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Reminders for this week:1. TONE WORD TEST
2. LORD OF THE FLIES CH 1-6 DUE W/ READING CHECK
3. PICTURE DAY
Introduction to Psychological Theories(to be considered in Psychological Analysis/Approach)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral
Development
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow: American
psychologist who studied
human behavior and placed
a good deal of emphasis on
both the highs and lows of
humanity. He believed that
people are basically
trustworthy, self-protecting,
and self-governing
KEY IDEA: Human beings are
motivated by unsatisfied
needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsBasic Needs
Physiological Needs:
1.Food, Water, Warmth, Rest
2.All Biological Needs
3.Strongest Needs (b/c they motivate survival)
Safety Needs: Security, Safety
1.Security, Safety2.Mostly Psychological
Psychological Needs Needs for Love, Affection, and Belongingness
1.Intimate Relationships, Friends
2.Seeking to Overcome Loneliness and Isolation Needs for Esteem
1.Prestige, Feeling of Accomplishment, Self-
Esteem, Esteem from Others
Self-fulfillment Needs Needs for Self-Actualization
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
Jean Piaget: a theorist of developmental psychology
Two Stages of Moral Judgment
Children Younger than 10 or 11: Regard rules as fixed and absolute
Older Children: Rules are not sacred or absolute; they are devices which humans use to get along
Issue with Theory: Intellectual Development after the age of 12
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Lawrence Kohlberg: agreed with Piaget’s ideas in
principle, but developed them further
The Stages of Moral Development
Level 1: Preconventional Morality
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
Assumes that rules are fixed by powerful authorities and must be unquestioningly obeyed
Concern is with what authorities permit and punish
Punishment is tied up in the child’s mind with wrongness
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
Recognize there is not just one right view handed down by authorities
Each person is free to pursue his/her individual interests, so everything is relative
“Right” = what meets one’s own self-interests
Punishment is a risk that one wants to avoid
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Level 2: Conventional Morality
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
People should live up to the expectations of family/community
People should behave in “good” ways
Good ways = good motives, intentions, and feelings
Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order
More concerned with society as a whole
Emphasis on obeying laws, respecting authority, and performing one’s duties so that the social order is maintained; desire is to keep society functioning
Thinking is from a full-fledged, member-of-society perspective
Level 3: Postconventional Morality
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
Independently considers what morals and values a society OUGHT to uphold
Believe that a good society is based on a social contract where people freely work for the benefit of all
Believe that despite different values, all rational people agree on protection of basic rights and democratic procedures for changing unfair laws and improving society
Stage 6: Universal Principles
Defines the principles by which we achieve justice
Looks through the eyes of others to determine justice
Sigmund Freud & the human mind
Sigmund Freud: the “father of
psychoanalysis;” argued that
the human mind contains three
psychic zones, which dictate
mental function and motivation
Id
Ego
Superego
Id = source of drive for pleasure
• Fulfills “the pleasure principle”
• Totally subconscious
• Amoral and lawless– no ethics or values, no
knowledge of good or evil
• Demands pleasurable gratification at any cost
• No impulse for self-preservation
Ego = source of reality
• The “reality principle”
• Governs the id and channels the id’s
desires into socially acceptable outlets
Superego = source of ethics
• The “morality principle”
• Home of conscience and pride
• Represses things from the id that the
ego cannot divert
Understanding Id, Ego, and SuperegoID
1. Sally was thirsty. Rather than waiting of the server to refill her glass of water, she reached across the table and drank from John’s water glass, much to his surprise.
2. Michael saw a $5 bill fall out of Nick’s backpack as he pulled his books out of his locker. As Nick walked away, Michael bent over, picked up the money, and slipped it into his pocket, glancing around to make sure no one was looking.
EGO
1. Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that her server would be back soon to refill her water glass, so she waited until then to get a
drink, even though she really just wanted to drink from John’s glass.
2. Even though Michael needed money, he decided not to steal the money from the cash register because he didn’t want to get into trouble.
SUPEREGO
1. Sarah knew that she could steal the supplies from work and no one would know about it. However, she knew that stealing was wrong, so she decided not to take anything even though she would probably never get caught.
2. When Michael saw the $5 bill lying on the floor with no one around it, he turned it into the school office in case anyone came looking for it. He wouldn’t want to lose $5, and hoped that whoever had lost it would ask about it in the office.
Psychological/Psychoanalytic Analysis of LoTFMaslow:
If we’re analyzing LoTF using Maslow’s hierarchy, what are the exact causes of
evil/sickness on the island?
Kohlberg:
What level of moral development is each character at according to Kohlberg’s
theory?
What meaning can be derived from examining each character’s moral
development?
Freud: If we’re analyzing a psychological allegory, what does it reveal about the human
psyche through the use of extended metaphor?
From a psychoanalytic perspective, what meaning can be derived from looking at
the internal motivations of each of the characters?
Using Freud’s work as a basis, what does each character represent? Who is the id?
The ego? The superego?
Using these allegorical meanings, what themes emerge? What is Golding telling us
about the working of the human mind and personality?
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