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Macromolecules
The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are:
1. PROTEINS
1. CARBOHYDRATES
1. LIPIDS
1. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Carbon Compounds
All compounds can be classified in two broad categories
Organic Compounds: contain the element carbon and at least one hydrogen atom.
Inorganic Compounds: do not contain the element carbon.
Carbon Bonding
Straight chains
Branched Chains Rings
A carbon atom has four valence electrons and is able to bond with most atom. This is why carbon can form many complex structures like…
Carbon Bonding
•Carbon can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds. •Each line between atoms in a molecular drawing represents one covalent bond.
Carbon Compounds
Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate.
• Hydroxyl: In alcohols, sugars, and amino acids- water soluble
• Ex: the –OH we used to make ethanol on wednesday
• Methyl: In fatty acid chains- insoluble in water
• Are these polar or non-polar?
Function groups important in Protein building blocks, aka Amino Acids
Carboxyl: Highly polar and acts as an acid (releases H+) Amino: Acts as a weak base (accepts H+)
Functional Groups
Phosphate: In ATP, DNA, RNA, many proteins, phospholipids- water soluble, acidic.
Functional Groups
Sulfhydryl: In amino acid cysteine; helps stabilize protein structure (at disulfide bridges).
Large Carbon Molecules
Many carbon compounds are built up from smaller, simpler molecules know as monomers.
•Monomers can bond to one another to form polymers, through a process called polymerization. A polymer is a molecule that consists of repeated, linked units.
Carbon Bonding
Dehydration synthesis removes OH and H during synthesis of a new molecule.
Hydrolysis breaks a covalent bond by adding OH and H.
Proteins
Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Proteins are the principle component of all cells.
Proteins, for example, makeup most of your skin, muscles, and many biological catalyst.
Proteins
Amino acids are the
monomers that makeup
proteins.
Amino acids are compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end.
More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature.
Proteins
All amino acids are
identical where they
join in covalent bonds.
This allows amino acids to join with any other amino acid.
The portion of the amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group. R-groups can be complex or simple.
Enzymes: proteins that control the rate of reactions
Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its specific substrate (the reactant being catalyzed).
The active site is the folded region on the enzyme that fits together with the substrate.
Carbohydrates
Composed of the elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.
Plants (and some animals) use carbohydrates for structural (support) purposes.
Carbohydrates
Breaking down sugars provides immediate energy for the cell.
The formula for glucose is C6H12O6
Living things store extra complex carbohydrates (sugar) in the form of glycogen
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules.
Examples: Glucose- main source of energy
Galactose- found in milk
Fructose- found in fruit
Carbohydrates
Disaccharides consist of two sugars linked together. Examples:
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = galactose + glucose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides are large macromolecules formed from many monosaccharides.
Animals store extra polysaccharides in the form of glycogen and it is held in the liver or muscles and is ready to be used for quick energy.
Carbohydrates
Plants store extra polysaccharides in the form of starch or as cellulose.
Starch is similar to glycogen
Cellulose gives strength and rigidity to plant cells, makes up 50% of wood.
Lipids
Lipids, also called fats, are biomolecules that are usually not soluble in water.
Lipids can be used to store energy and are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
Lipids
Common categories of lipids are: fatty acids, waxes, and steroids.
Lipids form when a glycerol molecule combines with several molecules called fatty acids.
Lipids
If each Carbon atom has bonded with the maximum number of Hydrogen atoms, the lipid is said to be saturated.
Saturated fats are solid at room temperature. For example: butter and fats in red meat.
Lipids
If there is at least on Carbon-Carbon double bond in a fatty acid, the lipid is said to be unsaturated.
Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than on double bond is said to be polyunsaturated.
Lipids
Unsaturated fats, like olive oil, are liquid at room temperature. Some examples are: vegetable oils, corn, sunflower, and soy.
Lipids
The hydrophilic “head” is water loving while the hydrophobic “tail” is water hating.
Phospholipids are components of cell membranes
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are “giant molecules”, polymers which contain the elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and hydrogen.
Nucleic acids are polymers. Polymers are
made of monomers. The monomers
that make up nucleic acids are called
nucleotides.
Nucleic Acids
When several nucleotides join by covalent bonds, a polynucleotide is formed. A polynucleotide is also called a nucleic acid
Nucleic Acids store and
transmit genetic material,
or genetic information.
Nucleic Acids
The two kinds of nucleic acids are:
A. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
B. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides are made of three parts
A. Nitrogen containing base
B. Phosphate group
C. 5 carbon sugar
The Energy Currency Nucleotide
Life processes require a constant supply of energy. This energy is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure.
One of these compounds is the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
O P E N E R :
F I N I S H N O T E S
A G E N D A :
1 . F I N I S H D I S C U S S I N G B I O M O L E C U L E S
2 . B I O M O L E C U L E S O N C E L L M E M B R A N E S
3 . D I F F U S I O N T H R O U G H M E M B R A N E D E M O
4 . N A M E G A M E ? ? ? ! ! !
H O M E W O R K :
N A D A ! ! !
AP Biology “What biomolecules do we find in cell membranes?”
9/27/12
Lipids
The hydrophilic “head” is water loving while the hydrophobic “tail” is water hating.
Phospholipids are components of cell membranes
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are “giant molecules”, polymers which contain the elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and hydrogen.
Nucleic acids are polymers. Polymers are
made of monomers. The monomers
that make up nucleic acids are called
nucleotides.
Nucleic Acids
When several nucleotides join by covalent bonds, a polynucleotide is formed. A polynucleotide is also called a nucleic acid
Nucleic Acids store and
transmit genetic material,
or genetic information.
Nucleic Acids
The two kinds of nucleic acids are:
A. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
B. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides are made of three parts
A. Nitrogen containing base
B. Phosphate group
C. 5 carbon sugar
The Energy Currency Nucleotide
Life processes require a constant supply of energy. This energy is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure.
One of these compounds is the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Lipids
The hydrophilic “head” is water loving while the hydrophobic “tail” is water hating.
Phospholipids are components of cell membranes
Lipid Bilayer Cell Membrane
Biomolecules on Cell Membrane
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