Design et Recherche

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Research ≡ DesignConstructivists, Epistemological and Aesthetical congruences

Jb Labrune, 2014

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Congruences

marcel griaule

martin heidegger

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Outline• a. Design Masters

• b. Beyond Masters

• c. Design Researchers (who?)

• d. Defining Design & Research (why?)

• e. Design Research Protocols (how?)

• f. Design Justifications (what?)

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Jb

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I’m a researcher• PhD in Computer Science / Psychology• I’m interested in phenomenae and experiences where situations and/or artefacts are new + appropriate

• I manifest their exaptive nature, in reference to Stephen J. Gould

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I’m a guest• Ethnomethodology, participant-observer• I inhabit exaptive terrains• I co-create objects, environments and methods to research, observe & documentwith inhabitants who manifest hospitality

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I’m a documentor• Ethnography, Visual Documentation

• Breaching, cosmopolitical experience design

• I love to celebrate and understand relationships between people & physical objects, plants, animals and people.

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Approach• I study, create & play narratives evolving in:

• spoken stories• physical story-objects• gestures / non-verbal cues• spandrels / open spaces

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Terrains & objects of study

• Kindergarten, Contemporary Art activities for Children

• Academic Research Ecosystems

• Industrial Innovation Centers

• Artistic & Design residencies / workshops

• Private places held by Collectivities e.g. fablabs

• Individual projects with no category or identity

a. Design Masters

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Standard leads to perfection• Necessity of a «range of measurement» of an harmonic nature

• Unveiling the «mathematical language» underlying design and architecture

• France Culture, 1999, les sentiers de la création, interview of Charlotte Perriand, extract from Le Corbusier http://www.franceculture.fr/player/reecouter?play=4673312

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/Raymond Loewy

Charlotte Perriand

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http://designethistoires.lecolededesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/Congr%C3%A8s-Paris1.JPG

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Masters’ Research• Raymond Loewy --> Compagnie de l'esthétique industrielle, Maya ( Most Advanced

Yet Acceptable) http://www.tue.nl/en/publication/ep/p/d/ep-uid/275377/

• Charlotte Perriand --> Intuition, Beaux Arts Manifeste 49

• Andrea Branzi --> Domus Academy, Superstudio

• Jacques Viénot --> Technès, ISD esthétique industrielle, Janus (prix)

• Herbert Read, Design Research Unit, Education through the Arts

• Roger Tallon --> Design Programmes, Arts Décoratifs, Euro RSCG, Daniel Buren

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From Masters to (Inter)Disciples

John Chris Jones, «A Systematic Design Method», Design Methods

Nigel Cross, Board of International Research in Design, Design Thinking Research Symposia

Bruce Archer, Courses in Design Research

Richard Buchanan, Service Design

Gabriela Goldschmit, Design Representations

Clive Dilnot, Design History

Catherine de Smet, Graphic Design History

Alexandra Midal, Histoire du design

Bill Gaver, Ludic Design, Cultural Probes

Tony Dunne, Critical Design, Design for Debate

b. Beyond Masters

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Christopher Frayling

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Christopher Frayling

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Christopher Frayling

• Research INTO design

• Research FOR design

• Research THROUGH design

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Triangle of Fallman

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(Findeli, A. (2010). Searching for Design Research Questions: Some Conceptual Clarifications, (pp. 278-292). iUniverse.)

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Bruner’s Modes• Enactive (practitioners, explorators)

• Iconic (curators, practitioners, explorators)

• Symbolic (academic, explorators)

School seems to be the place where all three are intricated

http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA320732607&v=2.1&u=mlin_s_stonecol&it=r&inPS=true&prodId=AONE&userGroupName=mlin_s_stonecol&p=AONE&digest=0ce49d424eb6b21234c819242bf9e27d&rssr=rss

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Enseignants?

Research into Design

c. Design Researchers(Who?)

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http://92.243.16.139/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/map_design_research_00.pdf

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Conferences• Academic Conferences

• CHI (Computer Human Interaction) • DIS• IHM• IASDR• DPPI (praxis & poetics)• Design & Emotion• DRS• Design Conference• DMI• Visualised• ICED• http://www.norddesign2014.fi/• NordiCHi

Conférences Professionnelles

• IXDA - Interaction 14 à Amsterdam ‒ 5-8 février 2014• SDN• http://designconference.aiga.org/

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Journals (ranked by significance)

http://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/swin:10413

1 Design Studies ‒ journal of the DRS2 TOCHI - ACM Transaction3 IJHCI4 Design issues5 IJDesign ‒ international journal of design6 Journal of engineering design7 Human Factors8 Journal of Design History9 Human-Computer Interaction10 Applied Ergonomics11 Journal of Engineering Design12 International Journal of Design13 Computer-Aided Design14 Research in Engineering Design15 Ergonomics16 The Design Journal17 A&HCI18 Design and Culture19 Journal of Design Research

IASDR

DPPI

d. Defining Design & Research(Why?)

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18 foundational articles1979 - ARCHER_Design_as_discipline1982 - CROSS_Designerly_ways_of_knowing1993 - FRAYLING_Research_in_Art_and_design_19931995 - ARCHER_The_nature_of_research2004 - BAYAZIT_Investigating_design_A_review_of_forty_years_of_design_research2004 - FINDELI_La_recherche-projet_une_méthode_pour_la_recherche_en_design2007 - BONSIEPE_The_Uneasy_Relationship_between_Design_and_Design Research2007 - CROSS_Forty_years_of_design_research2007 - CROSS_From_DesignScience_to_DesignDiscipline2007 - ZIMMERMAN_Research_through_design_as_a_method_in_HCI2008 - FALLMAN_The_interaction_design_research_triangle2008 - FINDELLI_Research_Through_Design_&_Transdisciplinarity2008 -FRIEDMAN_Research_into_by_and_for_design2010 - FEAST_Epistemological_Positions_Informing_Theories_Design_Research2010 - SEVALDSON_Discussions_&_Movements_in_Design_Research2012 - GAVER_What_should_we_expect_from_research_through_design2013 - DOW_Projection_Place_and_Point-of-View_in_Research_through_Design2013 - VIAL_Design_et_Episteme

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Design & Research : incomplete definition

A field which common language is the systematic communication of descriptions, evaluations and valorisations of concepts, artefacts and experiences produced during a process of creation towardsan economic, critical or socio-cultural aim

e. Design Research Protocols(How?)

Practical Research

http://www.getcited.org/pub/102698538

http://www.uk.sagepub.com/upm-data/40600_9781849204620.pdf

Controlled Experiments

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Action-Research

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Project-grounded Research• Findeli http://head.hesge.ch/IMG/pdf/De_la_recherche_-_creation.pdf

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Design Ethnography

http://www.humanfactors.com/downloads/jul13.asp

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Ethnography

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Grounded Theory

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Temporal UX (User Experience)

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Alterplinarity

http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/DESI_a_00217?journalCode=desi#.Uz_QO61_te8

Alterplinarity (Bremner & Rodgers, 2013)

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Triangulation

https://www.lri.fr/~mackay/pdffiles/DIS97.Triangulate.pdf

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Research THROUGH design• Schön, D.A. The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action. Temple Smith, London, 1983.

• Zimmermann, Forlizzi http://goodgestreet.com/docs/JZ_JF_CHI07.pdf

• Gaver http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2208538

• Research through design practice http://designresearchpractice.wordpress.com/2012/04/18/exploring-research-through-design-practice-symposium-roundup/

• Research through design conference http://www.praxisandpoetics.org/researchthroughdesign/

f. Design Justifications(What?)

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Production Regimes

http://www.mobilelifecentre.org/sites/default/files/a23-hook.pdf

Research INTO design

Research FOR design

Research THROUGH design

Forms, Concepts, Tools

Artefacts, Theories, Methods

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Form, Concept, Tool

• Research THROUGH design --> Form Theories Intermediate Knowledge

• Research INTO design --> Concept

• Research FOR design --> Tool (material, method)

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Form, Concept, Tool• Aesthetics Wissenschaftstheorie Constructivism

Theory( concept )

Apparatus( tool )

Artefact(form)

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Form, Concept, Tool

« "And, irrespective of what one might assume, in the life of a science, problems do not arise by themselves. It is precisely this that marks out a problem as being of the true scientific spirit: all knowledge is in response to a question. If there were no question, there would be no scientific knowledge. Nothing proceeds from itself. Nothing is given. All is constructed.", »

Gaston Bachelard (La formation de l'esprit scientifique, 1934)

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FORM CONCEPT TOOL• Artefact (sketch, mock-

up, probe, prototype)• Product (market)• Photo, Video,

VideoPrototype• Documentary, Film,

Design Fiction• Annotated Portfolio• Political Debate• Exhibition• Intervention

• Conference Paper• Journal Paper• Master’s Thesis• PhD’s Thesis• Strong Concept

(Intermediate Knowledge)

• Guidelines• Methodology• Press Article

• Toolkit (arduino, processing, openframeworks, ...)

• Fabrication Tool (new machine)

• Documentation Tool• Methodology• Competition / challenge• Funding Tool• Infrastructure• Instruments

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Challenge for design ≡ research

•Peer-Reviewing.

•Historical grounding.

•Evaluation.

Significant Contribution

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Peer-Reviewing : design research map

http://pw.louiseveillard.com/2014-carto-design-research/

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Peer-reviewing• International Design Research social network, question de la francophonie

• Email Lists (in french ARD, Design Recherche, Phd Design list, autres...)

• Conferences and physical seminars (Swiss Design Research Network)

• Inter-institutions collaborations

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Historical Grounding

«‘la longue durée’... which he called a formalized social past»

http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/desi.2009.25.2.94#.U0Kw38cduAV

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Historical Grounding

http://nala.io/weblens/

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Archiving and Research libraries• Sharing Documentation (from within schools, contests...)

• Design Research Database.

• Database with conceptual articlesand also physical artefact docu-mentation in Open Access

DESIGN

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Evaluation• How to evaluate design ?

• Quantitative vs Qualitative Evaluation

• KPI (Key Performance Indicators)

• Evaluating Forms, Concepts and Tools, inspiration from HCI ?

• CHI (Generalist)

• DIS (Forms)

• UIST (Tools)

• CSCW (Concepts)

• what about experiential research ???

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References

• Jones, J C and D G Thornley (eds) (1963) Conference on Design Methods, Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press

• Archer, Leonard Bruce (1965). Systematic Method for Designers. London: Council of Industrial Design. OCLC 2108433.

• Simon, Herbert Alexander (1969). The sciences of the artificial. Karl Taylor Compton lectures. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press. OCLC 4087.

• Archer, Leonard Bruce (1979). "Whatever Became of Design Methodology?". Design Studies 1 (1): 17‒20. ISSN 0142-694X.

• Cross, Nigel (2006). Designerly ways of knowing. London: Springer. ISBN 978-1-84628-300-0. OCLC 63186849.

• Cross, Nigel (2007) [2006]. Designerly Ways of Knowing. Basel [u.a.]: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-7643-8484-5. OCLC 255922654.

• Schön, Donald Schön (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-06874-6. OCLC 8709452.

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