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Development & Development & Personality Personality

Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

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Page 1: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Development & PersonalityDevelopment & Personality

Page 2: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Human DevelopmentHuman Development

Basic Developmental Questions

Prenatal Development

The Remarkable Newborn

The Infant and Growing Child

Adolescence

Adulthood and Old Age

Page 3: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Basic Developmental Basic Developmental QuestionsQuestions

Developmental Psychology–The study of how people grow, mature, and change over the life span

Two Major Ways to Conduct Research–Cross-sectional Studies

People of different ages are tested and compared

–Longitudinal StudiesThe same people are tested at different times to track changes related to age

Page 4: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Basic Developmental QuestionBasic Developmental QuestionDevelopmental Research Developmental Research

StrategiesStrategies

Page 5: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal DevelopmentThe Growing FetusThe Growing Fetus

Zygote– A fertilized egg that undergoes a two-week period

of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Embryo– The developing human organism, from two weeks

to two months after fertilization

Fetus– The developing human organism, from nine

weeks after fertilization to birth

Page 6: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal DevelopmentThe Growing FetusThe Growing Fetus

Fertilization 30 Hours

6 weeks 4 months

Page 7: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal DevelopmentThe Growing Fetus:The Growing Fetus:TTeratogenseratogens

Toxic substances that can harm the embryo or fetus during prenatal development – Malnutrition– Viral Infections

AIDS, Rubella (German measles), and others

– X-rays, lead, and other environmental hazards– Drugs

Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome), Cigarettes, Cocaine, Aspirin, Marijuana, and other drugs both licit and illicit

Page 8: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Remarkable NewbornThe Remarkable Newborn Ways to Study the Abilities of Ways to Study the Abilities of

NewbornsNewbornsHabituation

–The tendency for attention to a stimulus to wane over time (often used to determine whether an infant has “learned” a stimulus

Recovery–Following habituation to one stimulus, the tendency for a second stimulus to arouse new interest (often used to test whether infants can discriminate between stimuli)

Page 9: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Remarkable NewbornThe Remarkable Newborn Reflexes Reflexes

Grasping Reflex– In infants, an automatic tendency to grasp

an object that stimulates the palm

Rooting Reflex– In response to contact on the cheek, an

infant’s tendency to turn toward the stimulus and open its mouth

Page 10: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Remarkable NewbornThe Remarkable NewbornSensory CapacitiesSensory Capacities

Visual Preferences in NewbornsVisual Preferences in Newborns Infants spend more time

looking at patterns than solids.

Infants spend the most time looking at a drawing of a human face.

Is this just preference for complexity or an adaptation?

Page 11: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Remarkable NewbornThe Remarkable NewbornSensory CapacitiesSensory Capacities

Newborn Orientation to the FaceNewborn Orientation to the Face

Infants were shown a blank shape, a face, or scrambled facial features.– The face and scrambled face

have same complexity.

Infants looked more intensely at the actual face.

Page 12: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Remarkable NewbornThe Remarkable Newborn Sensory CapacitiesSensory Capacities

Newborn ImitationNewborn Imitation

Babies sometimes mimic gestures made by others who are within sight.– Sticking tongue out of

mouth– Moving head side to side

Page 13: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Remarkable NewbornThe Remarkable NewbornSensitivity to NumberSensitivity to Number

Can Infants Add and Subtract?Can Infants Add and Subtract? Infants saw a sequence

of events that illustrated addition or subtraction.

Then they saw a correct or incorrect outcome (2-1=2, for example).

The infant looked longer at outcomes that were incorrect.

Page 14: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Infant and Growing ChildThe Infant and Growing ChildBiological DevelopmentBiological Development

The Developing BrainThe Developing Brain

Page 15: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Infant and Growing ChildThe Infant and Growing ChildCognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Piaget’s TheoryPiaget’s TheorySchemas

– In Piaget’s theory, mental representations of the world that guide the processes of assimilation and accommodation

– Assimilation The process of incorporating and, if necessary, changing new

information to fit existing schemas

– Accommodation The process of modifying existing schemas in response to new

information

Page 16: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Infant and Growing ChildThe Infant and Growing ChildCognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Changing Schemas of the EarthChanging Schemas of the Earth

From preschool through about the 5th grade, children gradually assimilate and then accommodate their schemas to form an accurate representation of the earth’s shape. Preschool

5th grade

Page 17: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Infant and Growing Child The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Piaget’s Stages of DevelopmentPiaget’s Stages of DevelopmentStages of Development

– Each stage is qualitatively different from others– Ages for stage transitions are approximate– Sensorimotor– Preoperational– Concrete Operational– Formal Operational

Page 18: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Infant and Growing Child The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Piaget’s StagesPiaget’s Stages

Page 19: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Infant and Growing Child The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Separation AnxietySeparation Anxiety Separation anxiety is a

fear reaction in response to the absence of the primary caregiver.

It is seen in all cultures. It corresponds with the

development of object permanence and the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.

Page 20: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Infant and Growing ChildThe Infant and Growing Child Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Tasks Used to Test ConservationTasks Used to Test Conservation

The ability to conserve marks the transition from the preoperational stage to the concrete operational stage of cognitive development.

Page 21: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall

The Infant and Growing ChildThe Infant and Growing Child Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Speed of Inf. ProcessingSpeed of Inf. Processing

Response times decrease from 7 - 12 years of age– Consistent across several different types of tasks

This may be due to the biological maturation of the brain– Increased myelination of axons which speeds up neural processing

Page 22: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Infant and Growing ChildThe Infant and Growing ChildSocial DevelopmentSocial Development

The Parent-Child RelationshipThe Parent-Child RelationshipCritical Period

– A period of time during which an organism must be exposed to a certain stimulus for proper development to occur

Attachment– A deep emotional bond that an infant

develops with its primary caretaker

Page 23: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Infant and Growing Child The Infant and Growing Child Social DevelopmentSocial DevelopmentStyles of AttachmentStyles of Attachment

Strange Situation Test– A parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure

that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child’s attachment

Secure Attachment– The baby is secure when the parent is present,

distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion.

Insecure Attachment– The baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and

reacts with anger or apathy to reunion.

Page 24: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

AdolescenceAdolescenceAdolescence

–The period of life from puberty to adulthood, corresponding roughly to the ages of 13 to 20

Puberty–The onset of adolescence, as evidence by rapid growth, rising levels of sex hormones, and sexual maturity

Menarche–A girl’s first menstrual period

Page 25: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Adolescence: Adolescence: PubertyPubertyAdolescent Growth SpurtAdolescent Growth Spurt

At about age 13 for girls, 16 for boys, there is a final maturational growth spurt in height.

Page 26: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Adolescence: Adolescence: PubertyPubertyThe Timing of Puberty and Body Images The Timing of Puberty and Body Images

in Girlsin Girls

Girls who mature earlier than their peers are usually less satisfied with their size, weight, and figure.

Page 27: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Adolescence: Adolescence: PubertyPubertyThe Timing of Puberty and Body The Timing of Puberty and Body

Images in BoysImages in Boys

Boys who mature later than their peers have negative body images, but they are only temporary.

Page 28: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

AdolescenceAdolescenceCognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningKohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningMoral Reasoning: The way people think

and try to solve moral dilemmas. – Preconventional Level

Morality judged in terms of reward and punishment

– Conventional Level Morality judged in terms of social order and approval

– Postconventional Level Morality judged in terms of abstract principles, like

equality and justice

Page 29: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

AdolescenceAdolescenceCognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Dev. Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Dev. Most 7-10 year olds are

reasoning at the preconventional level.

Most 13-16 year olds are reasoning at the conventional level.

Few participants show reasoning indicative of the postconventional level.

Page 30: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

AdolescenceAdolescenceCognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Criticisms of Kohlberg’s TheoryCriticisms of Kohlberg’s TheoryCultural Bias

– Some cultural differences are not reflected in this theory.

Gender Bias– Empirical support for this claim is weak.

Connection between moral reasoning and moral behavior is often indirect.

Page 31: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

AdolescenceAdolescenceSocial and Personal DevelopmentSocial and Personal Development

Adolescent DisengagementAdolescent Disengagement

The proportion of time spent with the family decreases almost 3% per year

This decline was not found for time spent alone with parents

Identity Crisis– An adolescent’s struggle to

establish a personal identity, or self-concept

Page 32: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

AdolescenceAdolescenceSocial and Personal DevelopmentSocial and Personal Development

Adolescents in the 7th and 8th grades felt worse while with their family.

Boys feel better after 8th grade and feel the best in 9th and 10th grades.

Girls continue to feel bad until the 10th grade.

Patterns of Adolescent “Transformation” Within the Family

Page 33: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

AdolescenceAdolescenceSocial and Personal Social and Personal

DevelopmentDevelopmentPeer Influences

– Adolescent relationships are intimate.– Adolescents begin to discover friendships with

other-sex peers. – Conformity rises steadily with age, peaks in

ninth grade, and then declines.

Page 34: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

AdolescenceAdolescenceSocial and Personal Social and Personal

DevelopmentDevelopmentSexuality

– Whether teens act on sexual impulses depends on social factors.

– Adolescents who engage in sexual behavior with others are not necessarily informed about health risks and contraception .

– Adolescent sexual behavior may be due to attempts to be more like an adult or as a way to rebel.

Page 35: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

AdolescenceAdolescenceAdolescence and Mental HealthAdolescence and Mental Health

The stereotypic images of adolescents are:– Mood swings, identity crises, anxiety, rebelliousness,

depression, drug use, and suicide

Three perceived sources of difficulty in adolescence are:– Conflict with parents, risk-taking behavior, and mood

disruption

Conflict with parents and risk-taking do occur, but the idea that adolescents are in a state of distress is exaggerated.

Page 36: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgePhysical Changes in AdulthoodPhysical Changes in Adulthood

Life Span– The maximum age possible for members of a

given species.

Life Expectancy– The number of years that an average

member of a species is expected to live.

Menopause– The end of menstruation and fertility.

Page 37: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeAging and Intellectual FunctionsAging and Intellectual Functions

Memory and Forgetting – Cognitive abilities do not inevitably decline. – Some elderly may show declines on free-recall

tasks, however declines on tests of recognition memory are less likely.

– Memory declines may be due to impairments in sensory acuity and a slowing of neuronal processing.

Page 38: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeAging and Intellectual FunctionsAging and Intellectual Functions

The Alzheimer’s ProblemThe Alzheimer’s Problem Alzheimer’s Disease

– A progressive brain disorder that strikes older people, causing memory loss and other symptoms.

In the U.S., the projected number of Alzheimer’s patients is 14 million in 2050.

The cost is at least $100 billion per year.

Page 39: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeAging and Intellectual FunctionsAging and Intellectual Functions

Age Trends in IntelligenceAge Trends in Intelligence Fluid intelligence, which

includes inductive reasoning and spatial ability, declines steadily throughout middle and late adulthood.

Crystallized intelligence, which includes verbal ability and numeric ability, remains stable into the 70’s.

Page 40: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeAging and Intellectual FunctionsAging and Intellectual Functions

Timed vs. Untimed Vocabulary TestsTimed vs. Untimed Vocabulary Tests

Some abilities are less affected by age than are others. Scores declined only in the timed test.

Page 41: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeSocial and Personal DevelopmentSocial and Personal Development

Erikson’s Eight Stages of Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development - IDevelopment - I

Trust vs. Mistrust– Infancy (0-1 year)

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt– Toddler (1-2 years)

Initiative vs. Guilt– Preschool (3-5 years)

Industry vs. Inferiority– Elementary School (6-12 years)

Page 42: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeSocial and Personal DevelopmentSocial and Personal Development

Erikson’s Stages of Development - IIErikson’s Stages of Development - II Identity vs. Role confusion

– Adolescence (13-19 years)

Intimacy vs. Isolation– Young adulthood (20-40 years)

Generativity vs. Stagnation– Middle adulthood (40-65 years)

Integrity vs. Despair– Late adulthood (65 and older)

Page 43: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeSocial and Personal DevelopmentSocial and Personal Development

Life SatisfactionLife Satisfaction

In multiple cultures, 75-80% say they are satisfied with life.

Ratings of life satisfaction do not vary with age.

Page 44: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeSocial and Personal Dev.Social and Personal Dev.

Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem

Self-esteem is highest in childhood.

It drops sharply during adolescence.

It increases gradually during adulthood, peaks in the sixties, and declines in old age.

Page 45: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeDying and DeathDying and Death

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross proposed five stages in approaching death:– Denial (“It must be a mistake.”)– Anger (“It isn’t fair!”)– Bargaining (“Let me live longer and I’ll be a better

person.”)– Depression (“ I’ve lost everything important to me.”)– Acceptance (“What has to be, has to be.”)

Not everyone follows this sequence through the stages and all people do not experience all stages.

Page 46: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

PersonalityPersonality

Psychoanalysis

The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach

The Humanistic Approach

The Trait Approach

Page 47: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

PersonalityPersonality

The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “mask.”

Personality– An individual’s distinct and relatively

enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors

Page 48: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Freud’s Theory of PersonalityFreud’s Theory of Personality

Psychoanalysis– Freud’s theory of personality and method of psychotherapy, both of which assume that our motives are largely unconscious

Page 49: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Freud’s Theory of PersonalityFreud’s Theory of Personality The Structure of PersonalityThe Structure of Personality

Page 50: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Freud’s Theory of PersonalityFreud’s Theory of Personality

The Structure of PersonalityThe Structure of Personality

Id: Operates according to the pleasure principle – Primitive and unconscious, hidden from view– Contains basic drives

Ego: Operates according to the reality principle– Mediates the conflict between id and superego

Superego: Consists of moral ideals and conscience

Page 51: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis The Structure of PersonalityThe Structure of Personality

Pleasure Principle: – In psychoanalysis, the id’s boundless drive

for immediate gratification

Reality Principle– In psychoanalysis, the ego’s capacity to delay

gratification

Page 52: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisPsychosexual DevelopmentPsychosexual Development

Psychosexual Stages– Freud’s stages of personality development during

which pleasure is derived from different parts of the body

– Oral (the first year of life)– Anal (ages 2-3)– Phallic (ages 4-6)

When Oedipus complex and identification occur

– Latency period (ages 7-12)– Genital (starting at puberty)

Page 53: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis The Psychodynamics of The Psychodynamics of

PersonalityPersonality

Unconscious sexual and aggressive urges find acceptable forms of expression.

Page 54: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis The Dynamics of PersonalityThe Dynamics of Personality

To minimize the anxiety due to the conflict between the id and the superego, the ego uses defense mechanisms.– Unconscious methods of minimizing anxiety by denying

and distorting reality– Repression (forgetting)– Denial (ignoring)– Projection (attributing to others)– Reaction Formation (converting to its opposite)– Rationalization (making excuses)– Sublimation (channeling into acceptable outlets)

Page 55: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Freud’s LegacyFreud’s Legacy

Neo-Freudian TheoristsNeo-Freudian TheoristsCarl Jung

– Proposed the idea of a Collective Unconscious A kind of memory bank that stores images and

ideas that humans have accumulated over the course of evolution

Alfred Adler– Proposed the idea of the inferiority complex

and the notion that social conflicts are important in the development of personality.

Page 56: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Freud’s LegacyFreud’s Legacy

Neo-Freudian TheoristsNeo-Freudian TheoristsLater generations considered themselves

classical Freudians or expanded psychoanalysis in two directions.– One direction focused on social relationships.– The other direction enlarged the role of the ego.

Page 57: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Projective Personality TestsProjective Personality Tests

Projective Tests– Allow people to “project” unconscious needs,

wishes, and conflicts onto ambiguous stimuli

– RorschachA test in which people are asked to report what

they see in a set of inkblots

– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)A test in which people are asked to make up

stories from a set of ambiguous pictures

Page 58: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Thematic Apperception TestThematic Apperception Test

Sample Item– Tell a story of what is

happening in the picture

Page 59: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Current Perspectives on Current Perspectives on

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisThere are three major criticisms of

psychoanalysis:– The theory’s portrait of human nature is too

bleak. – The theory does not meet acceptable scientific

standards.– Research fails to support many of its

propositions.

Page 60: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Current Perspectives on Current Perspectives on

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

Two enduring aspects of the theory remain influential:– The view of the mind as an iceberg (i.e., the

importance of the unconscious). – The analysis of defense mechanisms, which is

supported throughout psychology in studies of attention, thinking, feeling, etc.

Page 61: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Cognitive The Cognitive Social-Learning ApproachSocial-Learning Approach

Cognitive Social-Learning Theory– An approach to personality that focuses on social learning (modeling), acquired cognitive factors (expectancies, values), and the person-situation interaction

Page 62: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Cognitive Social-Learning The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Approach

Principles of Learning and BehaviorPrinciples of Learning and BehaviorClassical ConditioningOperant Conditioning Stimulus GeneralizationDiscrimination Extinction

Page 63: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Cognitive Social-Learning The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Approach

Social-Learning TheorySocial-Learning Theory Modeling– The social-learning process by which behavior is

observed and imitated Locus of Control

– The expectancy that one’s reinforcements are generally controlled by internal or external factors

Self-Efficacy– The belief that one is capable of performing the

behaviors required to produce a desired outcome

Page 64: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Cognitive Social-Learning The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Approach

Perspectives on Cognitive Social Learning Perspectives on Cognitive Social Learning Theory Theory Reciprocal DeterminismReciprocal Determinism

Personality emerges from the mutual interactions of individuals, their actions, and their environments.

Page 65: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Humanistic ApproachThe Humanistic Approach

Humanistic Theory– An approach to personality that focuses on the self, subjective experience, and the capacity for fulfillment

Page 66: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Humanistic Approach The Humanistic Approach The Personality Theory of Carl The Personality Theory of Carl

RogersRogers

Page 67: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Humanistic Approach The Humanistic Approach Rogers’ TheoryRogers’ Theory

Unconditional Positive Regard– The acceptance and love one receives from

significant others is unqualified

Conditional Positive Regard– The acceptance and love one receives from

significant others is contingent upon one’s behavior

Page 68: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Humanistic Approach The Humanistic Approach Carl RogersCarl Rogers Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem

– A positive or negative evaluation of the self

Self-Schemas– Specific beliefs about the self that influence

how people interpret self-relevant information

Page 69: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Humanistic Approach The Humanistic Approach Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem

Self-Discrepancy TheorySelf-Discrepancy Theory

According to this theory, self-esteem is defined by the match between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves.

Page 70: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Humanistic Approach The Humanistic Approach Abraham MaslowAbraham Maslow

The State of Self-ActualizationThe State of Self-Actualization Csikszentmihalyi

studied this, based on Maslow’s writings.

A state of “flow” arises when engaging in activities demanding skill and challenge, but are not too difficult.

Flow, The Optimal Experience

Page 71: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Humanistic Approach The Humanistic Approach Perspectives on the Humanistic Perspectives on the Humanistic

ApproachApproach

Praise for the Humanistic Approach– For the idea that people are inherently good– For placing importance on conscious mental experience– For the idea that the self-concept is the heart of

personality

Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach– For taking people’s self-report statements at face value– For being too optimistic about human nature and ignoring

human capacity for evil

Page 72: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Trait ApproachThe Trait ApproachThe Building Blocks of The Building Blocks of

PersonalityPersonalityTrait

–A relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way

Five-factor Model– A model of personality that consists of five basic traits:

Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness,Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness

Page 73: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Trait ApproachThe Trait ApproachConstruction of InventoriesConstruction of Inventories

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)Inventory (MMPI)

– A large scale test designed to measure a multitude of psychological disorders and personality traits

– Most widely used personality instrument– Now the MMPI - 2– Used in clinical and employment settings– Easy to administer and relatively objective– Caution should be used when interpreting the

responses of people from different cultures

Page 74: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Trait ApproachThe Trait Approach MMPI Score Profile Showing Clinical ScalesMMPI Score Profile Showing Clinical Scales

Page 75: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Trait ApproachThe Trait ApproachBiological Roots of PersonalityBiological Roots of Personality

The “Big Five” personality dimensions were measured in 168 pairs of identical twins and 132 pairs of fraternal twins.

Results suggest that personality differences in the population are 40 to 50% genetically determined.

Page 76: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Trait ApproachThe Trait ApproachIntroversion and ExtraversionIntroversion and Extraversion

This is one of the most powerful dimensions of personality and is seen in infants, adults, and all over the world.

Extravert– A kind of person who seeks stimulation and is

sociable and impulsive

Introvert– A kind of person who avoids stimulation and is

low-key and cautious

Page 77: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence

The Trait ApproachThe Trait ApproachPerspectives: Do Traits Exist?Perspectives: Do Traits Exist?

Personality Consistency Across the LifespanPersonality Consistency Across the Lifespan

Evidence indicates that personality is least stable during childhood.

The consistency of personality increases with age.

Page 78: Development & Personality. Human Development Basic Developmental Questions Prenatal Development The Remarkable Newborn The Infant and Growing Child Adolescence