1

ULAANBAATAR CITY’S AIR POLLUTION – SOURCE APORTIONMENT -

MANAGEMENT

S.Lodoysamba, National University of Mongolia

Contents

• Air pollution of Ulaanbaatar City,

• What is main sources of pollution,

• Management of mitigation of UB air pollution

2

Management of air pollution mitigation

3

•Ends with measurement.

•Starts from measurements,

• Air pollution concentration,

• Identification and apportionment of pollution sources,

• Modeling,

• Health impact study,

• Air pollution mitigation scenarios,

• Health benefit calculation

• Planning a target,

• Activity

• Monitoring

- Carbon Monoxide (CO)

- Ozone (03)

Main Air Quality Indicators

- Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)- Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

- PM (Particulate Matter) PM10- PM 2.5

Particulate Matter Distribution

Health Effect of PM

• Position of sampler:

UB City- Nuclear Research Center

Zuun Ail

3 Horoolol

• Duration: 2004.10 – 2009. 6

• Flow rate of sampler: 16 l/мin (18-14)

• Height of sampling: 1.6м, 6m, 4m

• Sampling frequency: Twice a week

• Sampler: GENT Sampler with Polycarbonate filters • Type of analysis: PIXE• ВС measurement: Reflectometer• Number of samples: 400 (2004-2006)• Data interpretation was made using software EPA PMF1.1(USA)

PIXE analysis were done in the New Zealand Institute of Geosciences and Nuclear Sciences, 30 elements are analysed

Methodology

Sampling site number

Characteristics Site positionPM size fraction

Height of sampling

head from the ground (m)

Remarks

1

Kosa Monitor (Japanese make), Measures PM10 and PM2.5. Beta absorption.. Continuous

monitoring. Gives hourly values.

106o54,704

47o55,220

PM10 and PM2.5

20

2, 3

GENT Sampler, Schulberger Model 250, Measures PM10-2.5

and PM2.5. Polycarbonate (nuclepore) filters.

106o58,311

47o54,811

PM10-2.5 and PM2.5

1.6;6

Elemental analysis, Black

carbon determination

4, 7, 8

Dust Trak-8520, measures PM2.5 or PM10. Laser light

scattering. Continuous monitoring; Gives hourly values.

106o54,159

47o54,719PM2.5 3;2;3

5

Rotary Bebicon, Type 35RC-28SD5 (Japanese make).

Measures PM10, 15 l/min, filter.

106o52,967

47o53,64PM10

3

Replaced by EcoTech monitor

(beta absorption)

from Nov.2008

6Partisol FRM-Model 2000,

Measures PM10, 16.7 l/min, filter (nuclepore).

106o52,167

47o55,582PM10 4

Elemental analysis, Black

carbon determination

Used samplers

•ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND HEALTH IMPACT BASELINE (AMHIB) FROM AIR POLLUTION IN ULAANBAATAR (UB) CITY, MONGOLIA.

World Bank Contract 7146873, 2008-2009

Projects

• АГААРЫН ЧАНАР БА БОХИРДОЛЫН ЗӨӨГДЛИЙГ СУДЛАХ Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв, 2006-2008

• АГААРЫН БОХИРДЛЫН ҮҮСГҮҮР, ТЭДНИЙ БОХИРДОЛД ОРУУЛЖ БУЙ ХУВИЙГ РМ2,5, РМ10 АРГААР ТОДОРХОЙЛОХ СУДАЛГАА Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв, 2009-2011

• RCA/ IAEA PROJECT IMPROVED INFORMATION ABOUT URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT,RAS/7/013, 2004-2007

• CHARACTERIZATION AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE ASIA REGION RAS/7/015, 2007-2010

• TA - 7462 (MON) : ULAANBAATAR CLEAN AIR

2010-2011

•Evaluation of Air pollution mitigation in Ulaanbaatar City and its Health Impact

2012-2013

• Measuring and sharing PM2.5 through Social Media

2013-2014

Sampling Sites

MonthsNAMHEM

(1)NRC(2)

Zuun ail (3)

CLEM (5)

3 khoroolol (6)

Average

Jun-08 28.9 160.2 154.3 120.0 187.3 130.2Jul-08 7.2 126.7 112.5 17.6 56.4 64.1Aug-08   238.0 179.1 27.9 85.4 132.6Sep-08 8.0 221.4 131.4 38.8 70.4 94.0Oct-08 37.7 223.1 127.6 79.6 161.2 125.8Nov-08 128.5 365.8 673.2 112.9 800.8 416.2Dec-08 277.5 180.2 926.8 61.4 693.5 427.9Jan-09 173.7 200.1 1850.0 65.8 932.3 644.4Feb-09 115.4 302.1 1007.3 86.0 463.7 394.9Mar-09 62.5 205.2 488.6 63.7 358.2 235.6Apr-09 34.0 316.0 300.2 59.8 272.8 196.5May-09 32.5 501.2 739.3 33.6 183.1 297.9Annual averag

e82.3 253.3 557.5 63.91 355.4 262.5

Months NAMHEM

(1)NRC

(2)Zuun ail

(3)6 buudal

(4)Bayan

hoshuu (7)Airport

(8)Avera

ge

Jun-08 16.9 29.0 25.5 84.6   169.3 65.1Jul-08 1.2 21.7 13.3       12.1Aug-08 5.7 64.9 48.7       39.7Sep-08 8.0 18.8 37.9 37.3 47.0 37.6 31.1Oct-08 38.1 46.3 38.7 281.3 498.3 184.7 181.2Nov-08 81.4 121.6 330.6 527.3 567.5 406.3 339.1Dec-08 224.5 106.9 575.5 1205.1 1421.2 892.9 737.7Jan-09 138.3 121.3 1291.1 858.5 1536.1 514.5 743.3Feb-09 99.6 141.4 358.1 342.4 971.3 413.3 387.7Mar-09 45.3 80.1 345.5 179.3 321.0 207.3 196.4Apr-09 25.2 128.8 119.6 93.9 137.3 91.8 99.4May-09 24.3 279.3 370.8 41.9 58.9 52.9 138.0Annual average

59.1 96.7 296.3 365.2 617.6 297.1 288.6

PM10, PM2.5 Concentrations

PM10 PM2.5

PM 10 Concentration

PM 10 Concentration Time Series

PM 2.5 Concentration

PM 2.5 Concentration Time Series

PM10 PM2.5

Monthly Average Concentrations

Average Concentration Measured

Average Concentration Calculated

Area РМ10 (g/m3)

РМ2.5 (g/m3) Exceedence

Central part UB

300 150 6

Ger area UB

350-900300-620

7-18

Site No Site name PM2.5 PM10

2 NRC 96.7 253.3

3 Zuun ail 296.3 557.5

4 6 Buudal 365.2 -

6 3 khoroolol - 355.4

7 Bayanhoshuu 617.6 -

8 Airport 297.1 -

Average all stations

334.6 388.7

Monthly Average Concentrations

Monthly Average Concentrations

350-900

Polluted Ulaanbaatar

19

20

21

Chemical Analysis Set-up

Experimental setup of the New Zealand Institute of Geosciences and Nuclear Sciences

PMF mass vs Gravimetric mass

ElementsArithmetic

MeanStdDev Median Maximum Minimum

Samples > LODa S/N

PM 2.5 51800 91400 28200 1210000 5700    BC 7290 10454 4242 94206 680 235 2.75Na 290 425 112 2642 0 88 0.13Mg 326 276 235 2083 31 200 0.62Al 1150 1224 745 7627 0 227 0.81Si 2305 1740 1871 10554 129 236 17.2S 1969 3978 900 40079 125 236 17.55Cl 139 133 88 849 12 236 2.14K 324 239 243 1558 35 235 7Ca 789 559 652 3194 50 236 11.92Ti 37 33 28 156 0 191 0.27Mn 15 14 11 65 0 178 0.18Fe 523 388 416 2150 26 236 0.62Cu 10 29 3 373 0 105 0.21Zn 44 54 30 400 0 213 0.55Pb 31 73 7 525 0 50 0.08

Elemental Concentrations (ng/m3)

PM 2.5 PROFILES

SourcePM2.5 mass

μg/ m3

Soil 5.0 (0.3)a

Coal combustion 1 12.2(1.6)

Coal combustion 2 11.5(0.9)

Motor vehicles 1.9(0.2)

Biomass burning 1.1 (0.1)

Road dust 2.9 (0.2)

Zinc 0.6(0.1)

Mass Contribution PM2.5 (Example NRC)

45%

34%

10%

11%Source contribution PM10-2.5 NRC

Soil 1

Soil 2

Combustion

Road dust

3% 5%

91%

1%

Source contribution PM10-2.5 No3

Coal combustion

Motor vehicles+Road dust

Soil

Biomass burning

3%5%

3% 2%

87%

ContributionPM2.5 in site No3(Zuun ail)-a

Motor vehicles+Road dust

Combustion 1

Soil

Biomass burning

Combustion2

Pollution Source Apportionment

12%

16%

27%

45%

PM10 in 3 khoroolol

Soil

Biomass burning

Motor vehicles+Road dust

Combustion1

Pollution Source Apportionment PM10

Daily time Series of PM concentrations(Example TV site, GTZ station)

Working days Weekend

30

Toxic Elements

Time Series of Toxic Elements

Concentrations AQIOzone 14.3 g/m3 Ozone 6PM2.5 150.0 g/m3 PM2.5 200PM10 300.0 g/m3 PM10 173CO 2214 g/m3 CO 21SO2 18.1 g/m3 SO2 10NOx 30.0 g/m3 NOx 0

AQIConditional pollutant PM2.5 200

Average of WORST two   187

Average of ALL   82

Concentrations AQIOzone 14.3 g/m3 Ozone 6PM2.5 500.0 g/m3 PM2.5 500PM10 625.0 g/m3 PM10 582CO 2214 g/m3 CO 21SO2 18.1 g/m3 SO2 10NOx 30.0 g/m3 NOx 0

AQIConditional pollutant PM10 582

Average of WORST two   541

Average of ALL   224

General public at greater risk; groups at greatest risk

201 - 300Very Unhealthy

General public at risk; groups at greater risk

151 - 200Unhealthy

Identifiable groups at risk –different groups for different pollutants

101 - 150Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups

Unusually sensitive individuals (ozone)

51 - 100Moderate

No message0 - 50Good

Risk MessageAQIDescriptor

General public at greater risk; groups at greatest risk

201 - 300Very Unhealthy

General public at risk; groups at greater risk

151 - 200Unhealthy

Identifiable groups at risk –different groups for different pollutants

101 - 150Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups

Unusually sensitive individuals (ozone)

51 - 100Moderate

No message0 - 50Good

Risk MessageAQIDescriptor

Air Quality Index

Center UB Ger Area UB

Main pollution sources are:• PM10- Soil erosion, Combustion, Motor vehichle, Biomass burning,

• PM2.5- Coal combustion, Motor Vehicle+Road dust, Biomass burning, Soil

Ulaanbaatar is most polluted capital city of the world; @ 50% of PM concentrations corresponds to ignition phase

(cold start) and reloading of stoves;

There is presence of toxic elements: Hg, Ni, V, F, Cl, Br, As

in the air;

Pb in the air is below the standard;

AQI is 82 (Moderate) in the Central area and more than

200(Very unhealthy) in the Ger areas;

Conclusion 1

34

35

STOVE EMISSION AND EFFICIENCY TESTING LABORATORY

Testing stoves

36

Data acquisition system

37

SEET Lab. Diagram

38

Agile n t 3 00 0 Micro GC

Warn i ng Hot su rfaces

1 31 0 0

1 38 2 9

1 38 1 5

1 38 1 8

1 38 1 2

1 36 8 4

To atmosphere

Temperaturemeasurement

Gas analyzer

Ethernet Hub

Dust Trak

Mass recorderElectronic scale

Computeranalysis

Stove

Chimney

Thermocouple

Gas sampling

Operator room

Gases

40

Temperature Measurements

41

Particle Measurement

42

MONGOL STOVE

BLUD Mode of Mongol Stove

MODIFIED MONGOL STOVE

GTZ-7.5 STOVE

• PM Emission can be reduced more than 99% using raw coal,

• The PM emissions are so low that for much of the time the improved stove substantially cleans the ambient air that passes through it. The chimney gases are usually cleaner than the outdoor air.

Conclusion 2

Air Pollution Concentration reductions due to emission reduction scenarios.

• PM emissions needs to be reduced with about 94% to reach Mongolias own air quality standards for PM10:

Annual Health Benefits From Abatement Scenarios- benefits of different solutions accrue at different times.

The Cost of Delaying Short Term Measures: The decisive Argument for the project!

Some of the Lessons:-Paid off to make a full-scale AQM study.-Most critical argument for getting actual the projects through: -- Health Impacts (physical & economic). -- Cost effectiveness of abatement options, Cost of Inaction.-- Comparing concentration levels with other countries/cities.

Comparison of PM concentration at Zuun ail

Good News

Good, but not very good(NRC 2004-2012)

Thank You for Your Attention!

XRF Spectrometer SPECTRO Xepos, GENT, GRIMM

Samplers