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© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Chapter 4: Organizational Patterns
Reading Across the Disciplines: College Reading and Beyond, 3/e
Kathleen McWhorter
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
In this chapter you will learn how to:
Identify patterns of organization: Definition Classification Order or Sequence Cause and Effect Comparison and Contrast Listing/Enumeration Mix Patterns Other Patterns
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Patterns
Help you anticipate the author’s thought development and thus focus your reading.
Help you remember and recall what you read.
Useful in your writing; by helping you organize and express your ideas in a more coherent, comprehensible form.
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Definition
Explains the meaning of a word or phrase.
Transitions for Definition Pattern: is, means, refers, can be defined, another term, also meansdeficit is another term that…bureaucracy means…
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Classification
Divides a topic into parts based on shared characteristics.
Transitions for Classification Pattern: several kinds, numerous types of,
classified as, composed of, comprise, one type of, another type, finally
There are numerous types of…The human skeleton is composed of...
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Order or Sequence
Describes events, processes, and procedures.– Chronology– Process– Order of Importance– Spatial Order
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Chronological Order
Refers to the sequence in which events occur in time.
Transitions for Chronological Order: in, at, on, first, later, then, before,
during, by the time, while, afterward, as, after, thereafter, meanwhile, at that point
In ancient times…The first primate species…Later efforts...
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Process
Focuses on procedures, steps, or stages by which actions are accomplished.
Transitions for Process: words are similar to those used for
chronological order.
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Order of Importance
Expresses order of priority or preference.Ideas are arranged from most to least or
least to most important.
Transitions for Order of Importance: less, more, primary, first, next, last,
most important, primarily, secondarily More revealing is… Of primary interest is…
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Spatial Order
Information is organized according to its physical location, or position or order in space.
Transitions for Spatial Order: left, lower, outer, beneath, next to, beside,
to the left, in the center, externally the left side of the brain…beneath the surface…
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Cause and Effect
Describes how one or more things cause or are related to another.
Transitions for Cause and Effect: causes, creates, leads to, yields, stems
form, produce, breeds, results in, therefore, consequently, hence, for this reason, since
Stress causes…Avoidance results in…
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Comparison and Contrast
Discusses similarities and/or differences among ideas, theories, concepts, objects, or persons.
Transitions for Comparison and Contrast: unlike, less than, contrasted with,
differs from, in contrast, however, on the other hand, as opposed to, whereas
Frost differs from… Frost is as powerful as…
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Listing/Enumeration
Organized lists of information, parts, characteristics, features, or categories.
Transitions for Listing/Enumeration: one, second feature, also, several
characteristics, (1)…,(2)…, (a)…, (b)…, in addition, first, second, third, finally, another
A second feature of relativity… There are several characteristics of relativity: (1)
…(2)…, and (3)…
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Mixed Patterns
Organizational patterns are often combined.
Example: Psychogenic amnesia—a severe and often permanent memory loss—results in disorientation and the inability to draw on past experiences.
(cause and effect/definition)
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Statement & Clarification
Indicates that information explaining an idea or concept will follow.
Transitions for Statement & Clarification:
in fact, in other words, clearly, evidently, obviously
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Summary
Condensed review of an idea or piece of writing is to follow.
Transitions for Summary: in summary, in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, in short, on the whole
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Generalization and Example
Provides examples that clarify a broad, general statement.
Transitions for Generalization & Example:
for example, for instance, that is,
to illustrate, thus
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Addition
Indicates that additional information will follow.
Transitions for Addition:
furthermore, additionally, also, besides, further, in addition, moreover, again
© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
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