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1
Art Before 1300 – Part II
2The Mediterranean World Before the Christian Era (BCE)
3
Religion and Mythology
Greek gods and goddesses had all the flaws that humanity had: anger, jealousy, envy, and lust, as well as the virtues, nobility, loyalty, courage, and wisdom.
The Romans adopted the Greek gods until circa 300 CE, when the Roman Emperor Constantine named Christianity the religion of the growing, powerful Roman Empire.
Christianity became associated with empire.
4
Religion and Mythology
The Greek philosophical ideals of balance, harmony, and symmetry are reflected in their art and architecture. The human body was the visible means of conveying perfection.
With the rise of the Greek city-state came the concept of democracy, with civic participation, civic responsibility, and rights.
Etymology of the word “democracy” comes from the Greek word demokratia "popular government," [from demos"common people," originally "district" (see demotic), + kratos "rule, strength" (see -cracy)].
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Mount Olympus (the home of the gods), Greece’s highest mountain
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ZEUS - JUPITERRuled the sky. Weapon was the thunderbolt.
King of the Gods. Married Hera who was also his sister.
ZeusBronzeGreeceC. 450 BCEs
Gods and Goddesses
7
Gods and Goddesses
HERA - JUNOGoddess of Marriage.
Wife and sister of Zeus.
JunoBronzeGreeceC. 450 BCE
8
Gods and Goddesses
POSEIDON - NEPTUNELord of the Sea.
Ruled with 3-prongedpitchfork called a Trident.
Brother of Zeus, etc.
NeptuneMarbleArtist UnknownStatue located in Museum inCopenhagen, Denmark
9
Gods and Goddesses
HESTIA – VESTAGoddess of the hearth.
Sister of Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, etc.
HestiaGreek Ceramic Vase Painting
DEMETER - CERESGoddess of grain and agriculture.
Sister of Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, etc.
DemeterArtist unknownCollection of the Vatican, Rome, Italy
10
Gods and Goddesses
11
Gods and Goddesses
ARES - MARSGod of war.
Son of Zeus and Hera, lover of Aphrodite, and father of Romulus and Remus (founders of Rome – next slide).
AresArtist unknownCollection of Hadrian’s Villa, Italy
12
Greek Mythology
A legend says that twins Romulus and Remus, (founders of Rome) were raised by a wolf.
13
Gods and Goddesses
ATHENA - MINERVAGoddess of wisdom and warfare.
A virgin, born from the head of Zeus.
AthenaRelief sculptureArtist unknown
14
Gods and Goddesses
HEPHAISTOS - VULCANGod of fire and metalworking.
Son of Zeus and Hera, born lame and ugly.
Married Aphrodite (Venus) who was unfaithful.
VulcanPainting by Peter Paul Rubens
15
Gods and Goddesses
APOLLO - APOLLOGod of light and music.
Son of Zeus, always depicted as beautiful, like the sun.
ApolloMarble from Ionia2nd Century CE
16
Gods and Goddesses
ARTEMIS - DIANAGoddess of the hunt. Associated with the moon.
Sister of Apollo.
DianaArtist unknown
17
Gods and Goddesses
APHRODITE - VENUSGoddess of love and beauty.
Daughter of Zeus and a wood nymph.
Aphrodite of Knidos, by PaxitelesC. 350 BCE
18
HERMES – MERCURYMessenger of the gods. Carried the Caduceus.
Son of Zeus and a nymph.
Hermes and the Infant Dionysis (Bacchus)
Greek
Circa 350 BCE
Gods and Goddesses
19
HADES - PLUTOLord of the Underworld and god of the dead.
Brother of Zeus, etc., but did not live on Olympus.
Hades abducting PERSEPHONE, Persephone was goddess of the underworld (was daughter of Zeus and Demeter)Juan Alberto Schiaffino
Gods and Goddesses
20
DIONYSIS – BACCHUSGod of wine.
Son of Zeus and a human woman, Semele.
BacchusPainting by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio.
Gods and Goddesses
21
EROS - CUPIDWinged child-god of love.
Son of Aphrodite (love) and Ares (war).
CupidArtist unknown. Statue in the Farnese Gallery, Italy
Gods and Goddesses
22
ASKLEPIOS – AESCULAPIUSGod of healing.
His serpent-entwined staff is the emblem of modern medicine.
Son of Apollo and a human princess.
AesculapiusArtist unknown.
Gods and Goddesses
23
The Life of Jesus in Art
24
The Life of Jesus Begins in the Roman Empire
25
Born and lived his entire life under the governance of the Roman Empire.
Known as Jesus of Nazareth (town about 60 miles from Bethlehem)
Born in Bethlehem (Herod - massacre of the innocents)
Taught all over the area on the map
Performed miracles at towns on map
Condemned to death in Jerusalem
Crucified in Golgatha (probably a burial site north of Jerusalem)
Historical Jesus
26
Jesus’ life and ministry are told in the four Gospels (chapters) of the Christian Bible: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
His followers are known both as Disciples and/or Apostles. Jesus chose 12 Disciples who followed him while he lived. (A DISCIPLE is a pupil, a student, a follower. An APOSTLE is an ambassador or teacher. )
Christianity was carried by his Disciples/Apostles and later coverts to Christianity (such as St. Paul) throughout the Roman Empire, and from there it spread all over the world.
Historical Jesus
27
Historical Jesus – Bishops met in Council at Nicaea, 325 CE
Three hundred years after Jesus’ death, many of the Christian bishops met at Nicaea and formed the beginnings of Christian theology, the primary tenet being that Jesus was the son of God, part of the triune GodHead (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit)
28
Historical Jesus – Bishops met in Council at Nicaea, 325 CE
29
By the second century after Christ’s death, his virgin birth was universally believed among most of the Christian sects that existed at the time
At the Council of Ephesus in 5th century, Mary was proclaimed “one who gives birth to God” and often called Queen of Heaven.
In 1954, the Roman Catholic church officially gave her that appellation.
The Life of Jesus in Art
Mary Crowned Queen of HeavenPainting
Sandro Botticelli15th Century
Italian
30
The Life of Jesus in Art
Incarnation and Childhood (incarnation means to take ona body – an embodiment)
•Annunciation to Mary (annunciation=announcement)•Visitation to Elizabeth•Nativity (Adoration of the shepherds and the Magi) (nativity=to be born, birth)•Presentation in the Temple•Massacre of the Innocents and Flight into Egypt
31
Annunciation
Archangel Gabriel tells Mary that she will give birth to Jesus.
Painting by Sandro Botticelli
15th Century Italian
Incarnation and Childhood
32
The Life of Jesus in Art
Visitation
Mary visits her cousin Elizabeth to announce the upcoming birth of Jesus. Elizabeth is also pregnant with a child, John (the Baptist), who will later baptize Jesus.
St. Vaast AltarpieceJacques Daret
Netherlands1435
33
The Massacre of the Innocents, was an episode of infanticide by the king of Judaea, Herod, who ordered the execution of all young male children in Bethlehem, to avoid the loss of his throne to a newborn King of the Jews, whose birth had been prophesied by the Magi, also called the Three Wise Men from The East.
Mary and Joseph go into exile in Egypt until Herod’s death, and then return to Bethlehem in time for Jesus’ birth.
Bust of HerodBronzeRoman
Artist Unknown
Incarnation and Childhood
34
Adoration of the Shepherds
Mary gives birth to Jesus in a stable – no room at the inn.
Adoration of the ShepherdsPainting
Rembrandt1646
Incarnation and Childhood
35
Adoration of the Shepherds
Painting by Caravaggio16th Century
Italy
Incarnation and Childhood
36
Adoration of the Magi – Rubens, 1618Incarnation and Childhood
37
Presentation in the Temple
Mary and Joseph take the baby Jesus to the Temple in Jerusalem 40 days after his birth in accordance with the law of Moses.
PaintingRembrandt
1631
Incarnation and Childhood
38
Presentation in the Temple
Simeon recognizes Jesus as the Messiah during the presentation in the Temple.
PaintingRembrandt
1627
Incarnation and Childhood
39
Massacre of the Innocents, Bruegel, Flemish, 1565Incarnation and Childhood
40
Incarnation and Childhood Massacre of the Innocents, Rubens, Flemish, 1621
41
Dispute in the Temple
The Child Jesus debates with the Jewish scholars, foretelling his ministry
GiottoArena Chapel
Rome, Italy
Incarnation and Childhood
42
Public Ministry•Baptism by John the Baptist•Calling of Matthew•Miracles•Delivery of the Keys to Peter•Transfiguration (literally, to take on another body or rise out of the human body, to become changed)•Cleansing the Temple
The Life of Jesus in Art
43
Public Ministry
Guido ReniItalian
1622
Baptism by John the Baptist
44
Public Ministry
Calling of Matthew
Jesus begins to call his 12 Disciples
CaravaggioItalian
1622
45
Miracles
Cana – Changing water into wine
Public Ministry
Marriage at CanaHieronymous Bosch
Dutchc. 1500
46
MiraclesPublic Ministry Healing the Sick, Rembrandt, Etching, 1649
47
MiraclesPublic Ministry Raising Lazarus from the Dead, Tintoretto, 16th C, Italian
48
MiraclesPublic Ministry Raising Lazarus from the Dead, Jean JouvenetC. 1700, French
49
Public Ministry Giving Key to Peter, Perugino
50
Jesus gave Peter the leadership role among the Disciples, and said to him "I will give to thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven” which has had various interpretations all through Christian history. Peter is venerated in multiple churches and is regarded as the first Pope by the Roman Catholic Church.
Public Ministry
Statue of St. PeterSt. Peter’s Basilica
Vatican
51
Transfiguration
Public Ministry
12th Century Icon from the
Sinai
When Jesus and 3 of his Disciples went up onto a mountain, the Disciples reported that Jesus began to shine with great radiance, and the prophets Moses and Elijah appeared next to him
52
Anonymous ArtistEthopian Magic Scrolls
Ethopia19th Century
Public Ministry
Transfiguration
53
Cleansing the Temple
Jesus drives out those he believes desecrate the Temple, thus putting himself into conflict with Jewish elders.
This may have occurred during Jesus’ last week of life.
Public Ministry
Driving the Traders from the TempleEl Greco, Spain, 1600
54
• Entry into Jerusalem• Last Supper• Agony in the Garden• Betrayal and Arrest• Trials of Jesus• Flagellation (whipping)• Carrying the Cross, Raising the Cross, Crucifixion• Deposition (to depose, bring down from the cross), Lamentation,
Entombment• Descent into Limbo (a state in the afterlife between life and
death)• Resurrection, Three Marys at the Tomb• Noli Me Tangere, Supper at Emmaus, Doubting Thomas• Ascension
Passion
55
Entry into Jerusalem
Passion
Albrecht DurerWoodcut
German 1509/1511
The last week of Jesus’ life is called Passion week. It starts with his entry into Jerusalem to stand trial and ends with his crucifixion.
56
Public Ministry Entry into Jerusalem, Byzantine Icon
57
The Last Supper
Passion
Byzantine MiniatureArtist and Date
Unknown
Jesus foretells his approaching death.
Note black halo around Judas in foreground.
58
The Last Supper
Passion
Phillipe Champaigne. French, 1622
59
Agony in the Garden
Passion
Carl BlochDanish, circa 1870
After the last supper with his disciples, Jesus goes into the garden to contemplate his approaching death.
60
Betrayal by Judas Iscariot
Passion
Kiss of JudasGustave Dore
EngravingFrench, 1866
Judas approaches the Jewish elders, and agrees to betray Jesus for 30 pieces of silver.
Jesus is arrested after Judas’ kiss signals the soldiers.
61
Trials of Jesus
Passion
GiottoArena Chapel
Rome, Italy
Jesus is tried before the Sanhedrin (Jewish Council) and then taken to Pontius Pilate, the Roman prefect, for his last trial.
62
Flagellation
Passion
William BourguereauCirca 1870
French
Jesus is tortured during his imprisonment.
63
Carrying the Cross
Passion
Caravaggio16th Century
Italian
Jesus is forced to carry the cross he will be crucified on.
64
Crucifixion
Passion
Salvadore DaliCirca 1950
Spanish
Jesus is crucified on Calgary (Golgotha) the burial grounds located outside the walls of Jerusalem.
Soldiers drew lots for his cloak.
His mother, Mary Magdalene, and some of the disciples are often seen in Crucifixion pictures.
65
Caravaggio16th Century
Italian
Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus removed Jesus’ body from the cross. The Virgin Mary, St. John the Evangelist, and Mary Magdalene are often seen in these pictures.
Deposition
Passion
66
Lamentation
Passion
Edouard ManetCircla 1880
French
Joseph, Nicodemus, the Virgin Mary, St. John the Evangelist, and Mary Magdalene are often seen mourning over the dead body.
The Virgin and Mary are seen in this picture.
67
Descent
Passion
Descent into LimboFra Angelico
Circa 1440
It is believed that Jesus descended into hell (limbo or purgatory, as is now believed) for 3 days, redeeming the souls there.
68
Passion
ResurrectionDierk BoutsCirca 1500
Dutch
Resurrection
It is believed that Jesus arose from the dead after 3 days, and left the tomb.
The 3 Marys are often seen at the empty tomb
69
Passion
Mathias GrunewaldCirca 1500
German
Resurrection
70
Passion
Albrecht DurerCirca 1500
German
Resurrection
71
Noli Me Tangere(Do not touch me)
After his resurrection, Jesus appeared in human form to his disciples, but asked them not to touch him.
Northern Renaissance SchoolArtist Unknown
Passion
72
Noli Me Tangere(Do not touch me)
Relief from Spanish Cathedral
Date Unknown
Passion
73
Passion
Caravaggio 1606
Italian
Supper at Emmaus
When Jesus appeared to his disciples after his resurrection
74
Passion
Rembrandt1628/1629
Dutch
Supper atEmmaus
75
Passion
Caravaggio16th Century
Italian
Doubting Thomas
Thomas doubted he was real, so Jesus allowed Thomas to feel the wound in his side, inflicted at the Cricifixion by a soldier.
76
Ascension
Passion
Salvador DaliCirca 1959
Spanish