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Human Factors Plan for A-SMGCS Levels 1 & 2
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DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
Document Title
Human Factor Plan for A-SMGCS level 1 & 2
EDITION: 2.0
EDITION DATE: 06 Jan 2004
Abstract
This document describes the Human Factors Plan in support of the study of the A-SMGCSproject. It identifies a series of recommendations to ensure that A-SMGCS can deliver thedesired performance improvements.
Keywords
Human Factors, A-SMGCS
AUTHORS :
M. Woldring
JP. Lesueur
L. Moulin
TEL: ++ 31 433661554 DIVISION:
EATMP/DAS/HUM
EATMP/DAT/APT
SOFREAVIA
DOCUMENT STATUS AND TYPE
STATUS CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION
Working Draft Executive Task General Public
Draft Specialist Task Restricted
Proposed Issue Lower Layer Task Internal Use
Released Issue
ELECTRONIC BACK-UP
INTERNAL REFERENCE NAME :
HOST SYSTEM MEDIA SOFTWARE(S)
Microsoft Windows Type: Hard disk Name: MS Word
Media Identification: Text processor Version: 97
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DOCUMENT APPROVAL
AUTHORITY NAME AND SIGNATURE DATE
Authors of theDocument
M. Woldring
JP. Lesueur
L. Moulin
MANAGEMENT APPROVAL
AUTHORITY NAME AND SIGNATURE DATE
Human FactorsExpert M. Woldring
Operational Expert,A-SMGCS Expert J.P. Lesueur
A-SMGCS ProjectManager P. Adamson
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DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORDThe following table records the complete history of the successive editions of the present document.
EDITION DATE REASON FOR CHANGE
SECTIONS OR
PAGESAFFECTED
0.1 07 January2004
Inclusion of conclusions and recommendations All
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
N TITLE DATE
1 The Human Factors Case: Guidance for HF Integration Draft doc.
2 A-SMGCS Project Management Plan APR/PMP1/A-SMGCS
Edition 2.13 A-SMGCS Safety Policy Edition V0.1
4 EATMP Safety Policy SAF.ET1.ST01.1000-POL-01-00,
edition 2.0
5 EATMP Safety Plan Edition 2.0
6 EATMP Safety Assessment Methodology, Part I SAF.ET1.ST03.10.00-MAN-01-00,
edition 1.2
7 EATMP Safety Assessment Methodology, Part II SAF.ET1.ST03.1000-MAN-02-00,
edition 1.0
8 EATMP Safety Assessment Methodology, Part III SAF.ET1.ST03.1000-MAN-03-00,
edition 0.2
9 EUROCONTROL Safety regulatory Requirement) RiskAssessment & Mitigation in ATM
ESARR 4, edition
1.00
10 ICAO Manual of Surface Movement Control and GuidanceSystems (SMGCS)
DOC 9476,
11 ICAO European Manual on Advanced Surface MovementControl and Guidance Systems (A-SMGCS)
AOPG, Final Draft,
Nov 2001
12 Manual on Advanced Surface Movement Guidance andControl System (A-SMGCS)
Air Navigation
Conference 11,
Information Paper 4
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13 ECAC Surveillance Strategy for ECAC Jan 1998
14 A-SMGCS Project Strategy D1
15 Definition of A-SMGCS Implementation Levels D2
16 A-SMGCS Level I Operational Concept and Requirements D3
17 A-SMGCS Level II Operational Concept and Requirements D4
18 Functional Specification for A-SMGCS ImplementationLevel I
D5
19 Functional Specification for A-SMGCS ImplementationLevel II
D6
20 Validation Master Plan for A-SMGCS Implementation LevelI
VMP I
21 Validation Master Plan for A-SMGCS Implementation Level
II
VMP II
22 ICAO Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 8 Annex 14
23 Concept Justification and User Requirements, workingpaper
(AOT/10 / 10-12
June 2002)
WP/3
24 EUROCAE WG-41, MASPS for A-SMGCS, Edition ED-87A,January 2001
ED-87A
25 MAEVE Validation Guideline Handbook MAEVE
26 ECAC Ground and Taxi Accidents Rates
Conformance with A-SMGCS Target Level of Safety
Version 01
27 JAR-OPS
Low Visibility Procedures (LVP)
-
ABBREVIATIONS
AO Airport Operations
ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management
ATM Air Traffic Management
ATC Air Traffic Control
A-SMGCS Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System
ANSP Air Navigation Service Provider
APR Airport Operations Program
APT Airport Throughput Business Division
EATMP European Air Traffic Management Program
HF Human Factors
HFIA Human Factors Issue Analysis
HFICs Human Factors Issue Components
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HMI Human Machine Interface
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
SHAPE Solutions for Human Automation Partnerships in European ATM
SMGCS Surface Movement Guidance and Control System
SMR Surface Movement Radar
TRM Team Resource Management
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DOCUMENT APPROVAL _______________________________________________________________ 4MANAGEMENT APPROVAL ____________________________________________________________ 4DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORD_________________________________________________________ 5REFERENCE DOCUMENTS_____________________________________________________________ 5ABBREVIATIONS _____________________________________________________________________ 6TABLE OF CONTENTS ________________________________________________________________ 81 INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________________________ 91.1 GENERAL CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT___________________________________________________ 91.2 SPECIFIC CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT ___________________________________________________ 92 APPROACH_____________________________________________________________________ 112.1 METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES ______________________________________________________ 112.2 PARTICIPANTS __________________________________________________________________ 113 DEVELOPMENT OF THE A-SMGCS HUMAN FACTOR PLAN ____________________________ 123.1 1ST STEP:FACT FINDING ___________________________________________________________ 123.2 2ND STEP:HUMAN FACTOR ANALYSIS __________________________________________________ 15
3.2.1 Check list items ____________________________________________________________ 153.2.2 Human Factors issue components _____________________________________________ 173.2.3 Determine likely impact ______________________________________________________ 173.2.4 Identify current and planned initiatives __________________________________________ 173.2.5 Rated Recommendations_____________________________________________________ 18
4 CONCLUSION___________________________________________________________________ 185 APPENDIX 1: HUMAN FACTORS ISSUE COMPONENTS (HFICS) FOR THE A-SMGCS _______ 206 APPENDIX 2: LIKELY IMPACT, SAFEGUARDS (ACTION ALREADY CARRIED OUT, ACTIONSTO BE DONE AND URGENCY RATING __________________________________________________ 247 APPENDIX 3: CHECK-LIST FOR SIMULATION TRIALS,_________________________________ 29
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1 Introduction
1.1 General context of the project
The Airport Operations Programme (APR) has been developed by the AirportThroughput Business Division (APT) in consultation with the Airport OperationsTeam (AOT). While the overall EATMP aim is harmonisation and integration ofEuropean ATM, the APR will, in full recognition of the complex interdependenciesof ATM and Airport Operations (AO), generate activities focused on their jointoptimisation at airports in the ECAC area. This will be achieved through bestexploitation of available technical and operational solutions for the short term (upto 2006). The planning and implementation of the programme is undertaken withinthe strategic framework and the specific requirements laid down in agreed AirportOperations ATM Concept and Strategy documents.
The APR comprises the four following activities:
a. Improved traffic management on the movement area, improving safety and theefficiency of surface operations, in particular during reduced visibility conditions,through the phased development and implementation of the Advanced SurfaceMovement, Guidance and Control System (A-SMGCS) functionality, i.e. improvedsurface movement surveillance, conflict detection & alert, development of runwaysafety nets based on A-SMGCS;
b. Information sharing & capacity management, ensuring that relevant stakeholderswill be provided with timely information that is essential for their operations in orderto efficiently utilise the en-route and airport capacity in an integrated fashion,through the application of Collaborative Decision Making between ATC, ATFM,Aircraft and Airport Operators;
c. Airport airside capacity enhancement practices and initiatives, establishing andrecommending best practices that enhance runway capacity and achieveharmonisation of Ground Control, ATC and aircrew operating procedures foroperations on the movement area, with the goal to reduce runway occupancy andtaxi times to the minimum safely practicable. Studying the possibility to safelylower the present separation minima for arriving and departing aircraft in view ofimproved knowledge of the wake vortex phenomenon and its unambiguousdetection by means of ground and/or airborne means.
d. Runway safety, ensuring the harmonised implementation of the European ActionPlan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions.
This document has been developed in the frame of the Human Factors support toImproved traffic management on the movement area.
1.2 Specific context of the project
Today, the ICAO Manual of Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems(SMGCS) (Doc.9476) describes how traffic should be controlled on the surface ofan airport, based upon the principle of see and be seen. However, it is recognised
that the current SMGCS is not capable of delivering the required capacity,particularly on complex airports and under conditions of reduced visibility.
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Therefore, work has commenced on developing the concept of Advanced SurfaceMovement Guidance and Control Systems (A-SMGCS). To date a considerableamount of work has been performed by ICAO (AOPG PT/2), EUROCAE (WG.41)and the European Commission (DGTREN).
The need for A-SMGCS is also recognised through the ATM Strategy for the Years
2000+. This Strategy contains a number of Directions for Change andcomplementary Operational Improvements, which contribute towards a realisationof the overall concept for the ATM Network within ECAC.
The Direction for Change applicable to A-SMGCS is entitled Improved TrafficManagement on the Movement Area and the associated OperationalImprovements are:
1. Improvement of Aerodrome Control Service on the Manoeuvring Area;2. Improvement of Conflict Detection and Alert for all Traffic on the Movement
Area;3. Improvement of Planning and Routing on the Movement Area;
4. Improvement of Guidance and Control on the Movement Area.
These Operational Improvements are to be met through the A-SMGCS Project ofthe EATMP Airport Operations Programme (APR), which aims to facilitate the earlyimplementation of A-SMGCS Implementation Levels 1 & 2 through thedevelopment of appropriate operational concepts, requirements and procedures. Italso aims at addressing related operational issues such as human factors andlicensing of controllers.
The first phase of the project has involved the development of agreedrequirements for A-SMGCS Levels 1 & 2, namely:
Agreed User Requirements; A Concept of Operations;
Operational Requirements;
Functional Requirements.
In parallel, work has progressed on the identification and development of theprocedures supporting the implementation of A-SMGCS. These procedures focusupon enabling the controller, when appropriate, to issue ATC instructions andclearances to aerodrome traffic on the basis of surveillance data alone.
The second phase of the project will involve the validation of the concept,
requirements and procedures for Implementation Levels 1 & 2. Validation willinvolve the use of simulations (both fast time and real time) and pre-operationaltrials at one (or more) representative airports through which the benefits andfeasibility of A-SMGCS (Implementation Levels 1 & 2) shall be assessed,demonstrated and confirmed.
A principle aim of the validation process is to assess the Human Factors impact ofA-SMGCS Level 1 and/or 2 implementation, with data obtained during thevalidation process being used to develop appropriate Human Factor Cases (i.e.Human Factor Cases for Implementation Levels 1 & 2).
To help identify and ensure that the appropriate data is available for the validation
a Human Factor Plan has to be developed.
Sofreavia has been required to develop the Human Factor Plan for the APR A-SMGCS Project. This plan shall define the Human Factor activities to be
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undertaken within the A-SMGCS project (particularly during the validation process)following EUROCONTROLs guidelines for Human Factors Integration.
2 Approach
2.1 Methodological principles
As a working basis, the Human Factors case process has been used.
The Human Factors Case approach has been developed by EurocontrolDAS/HUM to provide a comprehensive and integrated approach to ensure that thedesign of a technical, human, and/or procedural system can deliver desiredperformance improvements. The Human Factors Case is designed to be simple,practical and effective, with four key stages:
Stage 1 Fact finding and Human Factors Issues Analysis (HFIA)
Stage 2 Human Factors Integration
Stage 3 Monitoring
Stage 4 Human Factors Case Assessment
The Human Factors Plan development consisted in the application of the firststage of the Human Factors Case Approach.
2.2 Participants
Participants met together four times using the standard group-based brainstorming
technique. The work done by the group consisted in following different workingsteps:
1. Fact findings
2. Human Factors analysis
Each of the corresponding outputs are presented in the paragraph 3 and theappendix 1 and 2.
Table 1 shows the participants profiles.
Table 1
Person Attendance Group HFIA Role
Human Factors Expert Eurocontrol (MW) Contributor / Facilitator
Project Manager Eurocontrol (PA) Contributor
Users (e.g. controllers) Eurocontrol (JPL) Contributor
Training Expert Sofravia (LM) Contributor
Other Human Factors Expert Sofravia (LM) Contributor / Facilitator
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3 Development of the A-SMGCS Human Factor Plan
3.1 1st
step: Fact Finding
Following the Human Factors Case: Guidance for HF Integration (EurocontrolDraft document in document reference list), the first part of the Human Factorscase should set the scene and provide the necessary background informationabout the proposed system or design change.
In order to simplify this process, a standard form has been used to produce theminimum necessary factual information.
HUMAN FACTORS CASE
PART 1 - FACTUAL INFORMATION
Date 07/01/04
Project Name A-SMGCS
Project Manager Paul Adamson Tel 32 2 7293308 E-mail paul.adamson@eurocontrol.int
HF Coach Michiel Woldring Tel 32 2 729 35 66 E-mail michael.wordring@eurontrol.int
Type of Project Traffic / SituationDisplay
Controller Tool Communication Navigation
Surveillance
System Control &
Monitoring Other (state)
High-Level ProjectObjectives
The strategic objectives of the A-SMGCS are to optimise the airport capacity(throughput) in maintaining or even increasing safety of operations, minimising thecosts and impact on environment.
Safety means to minimise the air navigation services contribution to the risk of an
aircraft accident as far as is reasonably practicable.
Capacity (throughput) results will be achieved through a better use of traffic
surveillance especially in bad weather and with connection with others airportsystems.
Cost effectiveness will be achieved through the ability to provide an agreed level
of service at the least cost with different level of A-SMGCS
Environment will be also impacted by A-SMGCS: By smoothing ground flow of
traffic in all weather conditions and avoiding ground delays to engines runningaircraft, the noise and gaseous emissions at and around airport will be reduced.
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HUMAN FACTORS CASE
PART 1 - FACTUAL INFORMATION
Project Background Despite implementation of SMGCS in the ECAC area, some European airportshave faced severe runway incursions lately, which ended up as major incidents oraccidents. The progressive growth in traffic, the complexity of aerodrome layouts
and the increasing number of operations, which take place in low visibilityconditions, are amongst the contributing factors in the increasing of delays andnumber of ground incidents. The existing systems demonstrate weaknesses incoping with the present situation and the future systems should tackle thefollowing concerns and needs.
The Airport Operations Strategy derived from ATM 2000+ Strategy has beendeveloped to perform in priority the task of improving traffic management on themovement area.
-Improvement of Aerodrome and ground control service,-Improvement of conflict detection and alert for the movement area-Improvement of Planning and routing on the movement area-Improvement of guidance and control on the movement area
System Description The A-SMGCS is a system resulting in a technical chronological improvement ofexisting tools (including an alert system) associated with updated procedures:
Surface Movement Radar (SMR), come first which gives only a non identified targetof mobiles moving on the ground. the low level of integrity, the ATC workload tokeep the individual identification lead ICAO to accept it only to "assist andaugment" the visual and procedural ATC service (It will remain to detectunidentified targets and to help to provide contingency procedures)
Improvements to SMR updated the initial tool into an integrated system, using ornot using (depending on traffic level) connection with automated lighting system,magnetic loop and radar tracking (SMGCS concept) but without connection withonboard system, that kept the integrity of the information at a non acceptable levelfor all weather operations.
The A-SMGCS Levels 1 & 2 (mainly the ATC surveillance display and associatedalarm system) introduces the concept of "co-operative targets" that provide a highlevel integrity link between aircraft and vehicles and the ground tracking system. Itis initially based mainly upon Mode "S" transponder transmissions for aircraft andsome other different systems for vehicles.
With the resulting integrity and accuracy in positioning mobiles, an alarm systemcan be set up, providing acoustic and visual alert to the controller in case ofpotential conflict on the runway and it's vicinity.
System Lifecycle Stage Early Phases Middle Phases Late Phases
Initiation Planning Feasibility Develop-
ment
Pre-
operational
Implement-
ation
Local
Implement-ation
Operations
Human Factors Case Version
Preliminary Human Factors Case Interim Human Factors Case Operational Human Factors Case
Related or Similar Existing / Predecessor Systems (inc. Operational Experience and Data)
SMRSMGCS
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HUMAN FACTORS CASE
PART 1 - FACTUAL INFORMATION
Key Safety Documentation (e.g. Previous FHA Documentation, Safety Case/Assessments)
Local documents linked to individual airports.
See attached file.
Key Design and Testing Documentation (e.g. Design Documentation, Trial/Simulation Data)
Design: Doc numbered 2,10 to 19 and 22 in the reference documents list page 6.
Testing (Validating): Doc numbered 20,21 and 24 in the reference documents list page 6.
Human Centred Automation Principles ?Rate the principles below in terms of whether the subject system adheres to these principles.
1. The human must be in command. 2. To command effectively, the human must be involved. 3. To be involved, the human must be informed. 4. Functions must be automated only if there is good reason for doing so. 5. The human must be able to monitor the automated system. 6. Automated systems must, therefore, be predictable. 7. Automated systems must be able to monitor the human operator. 8. Each element of the system must have knowledge of the others intent. 9. Automation must be designed to be simple to learn and operate. Number Notes
Key Stakeholders
Name Role Tel Email
ANSP, ATC guild
Airports Operators
Industry, National Researchcentres
Airlines, Pilots guilds
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3.2 2nd
step: Human Factor Analysis
3.2.1 Check list items
Because the task context is so critical in HF, it is often necessary to research thearea prior to conducting the HFIA study.
A default checklist is shown in Table 2, developed by Eurocontrol DIS/Hum(Human Factors Case: Guidance for HF Integration).
Table 2: Checklist items.
Human Factors Area Item
1. Human-Machine Interface
and Working Environment
Input devices, visual displays, information requirements,
alarm handling, console/working area, HMI usability, userrequirements, health risks, fatigue, distraction andconcentration, noise, lighting, temperature/humidity/airquality, workplace arrangement, workplace accommodation.
2. Organisation and Staffing Staff requirements, manpower availabil ity, ATCOprofile/selection criteria, job attractiveness, ageing, shiftorganisation.
3. Training and Development Training needs, performance/competence standards, trainingcontent, training methods and media, negative transfer oftraining, trainer role/responsibilities/competency, transitionfrom classroom to OJT, emergency/unusual situation training,testing of training effectiveness, negative effects onoperational task performance.
4. Procedures, Roles andResponsibilities
Allocation of function, involvement, workload,trust/confidence, skill degradation, procedure format andpositioning, procedure structure, procedure content,procedure realism.
5.Teams and Communication Team structures/dynamics/relations, (inter-) team co-ordination, position handover processes, communicationworkload, phraseology, national language differences,changes in communication methods, interference effects andinformation content.
6. Recovery from Failures Human error potential, error prevention/detection/recovery,detection of and recovery from system failures.
From this by default list, the following was selected during a brainstorming session of theworking group, in order to specifically address the A-SMGCS issue:
Procedures, Roles and Responsibilities
Trust and confidence, important for acceptance, link to reliability
Continuous involvement of operational people, inclusion of non ATC population(e.g. APRON management)
Workload (hypothesis: workload decrease)
Skill diversification increased use of surveillance data, head down / head uptime?
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Procedure format and structure should reflect the way people act or try to acttoday. Current/existing and new procedures.
ATC procedure applicability and relevance. Safe, useful, up to date.
Human Machine Interaction
Generic advice for HMI and workplace accommodation such as input devices,visual displays / lay-out, and console area,
a default setting intuitive interface limited settings for colours/ fonts/ number of windows etc. consoles/displays shouldnt obstruct controllers view ergonomics (distances, size of screens)
Local requirements may add specifics
(False) alarm handling
Integration with other systems (electronic flight strips, runway incursionmonitoring)
Use A-SMGCS procedures group as user group
Specifics of tower lighting,
Health/fatigue: head up/down and eye-muscle (colours, brightness)
Impacts of new displays etc. on temperature/humidity/air quality
Training and Development
Identification of additional training needs, content and methods - includingrecurrent training - for Aerodrome Control Surveillance Ratings or qualification.(Skill diversification, Head up Head down issue, understanding of howmultilateration works)
Definition of additional competence standards
Negative transfer of training
Trainer role and competency, as for all new tools/developments
Transition - changes to pilot and driver communications, procedures incl.Transponders
Recovery and contingency training
Teams and Communication
Team structures/dynamics, better shared SA (e.g. CDG: monitors for the TMAcontroller) will reduce need for co-ordination
Hand over, (new) tool specific, visual support will make hand over easier
Communication workload will decrease, to what extend?
Changes in communication methods, e.g. silent hand over, less need for co-ordination, changing feedback loops
Decreasing or increasing interference effects
Team differences (e.g. in use of tools) and transfer of individuals, different fromcurrent?
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This list has been used as a working basis to carry out the next steps.
3.2.2 Human Factors issue components
Human Factors Issue Components (HFICs) are aspects of the HF Issue specific tothe system that need to be considered, that is to say the A-SMGCS. The HFICsmaybe expressed as a question. For instance, they may be pertinent questionsabout deviations from expectations or intentions (users, designers, managers,etc.). All the HF items were analysed.
Following the checklist item, several questions have been identified for each of theitems (see appendix 1: Human Factors issues list).
3.2.3 Determine likely impact
Once all of the HF Issue Components for a particular category have beenanswered, the likely impacts are detailed for each HF Issue Component. These are
generated using the question: What if the HF Issue Component is not
addressed adequately? Group HFIA requires the input of the project teamexperts to evaluate the likely impact or the consequences of not addressing eachissue appropriately. Impacts may be concrete or abstract.
The list below present the more frequently likely impacts identified when using theA-SMGCS:
Increased likelihood of errors No use of part of the system functions by the controllers
Under-skilled controllers
3.2.4 Identify current and planned initiatives
Once the impacts have been detailed, current or planned initiatives that shouldhelp to address (e.g. prevent, control or mitigate) the HF Issue Component, or itsimpact, were examined.
Initiatives must be currently under development OR formally planned and
documented within the overall project plan.
When the initiative identified was not a concrete under process project, it had beenrecorded under the Recommendations/Comments column. It is important thatcommon-sense safeguards are recorded to make sure they are not forgotten.
The main current and planned initiatives identified in response to the listed impactsare:
Safety assessment study
Group working on procedure design
Ergonomic design of the HMI display TRM
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3.2.5 Rated Recommendations
All the Human Factors issues (components, impacts and actions) had been ratedby the working group thanks to different criteria provided by the Human FactorCase Guidance for FH Integration approach:
The Importance of the issue: taking into account the severity of the impact andthe probability (likelihood) of the impact in light of the current or plannedinitiatives.
The Urgency of the issue: degree to which the FH issue component requiresspeedy attention and/or action.
Priority: using a scale going from 1 (Low), 2 (Medium), to 3 (High) to rateImportance and Urgency. Priority was calculated by the summing of theImportance and Urgency ratings.
The priority ratings help to plan the level of effort that should be spent onimplementing recommendations.
Appendix 2 shows all the ratings for each Human Factors Issues.
4 Conclusion
The output of the Human Factor Plan for A-SMGCS level 1 & 2 study is a list ofrecommendations. A first expert overlook let to an importance scale of 2 (low) to 6(high) indicating recommendation for priority (see appendix 2).From those recommendations a proposal for checklists that can be used insimulation trials, validation process, training design, and preparation or installationof A-SMGCS in order to guide the work to be carry out, is presented in appendix 3.
This checklist has to be adapted according to specific objectives.
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5
App
endix1:HumanFacto
rsIssuecomponents(
HFICs)fortheA-SMGC
S
1.Procedures/roleandresponsibilities.
a.Trustandconfidence,importantforacceptance,linktoreliability
i.Whatiffrequenttechnicalfailuresoccur(unreliableprovideddata)?
ii.Howtoinsureuse
rconfidenceinthesystem?
iii.Couldbepossible
thatthe(different)useofthesystemimpactconfidencewithintheteam?
b.Continuousinvolvementofoperationalactors(inclusion
ofnonATCpopulation)
i.Whatiftheinvolvementofthedifferentactorsis
notcontinuousorunbalanced?
ii.WhatifOperationalactorssampleisnotreprese
ntative?
c.Workload(hypothesis:workloadisdecreased)
i.Whatifworkloadisincreasing?
ii.Whatifworkloadisthesame?
iii.Whatifworkloadisdecreasing?
iv.Whatiftheinform
ationdiscriminationrequireah
ighattentiondemand?
d.Skilldiversificationincrea
seduseofsurveillancedata,h
eaddown/headuptime.
i.Whatifheaddowntimeisincreased?
ii.Whatifskillsnece
ssarytouseA-SMGCSaresp
ecific?
e.Procedureformatandstructureshouldreflectthewaypeopleactortrytoacttoday.Current/existingandnewprocedures.
i.Whatiftheuseof
thesystemcreatestheneedo
fnewprocedure?
ii.Whatiftheneede
dnewproceduresarefarfrom
thecurrentpractices?
iii.Whatiftheneede
dnewproceduresareclosefro
mthecurrentpractices?
iv.Whatiftheprocedurecontentisnotspecifieden
ough?
f.
ATCprocedureapplicabilityandrelevance.Safe,useful,uptodate.
i.Couldtheactual(
current)proceduresbesufficie
nttousethesystem?
ii.Howtodesignrelevantprocedures?
iii.Howtodesignala
rmmanagementprocedurein
ordertoguarantysafety?
g.Skilldegradation
i.Whatiftheuseof
thesysteminducesriskofskilldegradation
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ii.Howtoidentifyskilldegradationrisks?
2.HumanMachineInteraction
a.GenericadviceforHMIandworkplaceaccommodationsuchasinputdevices,visuald
isplays/layout,andconsolearea
i.WhatifHMIhave
adefaultsetting?
ii.WhatifHMIprese
ntanewvisualdisplay?
b.Localrequirementsmayaddspecifics
i.Howtomatchthe
localspecifics?
ii.Whatifinsufficien
tconsiderationhasbeengiven
totheaccommodationofloca
lequipment(spaceorganisatio
nandfurniture)?
c.Falsealarmhandling
i.Whatiffalsealarm
sarefrequent(linktoreliability,trustandconfidence)?
ii.Whatiffalsealarm
saredifficult/impossibletodiscriminatefromrightones?
iii.Whatiftheobject
ofthealarmisdifficulttoidentify?
iv.Whatifthealarm
isveryloudandimpossibletoacknowledgeduringseveralm
inutes(noisedistraction)?
v.Whatifthecontro
llercaneasilyacknowledgethealarm?
d.Integrationwithothersystems
i.Whatifprocedure
sarenotcompatible?
ii.WhatifHMIused
differentorcontradictoryvisua
lcodes?
e.Specificsoftowerlighting
i.Whatiftherearenolocalmeanstolimitthesun
lightinthetower?
f.
Health/fatigue:headup/headdownandeye-muscle(co
lourandbrightness)
i.Whatifuserscom
plainaboutmorefatigue?
ii.Whatifuserscom
plainabouteyefatigue?
3.Tr
ainingandDevelopment
a.Identificationofadditionaltrainingneeds,contentsandmethodsincludingrecurrenttrainingforaerodromecontro
lsurveillance
ratingsorqualification(sk
illdiversification,headupheaddownissue,understandingo
fhowmultilaterationworks)
i.Whatifneedsfor
newknowledgeandskillareid
entify?
ii.Whatifnothingex
istinthecurrentsyllabustoad
dressthenewknowledgeneeds?
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HumanFactorsPlanforA-SMGCSLevels1&2
b.Definitionofadditionalco
mpetencestandards
i.Whatifthesystem
requiresthedefinitionofadditionalcompetencestandards?
c.Negativetransferoftraining
i.Whatifnegativetransferoftrainingareidentified
?
ii.Whatifalltherequiredskillsorknowledgeareallnew?
d.Trainerroleandcompete
ncy,asforallnewtools/develo
pments
i.Itispossiblethatthesysteminducespecifictrainercompetency?
e.Transitionchangestop
ilotanddrivercommunications
,proceduresincludingtranspo
nder.
i.Whatifpilotordriverarenotawareofthesystem
specifics
ii.See1.b
f.
Recoveryandcontingenc
ytraining
i.Couldtheuseoft
hesysteminducearecoverya
ndcontingencytraining?
ii.Howtotrainthecontrollertoreacttoalarm?
4.Te
amsandcommunication
a.Teamstructures/dynamic
s,bettersharedSA(monitorsfortheTMAcontroller)willreduceneedforco-ordination
i.Whatifco-ordinationneedsisnotreduced?
ii.Whatiftheteamdynamicsislesscomplex?
iii.Whatifco-ordinationneedsdecreasedbutappe
armorecriticalinsomeprecisesituation(scenariosorconfiguration)?
iv.Whatifthesystem
failedordowngraded?
b.Handover,toolspecific,visualsupportwillmakehandovereasier
i.Whatiflackoftraininginducesdifferentusesan
dunderstandingamongusers?
ii.Whatifsystemdo
wngraded?
c.Communicationworkload
willdecrease,towhatextend?
i.Whatifverbalcom
municationdisappeared?
ii.Howdropincomm
unicationwillimpactteambuilding?
d.Changesincommunicationmethods,e.g.silenthandover,lessneedforco-ordination
,changingfeedbackloops
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i.Whatiffeedbackloopschange?
e.Decreasingorincreasing
interferenceeffects
i.Whatifthesystem
inducesincreasedinterferenceeffects(alarm)?
f.
Teamdifferences(e.g.in
useoftools)andtransferofin
dividuals,differentfromcurrent?
i.Whatifdifferentp
racticesarepossiblewiththeu
seofthesystem?
g.Phraseology
i.Whatifthecurren
tphraseologyisnotapplicable
orsufficient?
ii.Whatiftheuseof
thesysteminducedtheneedofaspecificphraseology?
5.Recoveryfromfailure(Managing
systemdisturbances)
a.Systemfailuremanagement
i.Whatifthesystem
failedordowngraded?
b.Errormanagement
i.Howtofacilitatee
rrordetectionwhenusingthes
ystem?
ii.Whatifrecoverytimeisshort?
c.Humanerrorpotential
i.Whatiftheuseofth
esystemmakesthehumanm
orevulnerable,createsignifica
nterrorrisk?(Errorresistance
ortolerance)
6.Organisationandstaffing
a.Staffrequirement
i.Whatifthestaffrequirementsaredifferentthanthelocalonesbecauseofthes
ystem?
b.ATCOprofile/selectioncr
iteria
i.Whatifthesystem
inducesspecificskillsoraptitude?
c.Ageingi.Whatifsomeaptitu
deorskillrequirementsareag
esensitive?
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HumanFactorsPlanforA-SMGCSLevels1&2
6
App
endix2:Likelyimpact,safeguards(actionalreadycarriedout,ActionstobedoneandUrgencyrating
HFISSUE
HFissue
s
compone
ntLikelyimpact
S
afeguards(currentor
p
lanned)
Importance
Urgency
Priority
Reco
mmendations
1.a.i
Pooruserconfidence
2
2
4
Simula
tiontrials
2
1
3
Check
ifthecontinuousinvolvementofalloperational
actors
ismentionedinthesafetyassessment/
1.a.ii
Nouseofthesystem(orpart
ofthesystem)bythe
controller
2
1
3
Trainin
gonthesystem
1.a.iii
Poorconfidencewithinthe
team
2
2
4
Trainin
gonthesystem
Noconsiderationforsome
aspectsofthesystemuse
S
afetyassessmentstudy
3
2
5
Check
ifthecontinuousinvolvementofalloperational
actors
ismentionedinthesafetyassessment
1.b.i
Noconsiderationforthe
systemimpactonnon-ATC
operators
S
afetyassessmentstudy
1
1
2
Check
ifthecontinuousinvolvementofalloperational
actors
ismentionedinthesafetyassessment
1.b.ii
Noidentificationofpotential
criticalaspects
3
3
6
Methodtoselectrepresentativesampleofn
onATC
people
3
3
6
Trainin
gonthenewworkingmethod
3
3
6
Workin
gmethodoptimisationstudy
1.c.i
Increasedlikelihoodoferrors
andpossiblerisksforsafety
3
3
6
Worklo
adassessment
3
3
6
Trainin
gonthenewworkingmethod
3
3
6
Workin
gmethodoptimisationstudy
1.c.ii
Nobenefitinthemental
resourcemanagementfor
thecontroller
3
3
6
Worklo
adassessment/
1.c.iii
Morementalresourcesare
available(+)
3
3
6
Worklo
adassessment
1.c.iv
Riskofincreasedworkload
becauseofattention
demands
3
3
6
Worklo
adassessment(taskanalysis)
1.d.i
Controllerlessdependenton
externalconditions(+)
S
afetyassessmentstudy
3
3
6
Head
up/headdownissuesStudy
1.d.ii
Controllersunderskilled
1
1
2
Skillch
angeprediction(SHAPEToolkit)
Postim
plementationtrainingneedsassessm
ent
1.e.i
Currentproceduresnot
adapted
G
roupworkingonproceduredesign
2
2
4
Advice
theexistingWorkingGroupstotake
thefollowing
issue(s)intoaccount:
Needs
toDefinenewprocedures.
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HumanFactorsPlanforA-SMGCSLevels1&2
1.e.ii
Trainingneedstolearnthe
requirednewprocedures
2
2
4
Advice
theexistingWorkingGroupstotake
thefollowing
issue(s)intoaccount:
Trainin
gonnewprocedures/
Jobaids(newproceduresmemo)
1.e.iii
Riskofnegativetransferof
knowledge
2
2
4
Advice
theexistingWorkingGroupstotake
thefollowing
issue(s)intoaccount:
Contro
llertaskanalysistoidentifythepoten
tialnegative
transfe
rrisks/
Trainin
gontheidentifiednegativetransferr
isks/
Jobaids(listoftraps)
Riskofviolation
G
roupworkingonproceduredesign
3
3
6
Advice
theexistingWorkingGroupstotake
thefollowing
issue(s)intoaccount:
Jointtrainingonnewprocedures/
Simula
tiontrials(proceduresandtraining)
1.e.iv
individualisationofthe
practices
3
3
6
Jointtrainingonnewprocedures
Noneedforadditional
training(+)
1
3
4
Simula
tiontrials
1.f.i
Needforproceduredesign
3
3
6
Simula
tiontrials
1.f.ii
Needsforgroupworking
1
3
4
Workin
ggrouponprocedureswithOpspeo
ple
1.f.iii
Creationofhazards
Workin
ggrouponprocedureswithOpspeo
ple
1.g.i
Inthelongterm,,riskofhigh
controllerdependenceon
thesystem
2
2
4
Trainin
gonUnusualsituation(downgrade
dsystem)
SHAPEskillchangespredictions
1.g.ii
Findoutthecontrollers
workingstrategyinthe
currentconditions
2
2
4
Contro
llertaskanalysisasabasisforthee
mergencyor
unusualsituationtraining.
SHAPESkillchangespredictions
Increasedworkload
E
rgonomicdesignoftheHMIdisplay
3
3
6
HMIev
aluation(usertest)
IncreasedlikelihoodoferrorsE
rgonomicdesignoftheHMIdisplay
3
3
6
HMIev
aluation(usertest)
2.a.i
Riskoflimiteduseofthe
system
E
rgonomicdesignoftheHMIdisplay
3
3
6
HMIev
aluation(usertest)
2.a.ii
Riskofincoherenceofthe
newvisualdisplaywiththe
currentones(colorcode,
airportgraphical
representation).
E
rgonomicdesignoftheHMIdisplay
3
3
6
HMIev
aluation
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HumanFactorsPlanforA-SMGCSLevels1&2
2.b.i
TheHMIwillnotbeadapted
tolocalspecifics
2
1
3
Adapta
bleHMIwithshoppinglistofdifferen
tdisplay
modes
2.b.ii
Installationdifficulties,use
difficultiesofthematerial
2
1
3
Materialinstallationaccompaniedbyapprop
riate
introdu
ction
Riskoflossofconfidencein
thesystemreliability
S
afetyassessmentstudy
3
3
6
2.c.i
Riskoflimiteduseofthe
systembythecontrollers
1
1
2
Technicalissue:Advicethetechnicaldesig
nersonthis
issue.
2.c.ii
Riskforsafety
S
afetyassessmentstudy
3
3
6
2.d.i
Workcomplexity
W
orkinggrouponproceduresdesign
3
3
6
2.d.ii
Riskofconfusion
E
rgonomicdesignoftheHMIdisplay
basedoncurrentvisualdisplay
3
1
4
2.d.iii
Safetyimpact
S
afetyassessmentstudy
3
3
6
Check
ifithasbeentakenintoconsiderationifthe
safety
assessment
2.d.iv
Riskofinterference
(attentionprocess)
S
afetyassessmentstudy
3
3
6
Check
ifithasbeentakenintoconsiderationifthe
safety
assessment
2.d.v
Riskofproceduredeviation
3
3
6
Contro
llertaskanalysis
2.ei
Visualdifficulties
1
1
2
Screen
sunglasses
2.f.i
Fatigue/Increased
likelihoodoferror
2
1
3
Workin
ggrouponprocedures/workingmethoddesing
2.f.ii
Fatigue/Increasedlikelihood
oferror
2
1
3
Adapta
bleHMIwithshoppinglistofdifferen
tdisplay
modes
3.a.i
Pooruserperformance
(comparedtothecurrent
wayofworking)
3
3
6
Advice
theexistingWorkingGroupstotake
thefollowing
issue(s)intoaccount:
Trainin
gdevelopmentonnewrequiredskills
ApplytheSkillChangepredictionmethodology(SHAPE
toolkit)
3.a.ii
Pooruserperformance
3
3
6
Define
aTrainingManual
3.b.i
Underskilledusers
2
3
5
Advice
theexistingWorkingGroupstotake
thefollowing
issue(s)intoaccount:
-Integratenewrequiredskillstraininginab-initio
syllabu
s
-Integratenewrequiredskillsintheselectionprocess
-Postimplementationtrainingneedsassess
ment
3.c.i
Increasedlikelihoodoferror
3
3
6
Advice
theexistingWorkingGroupstotake
thefollowing
issue(s)intoaccount:
Trainin
gontheidentifiednegativetransferr
isks/
Jobaids(listoftraps)
3.c.ii
Learningdifficulties/poor
usersperformanceduring
learningcurve
2
3
5
Advice
theexistingWorkingGroupstotake
thefollowing
issue(s)intoaccount:
Trainin
gdevelopmentonnewrequiredskills
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HumanFactorsPlanforA-SMGCSLevels1&2
3.d.i
Underskilledtrainer
2
2
4
Workin
ggroupontrainingneedsanddevelopment
3.e.i
Poorsystem/users
performance
1
1
2
Advice
theexistingWorkingGroupstotake
thefollowing
issue(s)intoaccount:
System
usetraining/
Jobaids(memo)/
Information,awarenesscampaign
3.e.ii
See1.b.
1.b
2
2
4
Advice
theexistingworkinggroupsonthefo
llowing
issues:
Continuousinvolvementoftheoperationala
ctors
(inclus
ionofnonATCpopulation).
Aerodr
omeResourceManagement(ARM)
3.f.i
Pooruserperformance/
underskilleduser
3
2
5
ContingencyTraining
3.f.ii
Poorreactionperformance
3
2
5
ContingencyTraining
4.a.i
Workloadwillnotbereduced
2
2
4
Trainin
gonnewco-ordinationmethods
4.a.ii
Worksimplification/
decreasedworkload(+)
N
A
Increasedlikelihoodofco-
ordinationsurprises
2
3
5
Simula
tiontrials(validation)toidentifycriticalscenarios
ofuse
4.a.iii
Lossofpotentialrecovery
loops
TRMmoduledealingwithSituation
A
warenessandteamwork
3
1
4
Simula
tiontrialstoanalysetheteamworkingimpactof
theA-S
MGCS
4.a.iv
Lossofco-ordination
skills/proceduresamongthe
team
2
2
4
ContingencyplanintheProcedureWorking
Groups
(initiated)
4.b.i
Increasedlikelihoodof
misunderstandingduring
handover
TRMmoduledealingwithhandover
processandcommunication
3
1
4
Analys
etheimpactofA-SMGCSontheefficiency
(safety
)onhandoverprocess
4.b.ii
Needforexhaustivehand
over(workload)
1
1
2
Jobaids(handoverchekclist)
4.c.i
Lossofarecoveryloop/
Lossofcommunicationskills
(phraseology)
TRMtrainingoncommunication
3
1
4
TRMtrainingoncommunication
3
1
4
Worka
nalysisofsimilarsituations(working
positions
usingsamekindofgroundcontrolsystem)
4.c.ii
Difficultiestobuildan
efficientteam
1
1
2
Trainin
gonnewworkingmethods
4.d.i
Nouseofthenewfeedback
andsafetyloops
3
3
6
Trainin
gonnewworkingmethods
4.e.i
Increasedmonitoring
workload/increased
likelihoodoferror
3
3
6
Ergono
micdesignofalarmsdisplay
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HumanFactorsPlanforA-SMGCSLevels1&2
4.f.i
Increasedlikelihoodof
misunderstandingamong
teams
3
3
6
Jointtraining
4.g.i
Needsforanew
phraseology
S
tudyonphraseologyneedsmadeby
th
eEUROASMGCSproject.
3
3
6
Workin
ggrouponnewphraseologydesign(initiated)
4.g.ii
Poorusersperformance
duringlearningcurve
3
3
6
Workin
ggrouponnewphraseologydesign(initiated)
5.a.i
Needstoreturntopast
procedures/Lossofskill
level
D
onebytheEUROA-SMGCSproject
2
3
5
Advice
EUROASMGCSprojectGroupwork
ingon
Contingencyplantotakeintoaccountthecontingency
workingmethods
5.b.i
Undetectedcriticalerror,
increasedlikelihoodofsafety
issues
3
3
6
Advice
theContingencyplanWorkingGrouptotakeinto
accoun
tthefollowingissues:
HMIer
gonomicdesign/
Trainin
gontheHMI
TRMo
nErrorManagement
5.b.ii
Training/emergency
procedureneeds
3
3
6
Advice
theContingencyplanWorkingGrouptotakeinto
accoun
tthefollowingissues:
Needs
todesignEmergencyprocedures
5.c.i
IncreasedlikelihoodoferrorH
umanFactorcases
3
3
6
Advice
theContingencyplanWorkingGrouptotakeinto
accoun
tthefollowingissues:
OperationalrequirementswithHFconsidera
tion/
ValidationMasterplanincludingHFconside
ration
2
2
4
System
integrationaccompaniedbyappropriate
introdu
ction
Difficultchangeinthestaff
organisation/difficult
acceptability
2
2
4
Feasib
ilitystudy
6.a.i
nouseofthesystem
2
2
4
Feasib
ilitystudy
6.b.i
Underskilledusers
2
1
3
Simula
tiontrialstoidentifydifficultiesofuse
(HFexpert
analysis)/Skillchangespredictionstudy(Shape)
6.c.i
Underskilledusers
2
1
3
Simula
tiontrialstoidentifydifficultiesofuse
(HFexpert
analysis)/Skillchangespredictionstudy(Shape)
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HumanFactorsPlanforA-SMGCSLevels1&2
7
App
endix3:Check-listfor
simulationtrials,
Simulationtrials
Check-list
Priority
Ref.HFICs
Comments
1
Stu
dytheneedsfornewproceduresandprocedure
design
6
1.f.ii
-
2
Stu
dytheriskofViolation/individ
ualisationof
pra
ctice
6
1.e.iv
-
3
Stu
dytheneedsofadditionaltraining
4
1.f.i
Seenextite
m:Trainingdesignandevalua
tion
4
Stu
dytheUserconfidencemeasu
res
4
1.a.i
-
5
Sim
ulatecriticalscenarioofusetostudyco-
ord
inationandteamrecoveryloops
4
4.a.iii
-
6
Stu
dytheskilllevelrequestedtousethesystem
3
6.b.i/6.c.iSeeitem:skillchangespredictionstudy
Training
needsanddesign
Check-list
Priority
Ref
Comments
1
Tra
iningonHMIspecificity
6
5.b.i
Seeitem:H
MIdesignandevaluation
2
Tra
iningonnewrequiredskills
6
3.a.i/3.c.iiSeeitem:s
killchangespredictionstudy
3
(Jo
int)trainingonnewprocedures(toavoid
ind
ividualisationofpracticeandteam
misunderstanding)
4to6
1.e.iv/4.f.i
/1.e.ii
-
4
Tra
iningoferrormanagement
6
1.c.i/1.c.ii-
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HumanFactorsPlanforA-SMGCSLevels1&2
5
Tra
iningonnewworkingmethods
6
1.c.i/1.c.ii
/4.c.ii/
4.d.i
-
6
Postimplementationtrainingneedsassessment
5
3.b.i
-
7
Co
ntingencytraining(unusualsituation,downgraded
sys
tem)
4to5
3.f.i/1.g.i/
1.g.ii
-
8
Tra
iningonriskofnegativetransferofknowledge
4
1.e.iii
-
9
Tra
iningonnewco-ordinationme
thodrequiredbythe
sys
tem
4
4.a.i
-
10
Tra
iningofallthefunctionofthe
systemtoavoidthe
sys
temtobeunderused.
3
1.a.ii/3.e.i-
11
Tra
ining
should
enhance
the
confidence
in
the
sys
tem
3
1.a.ii
-
Workloadassessment
Check-list
Priority
Ref
Comments
1
Wo
rkloadassessmentinthefram
eoftheerror
ma
nagement(likelihoodoferrora
nderrorrecovery)
6
1.c.i
-
2
Wo
rkloadassessmentinthefram
eofthemental
res
ourcemanagement
6
1.c.ii/
1.c.iii
-
3
Wo
rkloadassessmentinthefram
eoftheattention
demand
6
1.c.iv
-
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HumanFactorsPlanforA-SMGCSLevels1&2
lyof
theSkillChangesPrediction
method(Shape)
Check-list
Priority
Ref
Comments
To
avoidpooruserperformanceanddesigntraining
2to6
1.d.ii/3.a.i
/6.b.i/6.c.i
-
Pre
viouslytocontingencytraining
6
1.g.i
desi
gnandevaluation
Check-list
Priority
Ref
Comments
ImpactoftheHMIonworkload
6
2.a.i
-
ImpactoftheHMIonerrormanag
ement
6
2.a.i/5.b.i-
ImpactofHMIontheuseofthesystem
6
2.a.i
-
AssesstheneedforaHMIwithseveraldisplay
mo
des
3
2.b.i/2.f.ii
Co
herencewithcurrentsystemHMI(colour,codes,
ico
ns)
3
2.b.ii
Recommended