Art before 1300_part_ii

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Art Before 1300 – Part II

2The Mediterranean World Before the Christian Era (BCE)

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Religion and Mythology

Greek gods and goddesses had all the flaws that humanity had: anger, jealousy, envy, and lust, as well as the virtues, nobility, loyalty, courage, and wisdom.

The Romans adopted the Greek gods until circa 300 CE, when the Roman Emperor Constantine named Christianity the religion of the growing, powerful Roman Empire.

Christianity became associated with empire.

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Religion and Mythology

The Greek philosophical ideals of balance, harmony, and symmetry are reflected in their art and architecture. The human body was the visible means of conveying perfection.

With the rise of the Greek city-state came the concept of democracy, with civic participation, civic responsibility, and rights.

Etymology of the word “democracy” comes from the Greek word demokratia "popular government," [from demos"common people," originally "district" (see demotic), + kratos "rule, strength" (see -cracy)].

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Mount Olympus (the home of the gods), Greece’s highest mountain

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ZEUS - JUPITERRuled the sky. Weapon was the thunderbolt.

King of the Gods. Married Hera who was also his sister.

ZeusBronzeGreeceC. 450 BCEs

Gods and Goddesses

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Gods and Goddesses

HERA - JUNOGoddess of Marriage.

Wife and sister of Zeus.

JunoBronzeGreeceC. 450 BCE

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Gods and Goddesses

POSEIDON - NEPTUNELord of the Sea.

Ruled with 3-prongedpitchfork called a Trident.

Brother of Zeus, etc.

NeptuneMarbleArtist UnknownStatue located in Museum inCopenhagen, Denmark

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Gods and Goddesses

HESTIA – VESTAGoddess of the hearth.

Sister of Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, etc.

HestiaGreek Ceramic Vase Painting

DEMETER - CERESGoddess of grain and agriculture.

Sister of Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, etc.

DemeterArtist unknownCollection of the Vatican, Rome, Italy

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Gods and Goddesses

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Gods and Goddesses

ARES - MARSGod of war.

Son of Zeus and Hera, lover of Aphrodite, and father of Romulus and Remus (founders of Rome – next slide).

AresArtist unknownCollection of Hadrian’s Villa, Italy

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Greek Mythology

A legend says that twins Romulus and Remus, (founders of Rome) were raised by a wolf.

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Gods and Goddesses

ATHENA - MINERVAGoddess of wisdom and warfare.

A virgin, born from the head of Zeus.

AthenaRelief sculptureArtist unknown

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Gods and Goddesses

HEPHAISTOS - VULCANGod of fire and metalworking.

Son of Zeus and Hera, born lame and ugly.

Married Aphrodite (Venus) who was unfaithful.

VulcanPainting by Peter Paul Rubens

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Gods and Goddesses

APOLLO - APOLLOGod of light and music.

Son of Zeus, always depicted as beautiful, like the sun.

ApolloMarble from Ionia2nd Century CE

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Gods and Goddesses

ARTEMIS - DIANAGoddess of the hunt. Associated with the moon.

Sister of Apollo.

DianaArtist unknown

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Gods and Goddesses

APHRODITE - VENUSGoddess of love and beauty.

Daughter of Zeus and a wood nymph.

Aphrodite of Knidos, by PaxitelesC. 350 BCE

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HERMES – MERCURYMessenger of the gods. Carried the Caduceus.

Son of Zeus and a nymph.

Hermes and the Infant Dionysis (Bacchus)

Greek

Circa 350 BCE

Gods and Goddesses

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HADES - PLUTOLord of the Underworld and god of the dead.

Brother of Zeus, etc., but did not live on Olympus.

Hades abducting PERSEPHONE, Persephone was goddess of the underworld (was daughter of Zeus and Demeter)Juan Alberto Schiaffino

Gods and Goddesses

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DIONYSIS – BACCHUSGod of wine.

Son of Zeus and a human woman, Semele.

BacchusPainting by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio.

Gods and Goddesses

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EROS - CUPIDWinged child-god of love.

Son of Aphrodite (love) and Ares (war).

CupidArtist unknown. Statue in the Farnese Gallery, Italy

Gods and Goddesses

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ASKLEPIOS – AESCULAPIUSGod of healing.

His serpent-entwined staff is the emblem of modern medicine.

Son of Apollo and a human princess.

AesculapiusArtist unknown.

Gods and Goddesses

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The Life of Jesus in Art

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The Life of Jesus Begins in the Roman Empire

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Born and lived his entire life under the governance of the Roman Empire.

Known as Jesus of Nazareth (town about 60 miles from Bethlehem)

Born in Bethlehem (Herod - massacre of the innocents)

Taught all over the area on the map

Performed miracles at towns on map

Condemned to death in Jerusalem

Crucified in Golgatha (probably a burial site north of Jerusalem)

Historical Jesus

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Jesus’ life and ministry are told in the four Gospels (chapters) of the Christian Bible: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.

His followers are known both as Disciples and/or Apostles. Jesus chose 12 Disciples who followed him while he lived. (A DISCIPLE is a pupil, a student, a follower. An APOSTLE is an ambassador or teacher. )

Christianity was carried by his Disciples/Apostles and later coverts to Christianity (such as St. Paul) throughout the Roman Empire, and from there it spread all over the world.

Historical Jesus

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Historical Jesus – Bishops met in Council at Nicaea, 325 CE

Three hundred years after Jesus’ death, many of the Christian bishops met at Nicaea and formed the beginnings of Christian theology, the primary tenet being that Jesus was the son of God, part of the triune GodHead (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit)

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Historical Jesus – Bishops met in Council at Nicaea, 325 CE

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By the second century after Christ’s death, his virgin birth was universally believed among most of the Christian sects that existed at the time

At the Council of Ephesus in 5th century, Mary was proclaimed “one who gives birth to God” and often called Queen of Heaven.

In 1954, the Roman Catholic church officially gave her that appellation.

The Life of Jesus in Art

Mary Crowned Queen of HeavenPainting

Sandro Botticelli15th Century

Italian

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The Life of Jesus in Art

Incarnation and Childhood (incarnation means to take ona body – an embodiment)

•Annunciation to Mary (annunciation=announcement)•Visitation to Elizabeth•Nativity (Adoration of the shepherds and the Magi) (nativity=to be born, birth)•Presentation in the Temple•Massacre of the Innocents and Flight into Egypt

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Annunciation

Archangel Gabriel tells Mary that she will give birth to Jesus.

Painting by Sandro Botticelli

15th Century Italian

Incarnation and Childhood

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The Life of Jesus in Art

Visitation

Mary visits her cousin Elizabeth to announce the upcoming birth of Jesus. Elizabeth is also pregnant with a child, John (the Baptist), who will later baptize Jesus.

St. Vaast AltarpieceJacques Daret

Netherlands1435

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The Massacre of the Innocents, was an episode of infanticide by the king of Judaea, Herod, who ordered the execution of all young male children in Bethlehem, to avoid the loss of his throne to a newborn King of the Jews, whose birth had been prophesied by the Magi, also called the Three Wise Men from The East.

Mary and Joseph go into exile in Egypt until Herod’s death, and then return to Bethlehem in time for Jesus’ birth.

Bust of HerodBronzeRoman

Artist Unknown

Incarnation and Childhood

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Adoration of the Shepherds

Mary gives birth to Jesus in a stable – no room at the inn.

Adoration of the ShepherdsPainting

Rembrandt1646

Incarnation and Childhood

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Adoration of the Shepherds

Painting by Caravaggio16th Century

Italy

Incarnation and Childhood

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Adoration of the Magi – Rubens, 1618Incarnation and Childhood

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Presentation in the Temple

Mary and Joseph take the baby Jesus to the Temple in Jerusalem 40 days after his birth in accordance with the law of Moses. 

PaintingRembrandt

1631

Incarnation and Childhood

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Presentation in the Temple

Simeon recognizes Jesus as the Messiah during the presentation in the Temple.

PaintingRembrandt

1627

Incarnation and Childhood

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Massacre of the Innocents, Bruegel, Flemish, 1565Incarnation and Childhood

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Incarnation and Childhood Massacre of the Innocents, Rubens, Flemish, 1621

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Dispute in the Temple

The Child Jesus debates with the Jewish scholars, foretelling his ministry

GiottoArena Chapel

Rome, Italy

Incarnation and Childhood

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Public Ministry•Baptism by John the Baptist•Calling of Matthew•Miracles•Delivery of the Keys to Peter•Transfiguration (literally, to take on another body or rise out of the human body, to become changed)•Cleansing the Temple

The Life of Jesus in Art

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Public Ministry

Guido ReniItalian

1622

Baptism by John the Baptist

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Public Ministry

Calling of Matthew

Jesus begins to call his 12 Disciples

CaravaggioItalian

1622

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Miracles

Cana – Changing water into wine

Public Ministry

Marriage at CanaHieronymous Bosch

Dutchc. 1500

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MiraclesPublic Ministry Healing the Sick, Rembrandt, Etching, 1649

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MiraclesPublic Ministry Raising Lazarus from the Dead, Tintoretto, 16th C, Italian

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MiraclesPublic Ministry Raising Lazarus from the Dead, Jean JouvenetC. 1700, French

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Public Ministry Giving Key to Peter, Perugino

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Jesus gave Peter the leadership role among the Disciples, and said to him "I will give to thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven” which has had various interpretations all through Christian history.  Peter is venerated in multiple churches and is regarded as the first Pope by the Roman Catholic Church. 

Public Ministry

Statue of St. PeterSt. Peter’s Basilica

Vatican

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Transfiguration

Public Ministry

12th Century Icon from the

Sinai

When Jesus and 3 of his Disciples went up onto a mountain, the Disciples reported that Jesus began to shine with great radiance, and the prophets Moses and Elijah appeared next to him

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Anonymous ArtistEthopian Magic Scrolls

Ethopia19th Century

Public Ministry

Transfiguration

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Cleansing the Temple

Jesus drives out those he believes desecrate the Temple, thus putting himself into conflict with Jewish elders.

This may have occurred during Jesus’ last week of life.

Public Ministry

Driving the Traders from the TempleEl Greco, Spain, 1600

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• Entry into Jerusalem• Last Supper• Agony in the Garden• Betrayal and Arrest• Trials of Jesus• Flagellation (whipping)• Carrying the Cross, Raising the Cross, Crucifixion• Deposition (to depose, bring down from the cross), Lamentation,

Entombment• Descent into Limbo (a state in the afterlife between life and

death)• Resurrection, Three Marys at the Tomb• Noli Me Tangere, Supper at Emmaus, Doubting Thomas• Ascension

Passion

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Entry into Jerusalem

Passion

Albrecht DurerWoodcut

German 1509/1511

The last week of Jesus’ life is called Passion week. It starts with his entry into Jerusalem to stand trial and ends with his crucifixion.

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Public Ministry Entry into Jerusalem, Byzantine Icon

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The Last Supper

Passion

Byzantine MiniatureArtist and Date

Unknown

Jesus foretells his approaching death.

Note black halo around Judas in foreground.

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The Last Supper

Passion

Phillipe Champaigne. French, 1622

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Agony in the Garden

Passion

Carl BlochDanish, circa 1870

After the last supper with his disciples, Jesus goes into the garden to contemplate his approaching death.

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Betrayal by Judas Iscariot

Passion

Kiss of JudasGustave Dore

EngravingFrench, 1866

Judas approaches the Jewish elders, and agrees to betray Jesus for 30 pieces of silver.

Jesus is arrested after Judas’ kiss signals the soldiers.

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Trials of Jesus

Passion

GiottoArena Chapel

Rome, Italy

Jesus is tried before the Sanhedrin (Jewish Council) and then taken to Pontius Pilate, the Roman prefect, for his last trial.

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Flagellation

Passion

William BourguereauCirca 1870

French

Jesus is tortured during his imprisonment.

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Carrying the Cross

Passion

Caravaggio16th Century

Italian

Jesus is forced to carry the cross he will be crucified on.

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Crucifixion

Passion

Salvadore DaliCirca 1950

Spanish

Jesus is crucified on Calgary (Golgotha) the burial grounds located outside the walls of Jerusalem.

Soldiers drew lots for his cloak.

His mother, Mary Magdalene, and some of the disciples are often seen in Crucifixion pictures.

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Caravaggio16th Century

Italian

Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus removed Jesus’ body from the cross. The Virgin Mary, St. John the Evangelist, and Mary Magdalene are often seen in these pictures.

Deposition

Passion

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Lamentation

Passion

Edouard ManetCircla 1880

French

Joseph, Nicodemus, the Virgin Mary, St. John the Evangelist, and Mary Magdalene are often seen mourning over the dead body.

The Virgin and Mary are seen in this picture.

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Descent

Passion

Descent into LimboFra Angelico

Circa 1440

It is believed that Jesus descended into hell (limbo or purgatory, as is now believed) for 3 days, redeeming the souls there.

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Passion

ResurrectionDierk BoutsCirca 1500

Dutch

Resurrection

It is believed that Jesus arose from the dead after 3 days, and left the tomb.

The 3 Marys are often seen at the empty tomb

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Passion

Mathias GrunewaldCirca 1500

German

Resurrection

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Passion

Albrecht DurerCirca 1500

German

Resurrection

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Noli Me Tangere(Do not touch me)

After his resurrection, Jesus appeared in human form to his disciples, but asked them not to touch him.

Northern Renaissance SchoolArtist Unknown

Passion

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Noli Me Tangere(Do not touch me)

Relief from Spanish Cathedral

Date Unknown

Passion

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Passion

Caravaggio 1606

Italian

Supper at Emmaus

When Jesus appeared to his disciples after his resurrection

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Passion

Rembrandt1628/1629

Dutch

Supper atEmmaus

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Passion

Caravaggio16th Century

Italian

Doubting Thomas

Thomas doubted he was real, so Jesus allowed Thomas to feel the wound in his side, inflicted at the Cricifixion by a soldier.

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Ascension

Passion

Salvador DaliCirca 1959

Spanish