Reminders for this week:1. TONE WORD TEST

2. LORD OF THE FLIES CH 1-6 DUE W/ READING CHECK

3. PICTURE DAY

Introduction to Psychological Theories(to be considered in Psychological Analysis/Approach)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral

Development

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow: American

psychologist who studied

human behavior and placed

a good deal of emphasis on

both the highs and lows of

humanity. He believed that

people are basically

trustworthy, self-protecting,

and self-governing

KEY IDEA: Human beings are

motivated by unsatisfied

needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsBasic Needs

Physiological Needs:

1.Food, Water, Warmth, Rest

2.All Biological Needs

3.Strongest Needs (b/c they motivate survival)

Safety Needs: Security, Safety

1.Security, Safety2.Mostly Psychological

Psychological Needs Needs for Love, Affection, and Belongingness

1.Intimate Relationships, Friends

2.Seeking to Overcome Loneliness and Isolation Needs for Esteem

1.Prestige, Feeling of Accomplishment, Self-

Esteem, Esteem from Others

Self-fulfillment Needs Needs for Self-Actualization

Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development

Jean Piaget: a theorist of developmental psychology

Two Stages of Moral Judgment

Children Younger than 10 or 11: Regard rules as fixed and absolute

Older Children: Rules are not sacred or absolute; they are devices which humans use to get along

Issue with Theory: Intellectual Development after the age of 12

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Lawrence Kohlberg: agreed with Piaget’s ideas in

principle, but developed them further

The Stages of Moral Development

Level 1: Preconventional Morality

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation

Assumes that rules are fixed by powerful authorities and must be unquestioningly obeyed

Concern is with what authorities permit and punish

Punishment is tied up in the child’s mind with wrongness

Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange

Recognize there is not just one right view handed down by authorities

Each person is free to pursue his/her individual interests, so everything is relative

“Right” = what meets one’s own self-interests

Punishment is a risk that one wants to avoid

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Level 2: Conventional Morality

Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships

People should live up to the expectations of family/community

People should behave in “good” ways

Good ways = good motives, intentions, and feelings

Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order

More concerned with society as a whole

Emphasis on obeying laws, respecting authority, and performing one’s duties so that the social order is maintained; desire is to keep society functioning

Thinking is from a full-fledged, member-of-society perspective

Level 3: Postconventional Morality

Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights

Independently considers what morals and values a society OUGHT to uphold

Believe that a good society is based on a social contract where people freely work for the benefit of all

Believe that despite different values, all rational people agree on protection of basic rights and democratic procedures for changing unfair laws and improving society

Stage 6: Universal Principles

Defines the principles by which we achieve justice

Looks through the eyes of others to determine justice

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Sigmund Freud & the human mind

Sigmund Freud: the “father of

psychoanalysis;” argued that

the human mind contains three

psychic zones, which dictate

mental function and motivation

Id

Ego

Superego

Id = source of drive for pleasure

• Fulfills “the pleasure principle”

• Totally subconscious

• Amoral and lawless– no ethics or values, no

knowledge of good or evil

• Demands pleasurable gratification at any cost

• No impulse for self-preservation

Ego = source of reality

• The “reality principle”

• Governs the id and channels the id’s

desires into socially acceptable outlets

Superego = source of ethics

• The “morality principle”

• Home of conscience and pride

• Represses things from the id that the

ego cannot divert

Understanding Id, Ego, and SuperegoID

1. Sally was thirsty. Rather than waiting of the server to refill her glass of water, she reached across the table and drank from John’s water glass, much to his surprise.

2. Michael saw a $5 bill fall out of Nick’s backpack as he pulled his books out of his locker. As Nick walked away, Michael bent over, picked up the money, and slipped it into his pocket, glancing around to make sure no one was looking.

EGO

1. Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that her server would be back soon to refill her water glass, so she waited until then to get a

drink, even though she really just wanted to drink from John’s glass.

2. Even though Michael needed money, he decided not to steal the money from the cash register because he didn’t want to get into trouble.

SUPEREGO

1. Sarah knew that she could steal the supplies from work and no one would know about it. However, she knew that stealing was wrong, so she decided not to take anything even though she would probably never get caught.

2. When Michael saw the $5 bill lying on the floor with no one around it, he turned it into the school office in case anyone came looking for it. He wouldn’t want to lose $5, and hoped that whoever had lost it would ask about it in the office.

Psychological/Psychoanalytic Analysis of LoTFMaslow:

If we’re analyzing LoTF using Maslow’s hierarchy, what are the exact causes of

evil/sickness on the island?

Kohlberg:

What level of moral development is each character at according to Kohlberg’s

theory?

What meaning can be derived from examining each character’s moral

development?

Freud: If we’re analyzing a psychological allegory, what does it reveal about the human

psyche through the use of extended metaphor?

From a psychoanalytic perspective, what meaning can be derived from looking at

the internal motivations of each of the characters?

Using Freud’s work as a basis, what does each character represent? Who is the id?

The ego? The superego?

Using these allegorical meanings, what themes emerge? What is Golding telling us

about the working of the human mind and personality?