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1
Developmental Issues,
Prenatal Development,
and the Newborn
Module 7
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Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn
Overview Three Major Developmental Issues
Conception and Prenatal Development
The Competent Newborn
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Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Developmental Psychology a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and
social change throughout the life span
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Developmental Psychology
Issue Details
Nature/Nurture
How do genetic inheritance (our nature)
and experience (the nurture we receive)
influence our behavior?
Continuity/Stages
Is developmental a gradual, continuous
process or a sequence of separate stages?
Stability/Change
Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become
different persons as we age.
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Prenatal Development and the Newborn
ConceptionA single sperm cell (male) penetrates the
outer coating of the egg (female) and fuses to form one fertilized cell. L
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Prenatal DevelopmentA zygote is a fertilized cell with cells that become increasingly diverse. At about 14 days the zygote turns into an embryo (a and b).
Zygote Embryo at 40 Days Embryo at 45 Days
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Prenatal Development and the Newborn
40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months Link
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Prenatal Development
At 9 weeks, an embryo turns into a fetus (c and d).
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Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Teratogens agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach
the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause birth defects Link to AM 12:20
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children
caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking symptoms include misproportioned head
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PKU - Phenylketonuria
• Recessive genetic condition where the child lacks an enzyme to break down phenylalanine
• Untreated, it can cause problems with brain development, leading to retardation, brain damage, and seizures
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Infants are born with reflexes that aid in survival…
• Rooting - turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek
• Grasping - curling the fingers around an object• Stepping Reflex -
reflex that causes
newborns to
start a stepping motion
as they touch a surface
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Infant Reflexes• Sucking— sucking
rhythmically in response
to oral stimulation• Moro (startle reflex)— throwing the arms out,
arching the back and bringing the arms together as if to hold onto something (in response to loud noise or sudden change in position of the head)
• Babinski— fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked
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Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Preferences human voices
and faces facelike images,
smell and sound of mother preferred
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Reprinted from Cognition, vol. 4. M.A. Johnson, S. Dziurawiec, H. Ellis, and J. Morton, "Newborns' Preferential Tracking of Face-Like Stimuli and Its
Subsequent Decline," pp. 1-19, © 1991 with the kind permission of Elsevier Science - NL, Sara Burgerharstraat 25, 1055 KV Amsterdam, The
Netherlands.
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The Competent Newborn
Offspring cries are important signals for parents to provide nourishment. In animals and humans such cries are quickly attended to and relieved.
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EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY(7th Edition in Modules)
David MyersPowerPoint Slides
Aneeq AhmadHenderson State
University
Worth Publishers, © 2008
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Poll: 6. Newborns have been observed to show t...
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Poll: 5. The rooting reflex refers to a baby's...
http://www.polleverywhere.com/multiple_choice_polls/LTEwOTcxMDE0Mjk
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Poll: 1.Developmental psychologists study phys...
http://www.polleverywhere.com/multiple_choice_polls/LTE3MTY2NDU4MjA
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Poll: 51. Which of the following accurately de...
http://www.polleverywhere.com/multiple_choice_polls/MTQ3MjgzNzIwNw
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