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Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
thermistor based temperature control
• NAME ROLL NO• ankit dutta 31• tithi makar 08• koushik das 11• madhumanti saha 09• sourov saha 54
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
acknowledgement
The main objective of this project is to obtain first-hand knowledge on how temperature can be controlled by using a thermistor and how it can be applied to the main work field and also to prove its main impact in the field of Engineering and Technology.
It is my heartiest gratitude to respected MRS S.Maity, our faculty and guide through-out this project work for her professional guidance, advice, motivation, endurance and encouragements during her supervision period. The present work would have never been possible without her vital supports and valuable assistance.
Needless to mention that she has rendered her whole -hearted support and help to make this project a success.
It is only because of her and our all-out effort that we could draw up to this extent in such a field of excellence in the present days of Science and Technology.
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
THermistor thermal resistor
A thermistor is a type of resistor used to measure temperature changes, relying on the change in its resistance with changing temperature. Thermistor is a combination of the words thermal and resistor. The Thermistor was invented by Samuel Ruben in 1930, and has U.S. Patent #2,021,491.
Leads, coated Glass encased Surface mount
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
thermistorthermal resistor
Assume a simple linear relationship between resistance and temperature for the following discussion:
ΔR = k ΔT
where
ΔR = change in resistance ΔT = change in temperature
k = first-order temperature coefficient of resistance
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
thermistorthermal resistor
Thermistors can be classified into two types depending on the sign of k.
If k is positive, the resistance increases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor, Posistor.
If k is negative, the resistance decreases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor.
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
aim of the project
The project is designed to develop a temperature control system using thermistor.
The thermistor is a negative temperature coefficient temperature sensor. So increase in temperature will decrease its resistance.
Thus at higher temperature conditions , the thermistor will be capable of conducting more amount of current through it.
However, due to the non-linear resistance versus temperature characteristics of the thermistor, care should be taken to make it as linear as possible.
A lamp or an optical source is connected to the overall circuitry which is mainly used as an indicator.
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
STEPS UNDERTAKEN /PLANNING REQUIRED
STEP 2:Increase in temperature decreases its resistance. The minimum and maximum resistance values are noted down.
:STEP 3:
No conclusion is found as no graph can be
drawn from it.
STEP 5:The
tempersture of water after a specific time
period is noted down .
STEP 6:At this
temperature values, the
corresponding thermistor
resistance values are measured.
Now its possible to draw a graph.
STEP 1:Heat is supplied to the thermistor using soldering iron.
STEP 4:A water bath is
completely filled with water and is heated
by dipping an immersion heater
into it.
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
thermistorthermal resistor
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
components Resistors
R1,R2 8.2k
R4 1K Thermistor
R5 470 ohm
R6 22k
R7 820 ohm
R3 All 100 ohm
Diodes
D1 Zener Diode 5.1 v ,400 mW
D2,D5,D6 1N4001
D3,D4 15 V 1w
Other Parts
IC1 op amp 741
T1 BC 147
X1 18V
C1,C2 capacitor 470micro 50V
R1 Relay 12V, 250 ohm
S1 1 Pole ,10 way switch
Immersion Heater 50W
Thermometer
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
ADVANTAGES OF USING THERMISTOR
Sensitivity: Large change in resistance with temperature, typically -5% per K.
Accuracy: Thermistors offer both high absolute accuracy and interchangeability.
Small size: Thermistors have very small sizes and this makes for a very rapid response to temperature changes.
Ruggedness: Most thermistors are rugged and can handle mechanical and thermal shock and vibration better than other types of temperature sensors.
Remote measurement: Thermistors can be used to sense the temperature of remote locations via long cables
Low cost: Thermistors cost less than most of the other types of temperature sensors.
Interchangeability: Thermistors can be manufactured with very close tolerances.
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
thermistorthermal resistor
Example Applications:
• Temperature measurement.
• Time delay (self heating from large current ‘opens’ the thermistor so it can be used as a slow switch). Heating = i2 R where R is the resistance and i is the current.
• Surge suppression when a circuit is first energized. Current needs to flow through the thermistor for awhile to heat it so that it ‘opens’, and acts again as a switch.
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
12
Example Applications
• Thermometry! • PTC thermistors can be used as current-limiting devices
for circuit protection, as fuses. • Current through the device causes a small amount of
resistive heating.
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
APPLICATION OF THERMISTOR
Household Electronics: Refrigerators and deep-freezers, washing machines, electric cookers
Automotive Electronics: Motor management, airbags
Heating and Air-conditioning: Heating cost distributors, room temperature monitoring.
Industrial electronics: Temperature stabilization of laser diodes and photo elements.
Computer and consumer electronics: HDDs, printer and PC main boards.
Telecommunications: TCXO.
Pat Arnott, ATMS 360 Atmospheric Instrumentation
PROPOSED WORK
Whenever temperature increases beyond a certain value, a lamp (indicating a cooler) is switched on to bring the temperature to normal value. As switching ON of load is done automatically so this system doesn’t require anyone to monitor the temperature in person. Negative co-efficient thermistor is used along with an operational amplifier to actuate the relay in the event of temperature going out of range. Characteristics are highly nonlinear and need correction for applications that require a linear response. A change in temperature will alter the input parameters to the op-amp. The op-amp delivers an output to energize the relay and switch ON/OFF the lamp.
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