Test 2 Review - Ancient to Gothic

Test 2 ReviewGreek Geometric Through Hellenistic

Test Format Part 1: 5 Slides (Artist, Date, Culture, Significant Fact)

Part 2: 1-2 Mystery Slides

- Piece and it’s time period/culture

- Compare to another piece and give reason to why it’s similar to that

Part 3: Vocabulary - 5- 10 vocab words

- Should be about 2-3 sentences

- Going to want to connect the word with a work of art/architecture learned in that unit

Part 4: Extra Credit - questions/fill-in-the-blanks form subjects talked about in class or in the readings

Part 5: Essay- 3-5 questions- asked to answer one, recommend having an intro paragraph, 2 body paragraphs, and a conclusion. I would related at least 4 works when answering

Vocabulary - Geometric and Archaic Periods ● Early Greek Art- Mycenaean fell, Greece entered dark ages, but around 9th c. BCE began to

start writing things down and producing art ● Geometric Period 900-700 BCE- great deal of sharp shapes (triangles, zig-zags,

rectangles), convention of small markers for gender, use of registers, fill up the space with figures and pattern

● Orientalizing Period 700-600 BCE- reestablish contact with east ● Archaic Period 600-480 BCE- conventions- archaic smile, idealizations in statues, nudity in

males● Kouros, Kouroi- statue of young man ● Kore, Korai- statue of a young girl ● Caryatid- statues of young women used as columns in the ionic order in the Archaic Period ● Entasis- cigar shape of column; don’t go straight up,they take more of a curving form to

seem more swelling in the middle ● Idealizaiton- making something looking more perfect than they really are

Parts of a Greek Temple Pediment- triangular part

Frieze- horizontal part right under the pediment

Architrave- support blocks

Capital- top of the column

Shaft- the column

Stylobate- top step of a greek temple

Triglyph and metope friezes- only in Doric

Cella - interior room of a Greek Temple used for housing the statue of god

Peristyle- columns going all the way around a plan in Greek Architecture

Architectural Orders

Doric - plain/round capital, sits directly on top step

Ionic- scroll capital, base at bottom of Column, continues frieze

Corinthian- variation of ionic with leaves

Geometric Krater from Dipylon Cemetery, Athens, 8th c. BCE

Geometric

Served as a grave marker for an elite man

Mantiklos Apollo, c. 700-680 BCE Geometric

Triangular shape body and head, greatly seen in geometric art

Dedication to god Apollo with writing stating it is a ‘gift for god’ to either thank god for doing a favor/to ask for a favor

Lady of Auxerre, c. 650-635 BCE Orientalizing Period

Had pattern on skirt indicating where it would have been painted

Kouros, c. 600 BCE

Archaic

Inspiration from Egyptians; position of feet, hands to side, proportions, obsession with the idealized male body

Kroisos, c. 530 BCE

Archaic

Example as idealization in early greek art, can see traces of paint

Peplos Kore, c. 530 BCE ● Archaic ● Thought that it may be a goddess due to her outfit● Archaic smile

Temple of Hera I, c. 550 BCE ● Plan & View

● Archaic ● 9 columns in the front which then caused them to put central

columns in the middle, blocking views of the cella

Temple of Artemis, Corfu, c. 600-580 BCE ● Archaic ● Doric order due to its plain capitals and triglyph and metope frieze,

depict medusa on the building in attempts to protect and guard

Siphnian Treasury, Delphi, c. 530 BCE ● Archaic

● Used to keep precious offering left for the god’s● Uses human bodies as the columns

Ergotimos & Kleitias, Francois Vase, ca. 570 BCE● Archaic

● Shows that the artists were literate and wanted to show who was responsible for making the vases

Exekias, Achilles & Ajax Playing a Game, c. 540 BCE● Archaic

● Starting to understand more of the human anatomy

Andokides Painter, Bilingual Vase, c. 525 BCE● Archaic ● Reversed the pot painting order; red figure style - paint the details

with the brush which makes lines more fluid

Euthymides, Revelers Vase, c. 510 BCE ● Archaic ● Depicts older men drinking, painted a different perspective of

movement of the human body

Vocabulary- Early and High Classical ● Early Classical 480-450 BCE = Transitional Period- after Persian War,

inspired the arts; showing a little bit of emotion and age, only plane view, beginnings of contrapposto

● Severe style sculpture- simplified folds, smooth faces, little bit of age and emotion, thick eyelids

● High Classical 450-400 BCE- fully developed contrapposto, bland faces/ no emotions, idealization

● Late Classical Greek Art 400-323 BCE- Peloponnesian war breaks out, Athens defeated by Sparta, see first female nude

● Persian Wars 490 and 480 BCE- Persia attacked a city in Turkey, Greeks sent troops to aid fellow Greeks, so then persians attacked Green in 490; a tiny Athenian army then beats them, but Perisa came back in 480; Greece built up mainland army and navy and still beat them

● Contrapposto- the weight shift of the human body; one leg bent and one leg flexed (weight bearing leg) that creates movement throughout the body

Vocab. Continued ● Lost-wax bronzes- a hollow statue that is cast in different pieces and

put together, less weight and less expensive● Athens- greek city state ● Attica- region around athens ● Attic- art works from Attica/Athens ● Akropolis- “high city” in Athens that most Greek buildings are

located, ex: Propylaia, Temple of Athena Nike, Erechtheion ● Perikles- general of Athens during Golden Age ● Optical Refinements- used to make adjustments to buildings to

make them look more perfect, everything curves slightly turn inwards and/or the base is curved like a dome

● Peloponnesian War 431- 404 BCE- war between Athens and Sparta, Athens loses

Temple of Aphaia, Aigina, C. 500-490 BCE ● Plan & View ● Early Classical ● Has standard number of columns (6 across) ● West Pediment Warrior, c. 500-490 BCE, maybe done

in Archaic Period or done by poorer artist- archaic smile, stiff

● East Pediment Warrior, c. 490-480 BCE, maybe done in early classical, or done by better artist; depicts emotion

Temple of Zeus, Olympia, c. 470-460 BCE ● Early Classical ● Shows a standard 6 x 13 doric temple that had a giant statue of

Zeus in the Cella

Temple of Zeus, Olympia, c. 470-460 BCE ● Early Classical ● East Pediment with Chariot Race of Pelops- most

important/formal pediment since it is on top of the doorway; usually more professional and simple

● Athena, Herakles, and Atlas Metope- Herakles is holding up heavens and Athena is helping Herakles, severe style sculpture (flat folds, smooth faces)

Kritios Boy, c. 480 BCE●Early Classical ●Shows the beginning of contrapposto

Charioteer of Delphi, c. 470 BCE ●Early classical ●Example of a lost wax bronze

Zeus from Artemision, c. 460-450 BCE ● Early Classical ● Found in the sea after a shipwreck, most likely Zeus because it

looks like it’s throwing a lightning bolt OR Poseidon, maybe holding a trident

Riace Warriors, c. 460-450 BCE ● Early Classical ● Also found in the Sea ● Use of Contrapposto

Polykleitos, Doryphoros, c. 450-440 BCE● Early Classical ● “Spear Bearer” use to hold a spear● Fully developed contrapposto ● Came up with a system of proportions but method is lost

Stele of Hegeso, c. 400 BCE ● Early Classical ● Starting to see the body through clothing (wet drapery look) ●Mainly for women, females shown in home

Achilles Painter, Warrior and Wife, c. 440 BCE ● Early Classical ● Significance in the fact they finally got down the profile eye

Niobid Painter, Artemis and Apollo Killing Children of Niobe, c. 450 BCE ● Early Classical ● Shows how painters were exploring with space and how bodies

are moving in space

Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, c. 447-438 BCE● View and Plan ● Early Classical ● Approach from west, view from center- architect wants

you to appreciate the building as a whole ● Doric order- 8 x 17 to make room for statue of Athena ● 4 Ionic columns in the middle and continuous frieze ● Optical refinements; dome base

Statue of Athena- building made in honor of her, not there anymore Three Goddesses, East Pediment- see the use of the wet drapery look, one could be Aphrodite Metope with Centaur- 92 sculptured metopes, centaur wedding which is a metaphor for the Persian wars- centaur triumphs humans

● Sculptures supervised by Phidias at Parthenon

● C. 447-432 BCE ● Early Classical

Mnesikles, Propylaia, c. 437- 432 BCE ● High Classical ● Monumental gateway ● Made a double pediment so it wasn’t awkward ● No sculpture in metopes so it wouldn’t overpower the

Parthenon

Kallikrates, Temple of Athena Nike, c. 427-424 BCE ● High Classical ● Ionic, no peristyle

Erechtheion, c. 421-405 BCE ● High Classical ● Asymmetrical and multileveled; unlike most classical greek

buildings ● Multiple cults celebrated

Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos, c. 350-340 BCE ●Late Classical ●First female nude

Praxiteles, Hermes and Dionysos, c. 340 BCE ● Late Classical ● Exaggerated Contrapposto “s-curve” ● More intimacy, melting gaze (very soft face)

Grave Stele of Hunter, c. 340-330 BCE ● Late Classical ● In the style of Skopas ● Known for showing age, emotion, and deep set eyes

Lysippos, Apoxyomenos, c. 330 BCE● Late Classical ● ‘The Sweat Scraper’- an athlete that is scraping off the sweat

on him ● Known for making sculptures break the plane

Gnosis, Stag Hunt, c. 300 BCE ● Late Classical ● Shows what is missing in wall paintings ● Ability of expressing anatomy and shading through pebbles

Philoxenos of Eretria, Battle of Issus (Alexander Mosaic● Copy of painting of c. 310 BCE ● Late Classical ● Don’t see a lot of depth , more stacking ● Maybe a representation of what greek paintings may have

looked like

Theater at Epidauros, 4th c. BCE ● Late Classical ● Not free-standing; built into the hillside and based off rank ● Closest to stage was for the wealthy

Lysikrates Monument, c. 334 BCE ● Late Classical ● Not a temple, a monument given to a theater producer ● First building to be built in the Corinthian order that’s outside

the building

Vocabulary - Hellenistic

● Hellenistic Greek Art, 323-31 BCE- starts with death of Alexander the Great, exaggerated emotion, dramatic architecture and sculpture, twisted poses and seen in at different angles

● Philip of Macedon- conquered Greece, father of Alexander the Great ● Alexander the Great- general and military strategist, created a huge

empire from Greece to Northern India ● Agora- the heart of any ancient greek city that holds the markets,

important temples, city councils ● Stoa- Long skinny multipurpose building, most likely shopping malls

Paionios of Ephesos and Daphnis of Miletos, Temple of Apollo Didyma, begun c. 313 BCE● Plan and Interior view ● Hellenistic ● Dramatic architecture, have to go in side entrances to

enter

Stoa of Attalos, Athens, c. 150 BCE ● Hellenistic ● Example of a Stoa (long skinny multipurpose building, this

one being a shopping mall) ● Bottom is Doric (sturdier), top is ionic

Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, c. 175 BCE ● Hellenistic ● War memorial, contains sculpture pouring over the reliefs ● Athena Relief- shows the dramatic emotion and sculpture, open

mouth, deep set eyes, ridged/wrinkle foreheads, diagonal poses

Nike of Samothrace, c. 190 BCE ● Hellenistic ● War memorial of naval battle ● Twisting dramatic pose

Alexandros of Antioch-on-the-Meander, Aphrodite (Venus de Milo), c. 150-125 BCE ● Hellenistic ● Know its hellenistic due to her twisted pose

Old Market Woman, c. 150-100 BCE ● Hellenistic ●Extreme realism of Hellenistic sculpture