© T. M. Whitmore Today Problems with urban growth (partial review) The urban economy Migration

© T. M. Whitmore

Today

•Problems with urban growth (partial review)

•The urban economy

•Migration

© T. M. Whitmore

Questions?

•DemographyReview mortality & fertilityAge structure

•Population distributions

•Urban systems in Latin America

© T. M. Whitmore

Problems with urban growth I•Housing

First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums

Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city

Often close juxtaposition of rich and poor

•Some planned attempts to deal with this

•New trends

© T. M. Whitmore

Problems with urban growth II•Subsidy and Sink effects

•Congestion

•Pollution

•Loss of urban open space

•Poor provision of basic services

•Export of problems

•Poverty generally

•Employment not always good

© T. M. Whitmore

Problems with urban growth III

•Self-help (often squatter) housingMany names: Favelas (Brazil),

colonias proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc.

2nd destination of R migrantSeen as places of permanence25-40% of total pop in some citiesInitially settlements lack

infrastructureA main characteristic is

improvement

Mexico City country club

Mexican stock exchange

© T. M. Whitmore

Elite housing, Santo Domingo

© T. M. WhitmoreWealthy homes in Morelia, Mexico

© Pearson Education – Prentice HallElite house Cuidad Juarez

© W.H. Freeman & Co.

Planned new housing area in Mexico City

Nezahualcoyotl:Planned housing area in Mexico City

Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people

Squatter housing in Mexico City

Mexico City inner city

© Pearson Education – Prentice HallSquatters outside Lima

© W.H. Freeman & Co.

© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR

© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo

© T. M. Whitmore

Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo

© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Lima

© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico

© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Saltillo

© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, MexicoEntire complex has > 10,000!

Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador© Brad Jokish

Mexico City on a rare clear day

More typical Mexico City day

© T. M. WhitmoreUrban water, Santo Domingo

© T. M. WhitmoreUrban water, Santo Domingo

© T. M. WhitmoreSubsidence in Mexico City

© T. M. Whitmore

Subsidence in Mexico City

© T. M. Whitmore

The urban economy•Dual system

Formalcorporate, government, commerce, and major businesses

Minority of jobs?Informal

services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc.

Majority of jobs?

© T. M. Whitmore

Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa

© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Saltillo

Informal sector economy

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo

Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo

Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers

© T. M. Whitmore

Migration-the 3rd part of demography•Definitions of migration

More-or-less permanent change in the locus of one’s life

Must cross political boundary•“Circulation” a temporary change in

residence

© T. M. Whitmore

Migration — 4 major types

•1st type: International within Latin America

•2nd type: International to and from Latin America

•3rd type rural => rural migration•4th type rural => urban migration

© T. M. Whitmore

International migration within Latin America

•Mostly labor circulation flows

• Industrial and urban destinations

•Rural origin to urban destination

© T. M. Whitmore

International to and from Latin America

•Colonial immigrations10s of thousands of IberiansForced migration of ~10 m Africans

•19th century immigrationsEuropeans to S Brazil, Argentina,

Uruguay, Costa Rica•Contemporary emigrations

(e.g., Caribbean, Ecuador, to el Norte)

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

Example of International migration: Mexicans to US

•N limits of Mexico

•Loss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s

•Post-Mexican war in 1880s

•1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in US

© T. M. Whitmore

Example of International migration: Mexicans to US II

•1940s -1960s => Bracero program

•1980s and beyondIssue of illegal (undocumented)

•Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled since 1880sIssue of remittances

•Spatial patterns of migration