1. Researcher: Jean-Remy Hochmann RA: Melody Wu 2

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CONCEPT OF SAME AND DIFFERENCE

Researcher: Jean-Remy HochmannRA: Melody Wu

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PREVIOUS STUDIES

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GIURFA ET AL. (2001)

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GIURFA ET AL. (2001) - CONTINUE

Paradigm: Training and transfer tests Method: Y-shaped maze

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GIURFA ET AL.(2001) - CONTINUE

Result: Bees have the concept of same and difference!

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MERCADO III ET AL. (2000)

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MERCADO III ET AL. (2000) - CONTINUE Paradigm: Training and transfer

test Method: use two paddles to

represent same or difference

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MERCADO III ET AL. (2000) - CONTINUE

Dolphin # 1: Training: 89% accuracy Transfer Test: 76% accuracy

Dolphin # 2: Training: 85% accuracy Transfer Test: 80% accuracy

Dolphins have the concept of same and difference!

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WRIGHT AND KATZ (2006)

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WRIGHT AND KATZ (2006) - CONTINUE

Paradigm: Training and transfer tests Method: show a pair of same or

different stimuli

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WRIGHT AND KATZ (2006) - CONTINUE

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WRIGHT AND KATZ (2006) - CONTINUE

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WRIGHT AND KATZ (2006) - CONTINUE

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THOMPSON AND ODEN (1996)

Human infantsInfant chimpsMonkeyspigeonsBees etc.

Human infantsInfant chimpsPigeons (256 different exemplars)

Monkeys (128 different exemplars)

Monkeys Human adults

Linguistically trained chimps

Alex the parrot

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GENERAL PROBLEMS OF THIS LITERATURE

Symmetry interpretation is not always controlled for. Symmetry applies to the overall visual

pattern. ‘Same’ is a relation between two objects.

Usually no different results between ‘Same’ and ‘Different’.

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KOVACS AND MEHLER (2009)

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KOVACS AND MEHLER (2009) - CONTINUE

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KOVACS AND MEHLER (2009) - CONTINUE

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KOVACS AND MEHLER (2009) - CONTINUE

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QUESTIONS

Is the concept of difference harder or impossible for infants to learn?

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WHAT ARE THE TWO REQUIREMENTS? 1. Mental representation of stimulus

2. Association between a side of screen and each representation

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CURRENT STUDY - STAGE 1

Hold 1st requirement constant

Test whether 14 month-old can associate a side to each representation

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PARADIGM

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GOAL OF STAGE 1

Determine at what age infants can associate each side with a representation

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WHAT ARE THE TWO REQUIREMENTS? 1. Mental representation of stimulus

2. Association between a side on screen and each representation

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CURRENT STUDY - STAGE 2

Hold 2nd requirement constant

Test infants’ ability to represent structure AA and AB (same vs. difference)

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PARADIGM

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PREDICTED RESULT

Successful: associate AA to one side while AB to another

Infants have concept of same and difference

Unsuccessful: only associate AA to one side but not AB to another

Infants might only have the concept of same Concept of difference might be more difficult

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FUTURE EXPERIMENT

Effect of speech labels

Effect of auditory attention cues

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The End