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ULAANBAATAR CITY’S AIR POLLUTION – SOURCE APORTIONMENT -
MANAGEMENT
S.Lodoysamba, National University of Mongolia
Contents
• Air pollution of Ulaanbaatar City,
• What is main sources of pollution,
• Management of mitigation of UB air pollution
2
Management of air pollution mitigation
3
•Ends with measurement.
•Starts from measurements,
• Air pollution concentration,
• Identification and apportionment of pollution sources,
• Modeling,
• Health impact study,
• Air pollution mitigation scenarios,
• Health benefit calculation
• Planning a target,
• Activity
• Monitoring
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Ozone (03)
Main Air Quality Indicators
- Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)- Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
- PM (Particulate Matter) PM10- PM 2.5
Particulate Matter Distribution
Health Effect of PM
• Position of sampler:
UB City- Nuclear Research Center
Zuun Ail
3 Horoolol
• Duration: 2004.10 – 2009. 6
• Flow rate of sampler: 16 l/мin (18-14)
• Height of sampling: 1.6м, 6m, 4m
• Sampling frequency: Twice a week
• Sampler: GENT Sampler with Polycarbonate filters • Type of analysis: PIXE• ВС measurement: Reflectometer• Number of samples: 400 (2004-2006)• Data interpretation was made using software EPA PMF1.1(USA)
PIXE analysis were done in the New Zealand Institute of Geosciences and Nuclear Sciences, 30 elements are analysed
Methodology
Sampling site number
Characteristics Site positionPM size fraction
Height of sampling
head from the ground (m)
Remarks
1
Kosa Monitor (Japanese make), Measures PM10 and PM2.5. Beta absorption.. Continuous
monitoring. Gives hourly values.
106o54,704
47o55,220
PM10 and PM2.5
20
2, 3
GENT Sampler, Schulberger Model 250, Measures PM10-2.5
and PM2.5. Polycarbonate (nuclepore) filters.
106o58,311
47o54,811
PM10-2.5 and PM2.5
1.6;6
Elemental analysis, Black
carbon determination
4, 7, 8
Dust Trak-8520, measures PM2.5 or PM10. Laser light
scattering. Continuous monitoring; Gives hourly values.
106o54,159
47o54,719PM2.5 3;2;3
5
Rotary Bebicon, Type 35RC-28SD5 (Japanese make).
Measures PM10, 15 l/min, filter.
106o52,967
47o53,64PM10
3
Replaced by EcoTech monitor
(beta absorption)
from Nov.2008
6Partisol FRM-Model 2000,
Measures PM10, 16.7 l/min, filter (nuclepore).
106o52,167
47o55,582PM10 4
Elemental analysis, Black
carbon determination
Used samplers
•ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND HEALTH IMPACT BASELINE (AMHIB) FROM AIR POLLUTION IN ULAANBAATAR (UB) CITY, MONGOLIA.
World Bank Contract 7146873, 2008-2009
Projects
• АГААРЫН ЧАНАР БА БОХИРДОЛЫН ЗӨӨГДЛИЙГ СУДЛАХ Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв, 2006-2008
• АГААРЫН БОХИРДЛЫН ҮҮСГҮҮР, ТЭДНИЙ БОХИРДОЛД ОРУУЛЖ БУЙ ХУВИЙГ РМ2,5, РМ10 АРГААР ТОДОРХОЙЛОХ СУДАЛГАА Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв, 2009-2011
• RCA/ IAEA PROJECT IMPROVED INFORMATION ABOUT URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT,RAS/7/013, 2004-2007
• CHARACTERIZATION AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE ASIA REGION RAS/7/015, 2007-2010
• TA - 7462 (MON) : ULAANBAATAR CLEAN AIR
2010-2011
•Evaluation of Air pollution mitigation in Ulaanbaatar City and its Health Impact
2012-2013
• Measuring and sharing PM2.5 through Social Media
2013-2014
Sampling Sites
MonthsNAMHEM
(1)NRC(2)
Zuun ail (3)
CLEM (5)
3 khoroolol (6)
Average
Jun-08 28.9 160.2 154.3 120.0 187.3 130.2Jul-08 7.2 126.7 112.5 17.6 56.4 64.1Aug-08 238.0 179.1 27.9 85.4 132.6Sep-08 8.0 221.4 131.4 38.8 70.4 94.0Oct-08 37.7 223.1 127.6 79.6 161.2 125.8Nov-08 128.5 365.8 673.2 112.9 800.8 416.2Dec-08 277.5 180.2 926.8 61.4 693.5 427.9Jan-09 173.7 200.1 1850.0 65.8 932.3 644.4Feb-09 115.4 302.1 1007.3 86.0 463.7 394.9Mar-09 62.5 205.2 488.6 63.7 358.2 235.6Apr-09 34.0 316.0 300.2 59.8 272.8 196.5May-09 32.5 501.2 739.3 33.6 183.1 297.9Annual averag
e82.3 253.3 557.5 63.91 355.4 262.5
Months NAMHEM
(1)NRC
(2)Zuun ail
(3)6 buudal
(4)Bayan
hoshuu (7)Airport
(8)Avera
ge
Jun-08 16.9 29.0 25.5 84.6 169.3 65.1Jul-08 1.2 21.7 13.3 12.1Aug-08 5.7 64.9 48.7 39.7Sep-08 8.0 18.8 37.9 37.3 47.0 37.6 31.1Oct-08 38.1 46.3 38.7 281.3 498.3 184.7 181.2Nov-08 81.4 121.6 330.6 527.3 567.5 406.3 339.1Dec-08 224.5 106.9 575.5 1205.1 1421.2 892.9 737.7Jan-09 138.3 121.3 1291.1 858.5 1536.1 514.5 743.3Feb-09 99.6 141.4 358.1 342.4 971.3 413.3 387.7Mar-09 45.3 80.1 345.5 179.3 321.0 207.3 196.4Apr-09 25.2 128.8 119.6 93.9 137.3 91.8 99.4May-09 24.3 279.3 370.8 41.9 58.9 52.9 138.0Annual average
59.1 96.7 296.3 365.2 617.6 297.1 288.6
PM10, PM2.5 Concentrations
PM10 PM2.5
PM 10 Concentration
PM 10 Concentration Time Series
PM 2.5 Concentration
PM 2.5 Concentration Time Series
PM10 PM2.5
Monthly Average Concentrations
Average Concentration Measured
Average Concentration Calculated
Area РМ10 (g/m3)
РМ2.5 (g/m3) Exceedence
Central part UB
300 150 6
Ger area UB
350-900300-620
7-18
Site No Site name PM2.5 PM10
2 NRC 96.7 253.3
3 Zuun ail 296.3 557.5
4 6 Buudal 365.2 -
6 3 khoroolol - 355.4
7 Bayanhoshuu 617.6 -
8 Airport 297.1 -
Average all stations
334.6 388.7
Monthly Average Concentrations
Monthly Average Concentrations
350-900
Polluted Ulaanbaatar
19
20
21
Chemical Analysis Set-up
Experimental setup of the New Zealand Institute of Geosciences and Nuclear Sciences
PMF mass vs Gravimetric mass
ElementsArithmetic
MeanStdDev Median Maximum Minimum
Samples > LODa S/N
PM 2.5 51800 91400 28200 1210000 5700 BC 7290 10454 4242 94206 680 235 2.75Na 290 425 112 2642 0 88 0.13Mg 326 276 235 2083 31 200 0.62Al 1150 1224 745 7627 0 227 0.81Si 2305 1740 1871 10554 129 236 17.2S 1969 3978 900 40079 125 236 17.55Cl 139 133 88 849 12 236 2.14K 324 239 243 1558 35 235 7Ca 789 559 652 3194 50 236 11.92Ti 37 33 28 156 0 191 0.27Mn 15 14 11 65 0 178 0.18Fe 523 388 416 2150 26 236 0.62Cu 10 29 3 373 0 105 0.21Zn 44 54 30 400 0 213 0.55Pb 31 73 7 525 0 50 0.08
Elemental Concentrations (ng/m3)
PM 2.5 PROFILES
SourcePM2.5 mass
μg/ m3
Soil 5.0 (0.3)a
Coal combustion 1 12.2(1.6)
Coal combustion 2 11.5(0.9)
Motor vehicles 1.9(0.2)
Biomass burning 1.1 (0.1)
Road dust 2.9 (0.2)
Zinc 0.6(0.1)
Mass Contribution PM2.5 (Example NRC)
45%
34%
10%
11%Source contribution PM10-2.5 NRC
Soil 1
Soil 2
Combustion
Road dust
3% 5%
91%
1%
Source contribution PM10-2.5 No3
Coal combustion
Motor vehicles+Road dust
Soil
Biomass burning
3%5%
3% 2%
87%
ContributionPM2.5 in site No3(Zuun ail)-a
Motor vehicles+Road dust
Combustion 1
Soil
Biomass burning
Combustion2
Pollution Source Apportionment
12%
16%
27%
45%
PM10 in 3 khoroolol
Soil
Biomass burning
Motor vehicles+Road dust
Combustion1
Pollution Source Apportionment PM10
Daily time Series of PM concentrations(Example TV site, GTZ station)
Working days Weekend
30
Toxic Elements
Time Series of Toxic Elements
Concentrations AQIOzone 14.3 g/m3 Ozone 6PM2.5 150.0 g/m3 PM2.5 200PM10 300.0 g/m3 PM10 173CO 2214 g/m3 CO 21SO2 18.1 g/m3 SO2 10NOx 30.0 g/m3 NOx 0
AQIConditional pollutant PM2.5 200
Average of WORST two 187
Average of ALL 82
Concentrations AQIOzone 14.3 g/m3 Ozone 6PM2.5 500.0 g/m3 PM2.5 500PM10 625.0 g/m3 PM10 582CO 2214 g/m3 CO 21SO2 18.1 g/m3 SO2 10NOx 30.0 g/m3 NOx 0
AQIConditional pollutant PM10 582
Average of WORST two 541
Average of ALL 224
General public at greater risk; groups at greatest risk
201 - 300Very Unhealthy
General public at risk; groups at greater risk
151 - 200Unhealthy
Identifiable groups at risk –different groups for different pollutants
101 - 150Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Unusually sensitive individuals (ozone)
51 - 100Moderate
No message0 - 50Good
Risk MessageAQIDescriptor
General public at greater risk; groups at greatest risk
201 - 300Very Unhealthy
General public at risk; groups at greater risk
151 - 200Unhealthy
Identifiable groups at risk –different groups for different pollutants
101 - 150Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Unusually sensitive individuals (ozone)
51 - 100Moderate
No message0 - 50Good
Risk MessageAQIDescriptor
Air Quality Index
Center UB Ger Area UB
Main pollution sources are:• PM10- Soil erosion, Combustion, Motor vehichle, Biomass burning,
• PM2.5- Coal combustion, Motor Vehicle+Road dust, Biomass burning, Soil
Ulaanbaatar is most polluted capital city of the world; @ 50% of PM concentrations corresponds to ignition phase
(cold start) and reloading of stoves;
There is presence of toxic elements: Hg, Ni, V, F, Cl, Br, As
in the air;
Pb in the air is below the standard;
AQI is 82 (Moderate) in the Central area and more than
200(Very unhealthy) in the Ger areas;
Conclusion 1
34
35
STOVE EMISSION AND EFFICIENCY TESTING LABORATORY
Testing stoves
36
Data acquisition system
37
SEET Lab. Diagram
38
Agile n t 3 00 0 Micro GC
Warn i ng Hot su rfaces
1 31 0 0
1 38 2 9
1 38 1 5
1 38 1 8
1 38 1 2
1 36 8 4
To atmosphere
Temperaturemeasurement
Gas analyzer
Ethernet Hub
Dust Trak
Mass recorderElectronic scale
Computeranalysis
Stove
Chimney
Thermocouple
Gas sampling
Operator room
Gases
40
Temperature Measurements
41
Particle Measurement
42
MONGOL STOVE
BLUD Mode of Mongol Stove
MODIFIED MONGOL STOVE
GTZ-7.5 STOVE
• PM Emission can be reduced more than 99% using raw coal,
• The PM emissions are so low that for much of the time the improved stove substantially cleans the ambient air that passes through it. The chimney gases are usually cleaner than the outdoor air.
Conclusion 2
Air Pollution Concentration reductions due to emission reduction scenarios.
• PM emissions needs to be reduced with about 94% to reach Mongolias own air quality standards for PM10:
Annual Health Benefits From Abatement Scenarios- benefits of different solutions accrue at different times.
The Cost of Delaying Short Term Measures: The decisive Argument for the project!
Some of the Lessons:-Paid off to make a full-scale AQM study.-Most critical argument for getting actual the projects through: -- Health Impacts (physical & economic). -- Cost effectiveness of abatement options, Cost of Inaction.-- Comparing concentration levels with other countries/cities.
Comparison of PM concentration at Zuun ail
Good News
Good, but not very good(NRC 2004-2012)
Thank You for Your Attention!
XRF Spectrometer SPECTRO Xepos, GENT, GRIMM
Samplers
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