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Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia
CRedCarbon Reduction
Rotary District 9700Group Study Exchange
9th May 2008Energy and Climate Change Tour
N.K. Tovey (杜伟贤 ) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv
Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук
Energy Science Director CRed Project
HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation
Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal2007
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Welcome to the University of East Anglia
• School of Environmental Sciences• A 5** Research department• Rated in top 5 Environmental Sciences
Department in world• Rated Excellent in Teaching• Many World Renowned Centres
– Tyndall Centre, Climate Research Unit– CRed – Carbon Reduction Project– etc.– Zuckerman Institute for Connective
Environmental Research (ZICER)
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Original buildings
Teaching wall
Library
Student residences
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Nelson Court
Constable Terrace
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Low Energy Educational BuildingsDüşük Enerjili Eğitim Binaları
Elizabeth Fry Building
Elizabeth Fry Binası
ZICER
Nursing and Midwifery
Hemşirelik ve Ebelik Okulu
Medical SchoolTıp Fakültesi Binası
Medical School Phase 2 Tıp Fakültesi Binası 2. Evre
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The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994Elizabeth Fry Binası - 1994
Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~20% of average building at time.Significantly outperforms even latest Building Regulations.Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.
Maliyeti ~%6 daha fazla olsada, ısınma ihtiyacı zamanın ortalama binalarının ~%20’si.En son Bina Yönetmeliklerini bile büyük ölçüde aşmaktadır.
Tek bir ev tipi merkezi ısıtma kazanı ile çalışmaktadır.
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Conservation: management improvements –
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.
0
50
100
150
200
250
Elizabeth Fry Low Average
kWh/
m2/
yr
gas
electricity
thermal comfort +28%User Satisfaction
noise +26%
lighting +25%
air quality +36%
A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in
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ZICER Building
Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control.
Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor
Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.
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The ZICER Building - Description
• Four storeys high and a basement• Total floor area of 2860 sq.m• Two construction types
Main part of the building
• High in thermal mass • Air tight• High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity
Structural Engineers: Whitby Bird
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The ground floor open plan office
The first floor open plan office
The first floor cellular offices
11Air enters the internal
occupied space
Return stale air is extracted from each floor
Incoming air into
the AHU
Regenerative heat exchanger
Filter Heater
The air passes through hollow
cores in the ceiling slabs
The return air passes through the heat
exchanger
Out of the building
Operation of the Main Building• Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space
Space for future chilling
Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement.
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Importance of the Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
The concrete hollow core ceiling slabs are used to store heat and coolness at different times of the year to provide comfortable and stable temperatures
Cold air
Cold air
Draws out the heat accumulated during
the dayCools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day
Summer night
night ventilation/ free cooling
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Importance of the Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
The concrete hollow core ceiling slabs are used to store heat and coolness at different times of the year to provide comfortable and stable temperatures
Warm air
Warm air
Pre-cools the air before entering the
occupied space
The concrete absorbs and stores
the heat – like a radiator in reverse
Summer day
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Importance of the Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
The concrete hollow core ceiling slabs are used to store heat and coolness at different times of the year to provide comfortable and stable temperatures
Winter Day
The concrete slabs absorbs and
store heat
Heat is transferred to the air before entering
the room
Winter day
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Importance of the Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
The concrete hollow core ceiling slabs are used to store heat and coolness at different times of the year to provide comfortable and stable temperatures
Winter NightWhen the internal air temperature drops, heat stored in the
concrete is emitted back into the room
Winter night
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The Energy Signature from the Old and the New Heating Strategies
0
200
400
600
800
1000
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Mean external temperature over a 24 hour period (degrees C)
Hea
tin
g a
nd
ho
t-w
ate
r
con
sum
pti
on
(k
Wh
/24
ho
ur
per
iod
)
New Heating Strategy Original Heating Strategy
350
The space heating consumption has reduced by 57%
Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements
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• Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV
• Windows are semi transparent
• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays
• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays
ZICER Building
Photo shows only part of top
Floor
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Arrangement of Cells on Facade
Individual cells are connected horizontally
As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive
If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.
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Use of PV generated energy
Sometimes electricity is exportedInverters are only 91% efficient
Most use is for computers
DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficientNeed an integrated approach
Peak output is 34 kW
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Actual Situation excluding Grant
Actual Situation with Grant
Discount rate 3% 5% 7% 3% 5% 7%
Unit energy cost per kWh (£) 1.29 1.58 1.88 0.84 1.02 1.22
Avoided cost exc. the Grant
Avoided Costs with Grant
Discount rate 3% 5% 7% 3% 5% 7%
Unit energy cost per kWh (£) 0.57 0.70 0.83 0.12 0.14 0.16
Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000
Performance of PV cells on ZICER
Cost of Generated Electricity
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EngineGenerator
36% Electricity
50% Heat
GAS
Engine heat Exchanger
Exhaust Heat
Exchanger
11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses
86%
efficient
Localised generation makes use of waste heat.
Reduces conversion losses significantly
Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP
61% Flue Losses
36%
efficient
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Conversion efficiency improvements
1997/98 electricity gas oil Total
MWh 19895 35148 33
Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277
Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699
Electricity Heat
1999/2000
Total site
CHP generation
export import boilers CHP oil total
MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission
factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277
CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422
Before installation
After installation
This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Condenser
Evaporator
Throttle Valve
Heat rejected
Heat extracted for cooling
High TemperatureHigh Pressure
Low TemperatureLow Pressure
Heat from external source
Absorber
Desorber
Heat Exchanger
W ~ 0
Normal Chilling
Compressor
Adsorption Chilling
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A 1 MW Adsorption chiller
1 MW 吸附冷却器
• Reduces electricity demand in summer
• Increases electricity generated locally
• Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually
• Uses Waste Heat from CHP
• provides most of chilling requirements in summer
•从 CHP 中使用废热•在夏天提供绝大部分供冷需要
•减少夏天电耗•增加本地发电量•每年节约 ~500 吨二氧化碳
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Target Day
Results of the “Big Switch-Off”
With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?
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Conclusions• Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more,
but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years.
• Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat recovery is important.
• Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more.
• Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of electricity use in building to get the optimum value.
• Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly
• Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow increased generation of electricity locally.
• Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings
• The Future for UEA: Biomass CHP? Wind Turbines?
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher
"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."
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WEBSITE cred-uk.org/
This presentation is available from tomorrow at above WEB Site: follow Academic Links
Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) Energy Science Director
HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation
Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia
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