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TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction Applicable code Parts of AST Types of AST Construction Typical damages of AST Cryogenic storage tank
INTRODUCTION
Storage tanks are a familiar part of our industrial landscape. They are used to store a multitude of different products and come in a range of sizes, from small to truly gigantic.
The ability to store large quantities of liquid and gaseous products was an essential element in the development of a number of industries.
More recently the liquid natural gas (LNG) trade, accounting for the bringing to markets of some 20% of the world’s natural gas, would not be possible without the development of large scale cryogenic storage units at both export and import terminals.
APPLICABLE CODE
Storage Tank Design
ATM
AWA
API 650
P<2.5 Psi
BS CODE 2654
EN 14015
LPT
API 6202.5
< P < 15 Psi
EN 1462
0
PARTS OF TANK
Bottom Shell Roof Annular plate Wind girder Stairway Flash type-clean out
fitting Rafter Girder Water spray sys.
PARTS OF TANK (ANNULAR PLATE)
PARTS OF TANK (ST.RING, STAIRWAY, FLASH TYPE…
PARTS OF TANK (WATER SPRAY SYS.)
PARTS OF TANK (RAFTER , GIRDER)
TYPES OF ABOVE GROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK
√ Foundation constructionShape of the bottomType of the foundation construction
√ Double bottomMaterialDetection
√ Fixed roofshapeSupporting
√ Floating roofpositionconstruction
TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FOUNDATION)
Foundation constructionShape of the bottom
cone up cone downflat with slopeflat without slop
TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FOUNDATION)
Foundation constructionType of the foundation construction
earth foundations without a ringwallreinforced concrete ring wall foundationreinforced concrete slab
TYPES OF STEEL TANK (BOTTOM)
Material ( steel, polymer)
Detection passive systemcontinuously activated vacuum system
TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FIXED ROOF)
Self-supporting roofcone roof - they are economical when the volumes are up to 2 000 m3
dome roof - they are economical when the volumes are bigger than 2 000 m3. Steel dome roof could be applied when the volumes are up to 70 000 m3 ( diameter D < 65 m ).
Supported roof cone roof – they can be applied in all existing volumes of the tanks; hanging roof - they are still experimental.
TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FIXED ROOF)
TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FLOATING ROOF)
They are applied when store volatile products and/or the tanks themselves have big volumes
According to their position:- external floating roof- internal floating roof
According to their construction:- single deck floating roof;- double deck floating roof.
TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FLOATING ROOF)
TYPES OF STEEL TANK (FLOATING ROOF)
FRANGIBLE ROOF
A Frangible roof is a roof to shell joint or junction that is weaker than the rest of the tank and will preferentially fail if the tank is over pressurized.
SHELL CONSTRUCTION
rolls method sheet by sheet (classical) method lifting method Tank Jacking
ROOF CONSTRUCTION
CATHODIC PROTECTION
TYPICAL DAMAGES OF ABOVEGROUND STEEL TANKS
Settlement of the tank
TYPICAL DAMAGES OF ABOVEGROUND STEEL TANKS
elephant’s foot buckling
TYPICAL DAMAGES OF ABOVEGROUND STEEL TANKS
floating roof damage
TYPICAL DAMAGES OF ABOVEGROUND STEEL TANKS
Collapse under vacuum
GRYOGENIC STORAGE TANK
TYPES OF STORAGEPRESSURIZED STORAGESEMI-REFRIGERATED STORAGEATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE STORAGE
LIQUFIED GASES
AMMONIA
-33
BUTANE-0.5
PROPANE
-42
ETHANE
-88
METHANE
-161
PROPYLENE
-47
BUTADIENE
-4.5
ETHYLENE
-103
LNG-162NITROGE
N-195
CRYOGENIC TANK CODE HISTORY
SPECIAL PARTS IN A CRYOGENIC TANK
Expansion bellow Anchor strap Suspended deck Cool down nozzle In tank pump Insulation Base heating system LTD measurement
PARTS OF TANK (ANCHOR STRAP)
PARTS OF TANK (HEATING SYSTEM)
PARTS OF TANK (SUSPENDED DECK)
INSULATION MATERIALS
Insulation
Base
Perlite block
Mineral wool
Hard wood
Foam glass
Wall
Loose perlite
PUF
Roof
Fiberglass
Loose perlite
INSULATION
EXPANSION BELLOW
IN TANK PUMP
TYPES OF CRYOGENIC TANK
•Containment addresses the question: What if the tank leaks? SINGLE CONTAINMENT DOUBLE CONTAINMENT FULL CONTAINMENT MEMBRANE TANK
SINGLE CONTAINMENT
1 primary container (steel)
①
3 foundation
③
4 foundation heating system
④
6 roof (steel)
⑥
7 loose fill insulation
⑦
8 outer steel shell (not capable of containing liquid)
⑧
9 bund wall
⑨
2 bottom insulation
②
5 suspended roof (insulated)
⑤
DOUBLE CONTAINMENT
2 secondary container (steel or concrete)
②
4 foundation
④
5 foundation heating system
⑤
6 suspended roof (insulated)
⑥
7 roof (steel)
⑦
8 loose fill insulation
⑧
1 primary container (steel)
①
9 outer shell (not capable of containing liquid)
⑨
10 cover (rain shield)
⑩
3 bottom insulation
③
FULL CONTAINMENT
1 primary container (steel)2 secondary container (steel)2 bottom insulation3 foundation4 foundation heating system
5 suspended roof (insulated)6 roof (steel)7 loose fill insulation8 concrete roof
9 pre-stressed concrete outer tank (secondary container)
MEMBRANE TANK
CAVERN STORAGE
FOUNDATION TYPE
AMMONIA TANK
What makes ammonia storage special?FlammabilityToxicityLatent heatElectrical conductivityStress corrosion cracking
The truly lethal nature of the gas means that special measures are required for the design,
construction and especially the operation of storage facilities.
CONCRETE STORAGE TANK
Prestressed concrete has become the most commonly usedMaterial for the outer containers of full containment low temperature tanks.
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