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INTRODUCTION TO

STORAGE TANK

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Heidary.roohollah@hedcoint.com

MD DEPARTMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

Introduction Applicable code Parts of AST Types of AST Construction Typical damages of AST Cryogenic storage tank

INTRODUCTION

Storage tanks are a familiar part of our industrial landscape. They are used to store a multitude of different products and come in a range of sizes, from small to truly gigantic.

The ability to store large quantities of liquid and gaseous products was an essential element in the development of a number of industries.

More recently the liquid natural gas (LNG) trade, accounting for the bringing to markets of some 20% of the world’s natural gas, would not be possible without the development of large scale cryogenic storage units at both export and import terminals.

APPLICABLE CODE

Storage Tank Design

ATM

AWA

API 650

P<2.5 Psi

BS CODE 2654

EN 14015

LPT

API 6202.5

< P < 15 Psi

EN 1462

0

PARTS OF TANK

Bottom Shell Roof Annular plate Wind girder Stairway Flash type-clean out

fitting Rafter Girder Water spray sys.

PARTS OF TANK (ANNULAR PLATE)

PARTS OF TANK (ST.RING, STAIRWAY, FLASH TYPE…

PARTS OF TANK (WATER SPRAY SYS.)

PARTS OF TANK (RAFTER , GIRDER)

TYPES OF ABOVE GROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK

√ Foundation constructionShape of the bottomType of the foundation construction

√ Double bottomMaterialDetection

√ Fixed roofshapeSupporting

√ Floating roofpositionconstruction

TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FOUNDATION)

Foundation constructionShape of the bottom

cone up cone downflat with slopeflat without slop

TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FOUNDATION)

Foundation constructionType of the foundation construction

earth foundations without a ringwallreinforced concrete ring wall foundationreinforced concrete slab

TYPES OF STEEL TANK (BOTTOM)

Material ( steel, polymer)

Detection passive systemcontinuously activated vacuum system

TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FIXED ROOF)

Self-supporting roofcone roof - they are economical when the volumes are up to 2 000 m3

dome roof - they are economical when the volumes are bigger than 2 000 m3. Steel dome roof could be applied when the volumes are up to 70 000  m3 ( diameter D < 65 m ).

Supported roof cone roof – they can be applied in all existing volumes of the tanks; hanging roof - they are  still experimental.

TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FIXED ROOF)

TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FLOATING ROOF)

They are applied when store volatile products and/or the tanks themselves have big volumes

According to their position:- external floating roof- internal floating roof

According to their construction:- single deck floating roof;- double deck floating roof.

TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FLOATING ROOF)

TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FLOATING ROOF)

FRANGIBLE ROOF

A Frangible roof is a roof to shell joint or junction that is weaker than the rest of the tank and will preferentially fail if the tank is over pressurized.

SHELL CONSTRUCTION

rolls method sheet by sheet (classical) method lifting method Tank Jacking

ROOF CONSTRUCTION

CATHODIC PROTECTION

TYPICAL DAMAGES OF ABOVEGROUND STEEL TANKS

Settlement of the tank

TYPICAL DAMAGES OF ABOVEGROUND STEEL TANKS

elephant’s foot buckling

TYPICAL DAMAGES OF ABOVEGROUND STEEL TANKS

floating roof damage

TYPICAL DAMAGES OF ABOVEGROUND STEEL TANKS

Collapse under vacuum

GRYOGENIC STORAGE TANK

TYPES OF STORAGEPRESSURIZED STORAGESEMI-REFRIGERATED STORAGEATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE STORAGE

LIQUFIED GASES

AMMONIA

-33

BUTANE-0.5

PROPANE

-42

ETHANE

-88

METHANE

-161

PROPYLENE

-47

BUTADIENE

-4.5

ETHYLENE

-103

LNG-162NITROGE

N-195

CRYOGENIC TANK CODE HISTORY

SPECIAL PARTS IN A CRYOGENIC TANK

Expansion bellow Anchor strap Suspended deck Cool down nozzle In tank pump Insulation Base heating system LTD measurement

PARTS OF TANK (ANCHOR STRAP)

PARTS OF TANK (HEATING SYSTEM)

PARTS OF TANK (SUSPENDED DECK)

INSULATION MATERIALS

Insulation

Base

Perlite block

Mineral wool

Hard wood

Foam glass

Wall

Loose perlite

PUF

Roof

Fiberglass

Loose perlite

INSULATION

EXPANSION BELLOW

IN TANK PUMP

TYPES OF CRYOGENIC TANK

•Containment addresses the question: What if the tank leaks? SINGLE CONTAINMENT DOUBLE CONTAINMENT FULL CONTAINMENT MEMBRANE TANK

SINGLE CONTAINMENT

1 primary container (steel)

①

3 foundation

③

4 foundation heating system

④

6 roof (steel)

⑥

7 loose fill insulation

⑦

8 outer steel shell (not capable of containing liquid)

⑧

9 bund wall

⑨

2 bottom insulation

②

5 suspended roof (insulated)

⑤

DOUBLE CONTAINMENT

2 secondary container (steel or concrete)

②

4 foundation

④

5 foundation heating system

⑤

6 suspended roof (insulated)

⑥

7 roof (steel)

⑦

8 loose fill insulation

⑧

1 primary container (steel)

①

9 outer shell (not capable of containing liquid)

⑨

10 cover (rain shield)

⑩

3 bottom insulation

③

FULL CONTAINMENT

1 primary container (steel)2 secondary container (steel)2 bottom insulation3 foundation4 foundation heating system

5 suspended roof (insulated)6 roof (steel)7 loose fill insulation8 concrete roof

9 pre-stressed concrete outer tank (secondary container)

MEMBRANE TANK

CAVERN STORAGE

FOUNDATION TYPE

AMMONIA TANK

What makes ammonia storage special?FlammabilityToxicityLatent heatElectrical conductivityStress corrosion cracking

The truly lethal nature of the gas means that special measures are required for the design,

construction and especially the operation of storage facilities.

CONCRETE STORAGE TANK

Prestressed concrete has become the most commonly usedMaterial for the outer containers of full containment low temperature tanks.

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