 6&7-10Page-42-43
Page 28-29
Church
Reputation
Dissection
GalenRome 2c
Galen’s Texts
Other theories/beliefs Hinder
progress?
Treatments
Middle Ages
Dissecting Inaccuracies
Theories
Theory of opposites
Link with astrology
Impact of Galen’s teachingsmedicine
Galen based his ideas and text on the dissection of animals such as apes and pigs. Concluded the brain linked to nerves and vessels. Connection between the liver and stomach
Galen rejected Hipp. Ideas about diet and rest and supported the ideas of bloodletting
Galen’s text were used long into the middle ages. Scholars and other physicians refused any ideas that might contradict Galen. Salerno medical school (10th c) used his text rather than practical experienceDominated medical teaching and treatments for next 1500 years
Galen was educated and articulate. He was
a prolific writer and was very popular
amongst rich romans. As a result, many
followed his teachings and continues to print
his text
In middle ages links to astrology such as star signs to Galen’s medicine. Some linked Zodiac chart to dangerous operations
Treatments were based on Galen’s teachings. Blood letting/theory of opposites continued into the Middle Ages
Inaccuracies in Galen’s dissections were never questioned because physicians were not allowed to dissects on humans. As a result Galen could not be challenged.
Also his notoriety meant that many were to scared to challenge such an important figure
The church dominated education into the middle ages. The church held all text, they upheld Galen’s teaching. Few challenged him
Ideas that the body had a soul
What/When was the Black Death? Links to religion
Other causes Treatments
Why?
Causes?
Treatments? Why?
The Black Death
Overall:
Challenge: Can you make any links between
causes and treatments?
Overall: A-A* - Read summary section. What does this tell us about their knowledge and understanding of that causes diseases in the Middle Ages
Who was responsible for treating the sick in the Middle Ages?
The barber-surgeon
Hospital
Housewife-physicianPrayer and Pilgrimage
The Apothecary
The trained physician
Challenge: Highlight which of these would be
accessible to the rich and those accessible to the poor.
Who treated
illness in the Middle
Ages
Challenge: Read pg. 72-73 see if you can link and
extent some of the info in your mind map.
Continuity - Galen
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