European vocabulary

Define these terms in your own words

The Romans built this water-carrying structure The Romans built this water-carrying structure ca. 19 BCE. ca. 19 BCE.

aqueductaqueduct

alliancesAt the At the outbreak of outbreak of World War I, World War I, the warring the warring powers had powers had allied allied themselves themselves as either the as either the Central Central Powers or Powers or Allied Allied Nations.Nations.

arablearable - land suitable for agriculture

The Archipelago Sea, between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, is the largest archipelago in the world by number of islands; estimates vary between 20,000 and 50,000.

aridaridThe climate of a local The climate of a local or region is said to be or region is said to be arid when it is arid when it is characterized by a characterized by a severe lack of severe lack of available water, to available water, to the extent of the extent of hindering or even hindering or even preventing the preventing the growth and growth and development of plant development of plant and animal life.and animal life.

A prejudice in a general or specific sense, usually in the sense for having a preference to one particular point of view or ideological perspective.

Bubonic PlagueBubonic PlagueIt's possible that trade spread It's possible that trade spread the disease to black rats, the disease to black rats, which then carried the bacteria which then carried the bacteria to other sites of plague to other sites of plague epidemics. Scientists suspect epidemics. Scientists suspect that black rats, endemic to that black rats, endemic to India, arrived in Egypt with sea India, arrived in Egypt with sea trade. In Egypt the rats picked trade. In Egypt the rats picked up plague-carrying fleas and up plague-carrying fleas and were later born on ships that were later born on ships that sailed across the sailed across the Mediterranean to southern Mediterranean to southern Europe. Europe.

(above) The acral gangrene caused by the disease gave it its macabre name. (below) Inguinal bubo on the upper thigh of a person with bubonic plague

Unfortunately, the Silk Unfortunately, the Silk Roads also allowed Roads also allowed diseases to spread. The diseases to spread. The bubonic plague traveled bubonic plague traveled from Yunnan and Burma from Yunnan and Burma eastward to China and eastward to China and westward to Europe along westward to Europe along the roads of the Mongol the roads of the Mongol empire.empire.

Private ownership of the means of production Private ownership of the means of production

is an essential characteristic of is an essential characteristic of capitalismcapitalism

The Chariot of Zeus (1879 illustration from Stories from the Greek Tragedians by Alfred Church) A two-wheeled, horse-drawn military weapon.

Chariot

city-state: city-state: region controlled exclusively by a city, region controlled exclusively by a city, and usually having sovereignty. City-statesand usually having sovereignty. City-states (like Monaco,

pictured) often often have a have a distinctive distinctive cultural cultural identity.identity.

No less than other European powers, No less than other European powers, Belgium proclaimed its colonial Belgium proclaimed its colonial mission to be that of spreading mission to be that of spreading civilization. But while Britain and civilization. But while Britain and France, say, had global empires, France, say, had global empires, Belgium's attention was focused Belgium's attention was focused overwhelmingly on the vast, resource-overwhelmingly on the vast, resource-rich Central African territory of Congo, rich Central African territory of Congo, 76 times larger than Belgium itself. 76 times larger than Belgium itself. The deal was implicit: in exchange for The deal was implicit: in exchange for extracting immense wealth from its extracting immense wealth from its colony, Belgium offered schools, colony, Belgium offered schools, roads, Christianity and civilization.roads, Christianity and civilization.

colonizationcolonization

A system of social organization in which property is A system of social organization in which property is held in common. In modern usage, the term held in common. In modern usage, the term CommunismCommunism (written with a capital (written with a capital CC) is applied to the ) is applied to the movement that aims to overthrow the capitalist order movement that aims to overthrow the capitalist order by revolutionary means and to establish a classless by revolutionary means and to establish a classless society in which all goods will be socially owned.society in which all goods will be socially owned.

The Communist The Communist Manifesto byManifesto byKarl Marx Karl Marx (right)launched many launched many revolts against revolts against the excesses the excesses of capitalismof capitalism

concreteconcreteA construction material A construction material that solidifies and that solidifies and hardens after mixing hardens after mixing and placement creating and placement creating a stone-like material.a stone-like material.

It was used extensively It was used extensively by the ancient Romans by the ancient Romans in formation of the in formation of the Pantheon’s dome.Pantheon’s dome.

currencymoneymoney

Most of Europe Most of Europe was once was once covered by a covered by a hardwood hardwood forest. forest. Overgrazing, Overgrazing, bad soil bad soil management, management, inappropriate land-use, droughts, fires, and inappropriate land-use, droughts, fires, and political turmoil, caused considerable political turmoil, caused considerable deforestation, however, most of the forests of deforestation, however, most of the forests of Europe and were reduced to charcoal to supply Europe and were reduced to charcoal to supply heat for manufacturing processesheat for manufacturing processes.

DeforestationDeforestation

demographicsdemographics

Shorthand term for Shorthand term for population population characteristics.characteristics. Demographics include Demographics include race, age, income, mobility race, age, income, mobility (in terms of travel time to work or number of vehicles available), educational attainment, home educational attainment, home ownership, employment status, and ownership, employment status, and even location. Demographics are even location. Demographics are primarily used in economic and primarily used in economic and marketing research.marketing research.

dikedike a long wall built to keep out the a long wall built to keep out the sea or enclose land or generally to sea or enclose land or generally to enclose or separate land enclose or separate land

empireempire

Official legal tender of Official legal tender of twelve of the EU twelve of the EU countries, replacing countries, replacing their national their national currencies. Already currencies. Already established as an established as an accounting currency accounting currency on January 1, 1999, on January 1, 1999, the euro represents the euro represents the consolidation of the consolidation of European economic European economic integration.integration.

euro

This general set of reciprocal legal and military This general set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility of Europe during obligations among the warrior nobility of Europe during the the Middle Ages revolved around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs.

Roland Roland pledges his pledges his fealty to fealty to Charlemagne; Charlemagne; from a from a manuscript manuscript of a of a chanson de gestechanson de geste..

fjordfjord -- AA long, narrow arm of the sea, usually long, narrow arm of the sea, usually

formed by entrance of the sea into a deep glacial trough.formed by entrance of the sea into a deep glacial trough.

forumThe central area around which ancient Rome developed, in which commerce and the administration of justice took place.

glaciersglaciersAs the snow As the snow collects over collects over many years, many years, an ice field an ice field forms. Ice forms. Ice flows down flows down the valleys the valleys and slopes and slopes of the of the mountains mountains to the lower to the lower elevations, elevations, and glaciers and glaciers are born.are born.

gridgrid

The grid plan or The grid plan or gridiron plan is a gridiron plan is a type of city plan type of city plan in which streets in which streets run at right run at right angles to each angles to each other, other, forming a grid.forming a grid.

A map grid map A map grid map be formed using be formed using latitude and latitude and longitude lines to longitude lines to find an absolute find an absolute position.position.

A policy of extending A policy of extending control or authority over control or authority over foreign entities as a foreign entities as a means of acquisition means of acquisition and/or maintenance of and/or maintenance of empires. This is either empires. This is either through direct territorial through direct territorial conquest or settlement, or conquest or settlement, or through indirect methods through indirect methods of exerting control on the of exerting control on the politics and/or economy of politics and/or economy of other countries.other countries.

imperialismimperialism

indigenousindigenousCultural Cultural groups who have an historical continuity or association with a given region and who formerly or currently inhabit the region either:•before its subsequent colonization before its subsequent colonization or annexation; or or annexation; or •alongside other cultural groups alongside other cultural groups during the formation of a nation-during the formation of a nation-state; or state; or •independently or largely isolated independently or largely isolated from the influence of the claimed from the influence of the claimed governance by a nation-state.governance by a nation-state.

Indigenous peoples of Indigenous peoples of Guatemala bring their Guatemala bring their food to a local market.food to a local market.

industrializationindustrializationBritain changed more Britain changed more during the Industrial during the Industrial Revolution than at any Revolution than at any other time. People other time. People moved from the moved from the countryside to the new countryside to the new towns and cities. The towns and cities. The way people worked way people worked changed, as did they changed, as did they way they lived - not way they lived - not always for the better.always for the better.

In the urban context denotes two general groups of support systems: transportation modalities (roads, rail, etc.) and utilities. These typically compose both public and private systems, and some ambiguously held in common.

infrastructure

Amendment V -Amendment V - “ No person shall be “ No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on presentment infamous crime, unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury,or indictment of a grand jury,

A A grand jurygrand jury decides on whether there is decides on whether there is sufficient evidence to bring a case to trial.sufficient evidence to bring a case to trial.

keystonekeystone

lagoon

A body of comparatively A body of comparatively shallow salt water shallow salt water separated from the separated from the deeper sea by a shallow deeper sea by a shallow or exposed sandbank, or exposed sandbank, coral reef, or similar coral reef, or similar feature. Thus, the feature. Thus, the enclosed body of water enclosed body of water behind barrier islands or behind barrier islands or enclosed by an atoll enclosed by an atoll reef is called a reef is called a lagoonlagoon..

MistralMistralA cold, northerlyA cold, northerly katabatic wind flowing into the Gulf flowing into the Gulf of Lion from the of Lion from the southern coast of southern coast of France, mistrals are France, mistrals are most common most common during winter and during winter and spring, although spring, although gale-force events gale-force events can occur year-can occur year-round. round.

SiroccoSiroccoThis satellite image This satellite image shows a dust storm shows a dust storm over the over the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean Sea. The north African The north African winds, known as winds, known as Sirocco, blow dust Sirocco, blow dust north-west out over north-west out over the Mediterranean Sea the Mediterranean Sea from the Libyan desert from the Libyan desert to the Italian mainland to the Italian mainland crossing the island of crossing the island of Sicily and part of Sicily and part of Sardinia island to the Sardinia island to the west. west.

nationalismnationalism

ThThis is ideology holds that nations are the fundamental units for human social life and that "each nation is entitled to its own state."

parliamentparliament

The British Parliament in The British Parliament in London, U.K.London, U.K.

A legislature, especially in A legislature, especially in those countries whose those countries whose system of government is system of government is based on the Westminster based on the Westminster system modelled after that system modelled after that of the United Kingdom.of the United Kingdom.

World’s largest parliament World’s largest parliament building in Budapest, Hungary.building in Budapest, Hungary.

Established in 930 CE, Iceland’s Established in 930 CE, Iceland’s Althing, is the oldest parliamentary Althing, is the oldest parliamentary institution in the world.institution in the world.

A common source of fuel over the A common source of fuel over the centuries, the decayed plant matter is centuries, the decayed plant matter is dried into briquettes.dried into briquettes.

peatpeat

peninsulaEurope is Europe is composed of composed of the westward-the westward-projecting projecting peninsulas of peninsulas of Eurasia and Eurasia and occupying occupying nearly one-nearly one-fifteenth of the fifteenth of the world's total world's total land area.land area.

plateau - an elevated area of flat land

Polder

Polder:Polder: An area of low-lying land, An area of low-lying land, especially in the Netherlands, that has been especially in the Netherlands, that has been reclaimed from a body of water and is protected reclaimed from a body of water and is protected by dikes.by dikes.

This biome is This biome is characterized by its characterized by its coniferous forests. In coniferous forests. In Europe, taiga is Europe, taiga is confined to Norway, confined to Norway, Sweden, Finland Sweden, Finland and northern Russia and northern Russia with a small amount with a small amount in Scotland. 86% of in Scotland. 86% of Finland’s land Finland’s land surface is covered surface is covered by taiga. by taiga. 

taiga taiga (boreal forest)(boreal forest)

tundra – hardy vegetation including moss and

lichens blanket the permafrost of the tundra.

westerlies prevailing winds blowing from the westprevailing winds blowing from the west

Though Though mostly non-mostly non-functioning, functioning, the antique the antique Dutch Dutch windmills windmills are a are a popular popular tourist tourist attraction.attraction.

WindmillsWindmills

Ecologists are up in arms saying the massive Ecologists are up in arms saying the massive structures are fatal for the migrating birds.structures are fatal for the migrating birds.

Are windmills bad for the environment?Are windmills bad for the environment?

command economycommand economyAny economic system that is centrally-planned by a government is commonly referred to as economic statism. To stress the centralized character of planned economies and to contrast the term with decentralized planning in a market economy, a more specific term, centrally planned economy, is also used.

Many Eastern European countries Many Eastern European countries are transitioning from command are transitioning from command economies to market economies economies to market economies with varying results.with varying results.

Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional MonarchyA form of government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch as head of state, as opposed to an absolute monarchy, where the monarch is not bound by a constitution and is the sole source of political power.

King Albert II of Belgium

In aIn a communist communist country, the country, the government owns government owns businesses and businesses and farms. It provides farms. It provides its people's its people's healthcare, healthcare, education and education and welfare.welfare.

communismcommunism

DemocracyDemocracy

The ancient Greeks and Romans both practiced a form of democracy providing the model for America’s Founding Fathers.

Direct participation Direct participation was the key to was the key to Athenian democracy. Athenian democracy. In the Assembly, In the Assembly, every male citizen every male citizen was not only entitled was not only entitled to attend as often as to attend as often as he pleased but also he pleased but also had the right to had the right to debate, offer debate, offer amendments, and amendments, and vote on proposals. vote on proposals.

EUEU

The European Union is a The European Union is a unique, treaty-based, unique, treaty-based, institutional framework institutional framework that defines and that defines and manages economic manages economic and political and political cooperation among its cooperation among its fifteen European member fifteen European member countries.countries.

The industrial revolution The industrial revolution did not affect all parts of did not affect all parts of the world uniformly. the world uniformly. Based on Based on per capita per capita income dataincome data estimated estimated is one way of illustrating is one way of illustrating the origins and the the origins and the diffusion of the industrial diffusion of the industrial revolution. revolution.

The huge increases in the post-WWII The huge increases in the post-WWII period were even more dramatic in period were even more dramatic in Japan and Europe as the United Japan and Europe as the United States’ Marshall Plan helped rebuild States’ Marshall Plan helped rebuild

these war-torn economiesthese war-torn economies.

GDPGDP

IndustrialIndustrialRevolutionRevolutionBritain changed more Britain changed more during this era than at during this era than at any other time. People any other time. People moved from the moved from the countryside to the new countryside to the new towns and cities. Britain towns and cities. Britain became the world's became the world's biggest superpower with biggest superpower with the huge increase in the huge increase in industrial production, industrial production, and imperial expansion.and imperial expansion.

Modern economyModern economyModern traders generally Modern traders generally negotiate through the use of negotiate through the use of a medium of exchange, i.e. a medium of exchange, i.e. money, and rarely through money, and rarely through barter: as a result one can barter: as a result one can separate buying and earning separate buying and earning from selling. The invention of from selling. The invention of money (and subsequently of money (and subsequently of credit, paper money and non-credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly physical money) greatly simplified and promoted the simplified and promoted the development of trade.development of trade.

CultureCulture

What people believe, eat, wear, and speakWhat people believe, eat, wear, and speak

acropolis:acropolis: These remnants of classical Athens These remnants of classical Athens perch 200 feet above Athens, Greeceperch 200 feet above Athens, Greece

capitalism - capitalism - Private ownership of the means of Private ownership of the means of production is an essential characteristic of capitalismproduction is an essential characteristic of capitalism

One of the many reasons for the collapse of the Soviet

Union was the overall failure of the command command economyeconomy.  Unlike the market economymarket economy where prices of goods and services are set by the forces or supply and demand based on the purchasing decisions of consumers, prices in a command

economy are set centrally and resources are allocated based on government priorities. 

Urging the knights and noblemen to Urging the knights and noblemen to win back the Holy Land, Pope win back the Holy Land, Pope Urban II delivered an impassioned Urban II delivered an impassioned speech in 1095 at Clermont, France speech in 1095 at Clermont, France that launched 200 years of warring that launched 200 years of warring in the Holy Lands. The Pope in the Holy Lands. The Pope exhorted those present exhorted those present to face to face their sins, and called upon to their sins, and called upon to save their souls save their souls and become and become "Soldiers of Christ.“"Soldiers of Christ.“

CrusadesCrusades

ethnic ethnic cleansicleansingngDuring the 1990s During the 1990s it was used it was used extensively by extensively by the media in the the media in the former former Yugoslavia in Yugoslavia in relation to the relation to the Yugoslav wars. Yugoslav wars. This massacre This massacre occurred near occurred near Kosovo.Kosovo.

imperialismimperialism is a policy of extending control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires. This is either through direct territorial conquest or settlement, or through indirect methods of exerting control on the politics and/or economy of other countries

nationalismnationalism

ThThis ideology is ideology holds that holds that nations are the nations are the fundamental fundamental units for human units for human social life and social life and that "each nation that "each nation is entitled to its is entitled to its own state."own state."

Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis

It occurred in 1832 It occurred in 1832 when South Carolina when South Carolina felt that they would not felt that they would not have to enforce laws have to enforce laws created by Congress if created by Congress if they felt it was they felt it was unconstitutional. unconstitutional. South Carolina felt that South Carolina felt that the Tariff of 1828 was the Tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional. They unconstitutional. They threatened to secede or threatened to secede or leave the Union if it leave the Union if it wasn't changed.wasn't changed.

President Andrew President Andrew JacksonJackson

RenaissaRenaissancence In the 12th century a In the 12th century a rediscovery of Greek rediscovery of Greek and Roman literature and Roman literature occurred across Europe occurred across Europe that eventually led to that eventually led to the development of the the development of the humanist movement in humanist movement in the 14th century.the 14th century.

“The Rebirth”

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar was a Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and Roman general and statesman who conquered statesman who conquered Gaul (modern France and Gaul (modern France and Belgium - 58-50 BC). Belgium - 58-50 BC).

Leonardo da Leonardo da VinciVinci

Leonardo da Leonardo da VinciVinci

From 1485 to 1490, Leonardo From 1485 to 1490, Leonardo produced studies on nature, flying produced studies on nature, flying machines, geometry, mechanics, machines, geometry, mechanics, municipal construction, canals and architecture. municipal construction, canals and architecture. His studies from this period contain designs for His studies from this period contain designs for advanced weapons, including a tank and advanced weapons, including a tank and other war vehicles, various other war vehicles, various combat devices, and submarines.combat devices, and submarines.

Martin Luther Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) (1483 – 1546)

A German A German theologian and an theologian and an Augustinian monk Augustinian monk whose teachings whose teachings inspired the inspired the Protestant Protestant Reformation and Reformation and deeply influenced deeply influenced the doctrines of the doctrines of Lutheran, Lutheran, Protestant and Protestant and other Christian other Christian traditions. traditions.

Marco PoloMarco PoloChina and Europe were China and Europe were strangers in AD1265. strangers in AD1265. The Himalaya Mountains The Himalaya Mountains and the Gobi Desert and the Gobi Desert were natural boundaries were natural boundaries that were difficult to that were difficult to cross. He was one of the cross. He was one of the first Westerners to travel first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China the Silk Road to China and visit the Great Khan and visit the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, of the Mongol Empire, Kublai KhanKublai Khan

Napoléon Napoléon BonaparteBonaparte,, in in over the course of over the course of little more than a little more than a decade, acquired decade, acquired control of most or control of most or all of the western all of the western and central and central mainland of mainland of Europe by Europe by conquest or conquest or alliance until his alliance until his defeat at the Battle defeat at the Battle of the Nations near of the Nations near Leipzig in October Leipzig in October 1813. 1813.

Renaissance Renaissance “The Rebirth”“The Rebirth”

In the 12th century a In the 12th century a rediscovery of Greek and rediscovery of Greek and Roman literature occurred Roman literature occurred across Europe that across Europe that eventually led to the eventually led to the development of the development of the humanist movement in the humanist movement in the 14th 14th century. century.

The bold and The bold and warlike Vikings warlike Vikings dominated the dominated the maritime regions maritime regions of Northern of Northern Europe and sailed Europe and sailed out of out of Scandinavian Scandinavian ports on voyages ports on voyages of exploration and of exploration and colonization.colonization.

The The VikingsVikings

VikingsVikings

In the year 793 Viking In the year 793 Viking pirate raiders sailed pirate raiders sailed across the North Sea across the North Sea to a Christian to a Christian monastery at monastery at Lindisfarne in north-Lindisfarne in north-east England. They east England. They stole its treasures, stole its treasures, murdered the monks murdered the monks and terrified everyone. and terrified everyone. This was followed by This was followed by other violent 'Viking other violent 'Viking raids' all over Britain.raids' all over Britain.

(pg. 302)(pg. 302)

CitiesCities

Athens, GreeceAthens, GreeceLondon, EnglandLondon, EnglandParis, FranceParis, FranceRome, ItalyRome, ItalyTurkey, IstanbulTurkey, Istanbul

Acropolis: Acropolis: These remnants of classical Athens These remnants of classical Athens perch 200 feet above Athens, Greeceperch 200 feet above Athens, Greece

Athens, Athens, Greece Greece “cradle of democracy”“cradle of democracy”

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

London,London, EnglandEngland

British House of Parliament

Big Ben Big Ben clock clock towertower

QueeQueen n ElizabElizabeth IIeth II

Paris, FranceThe Eiffel {y'-ful} Tower, an The Eiffel {y'-ful} Tower, an immense structure of immense structure of exposed latticework exposed latticework supports made of iron, was supports made of iron, was erected for the erected for the ParisParis Exposition of 1889. Exposition of 1889.

RomeRome grew along the banks of the grew along the banks of the TiberTiber River into a River into a major city under the rule of the Etruscans in the centuries major city under the rule of the Etruscans in the centuries before Christ.before Christ.

StockholStockholmmCapital of Sweden.Capital of Sweden.

Vatican Vatican CityCity

The State of The State of the Vatican the Vatican City is a City is a landlocked landlocked enclave enclave surrounded by surrounded by the city of the city of Rome in Italy, Rome in Italy, and the and the smallest smallest independent independent state in the state in the world. world.

Nearly a billion Catholics Nearly a billion Catholics worldwide mourned the worldwide mourned the death of Pope John Paul death of Pope John Paul II in 2005.II in 2005.

Industrial pollution in the Venice lagoon, 1998

The Venice Lagoon has a The Venice Lagoon has a surface area of 55,000 has surface area of 55,000 has and was formed nearly 6,000 and was formed nearly 6,000 years ago.years ago.

Venice Venice LagoonLagoon

Raised walkways have been installed in places where the flooding is worst. These people are queueing to enter the Basilica di San Marco

A combination of man’s A combination of man’s activities and natural changes activities and natural changes threaten the very existence of threaten the very existence of this historical Italian city.this historical Italian city.

Sinking VeniceSinking Venice

PeninsulasPeninsulas

The Balkan The Balkan PeninsulaPeninsula

The Balkans is The Balkans is the historic and the historic and geographic geographic name used to name used to describe describe southeastern southeastern Europe. Europe.

Iberian PeninsulaIberian Peninsula

The The Meseta, Meseta, a a great uplifted great uplifted fault block ringed fault block ringed and crossed by and crossed by mountain ranges, mountain ranges, dominates this dominates this peninsula that peninsula that contains the contains the countries of Spain, Portugal, and the tiny countries of Spain, Portugal, and the tiny Andorra. Coastal lowlands, the site of the major Andorra. Coastal lowlands, the site of the major industrial cities, surround the primarily agrarian-industrial cities, surround the primarily agrarian-oriented Meseta. oriented Meseta.

Italian BootItalian Boot

The Italian The Italian peninsula or the peninsula or the Apennine Apennine peninsula is one of peninsula is one of the greatest the greatest peninsulas of peninsulas of Europe, spanning Europe, spanning 1000 km from the 1000 km from the Alps in the north, to Alps in the north, to the central the central Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea in the south.in the south.

It borders the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, and It borders the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, and includes Denmark and part of Northern includes Denmark and part of Northern Germany.Germany.

JutlandJutlandPeninsulaPeninsula

Scandanavian Scandanavian PeninsulaPeninsulaThe most common The most common definition includes, definition includes, mainland Norway mainland Norway and Sweden, and Sweden, though it would though it would appear that part of appear that part of Finland could be Finland could be on this peninsula on this peninsula as well.as well.

NATONATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), is an international The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), is an international organization for defense collaboration established in 1949.organization for defense collaboration established in 1949.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)(U.S.S.R.) split into 15split into 15 independent countries in the early 1990s.independent countries in the early 1990s.

IstanbulIstanbulTurkey's largest city, and its cultural and economic center located on the Bosphorus strait. Istanbul extends both on the European and on the Asian side of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world which is on two continents.

London, London, United United KingdomKingdom

Warsaw, Poland at nightWarsaw, Poland at night

LinksLinks

http://www.thedreamtime.com/spirit/astrology.htmlhttp://www.thedreamtime.com/spirit/astrology.html http://www.nlcs.k12.in.us/oljrhi/brown/mesopotamia/meso.htmhttp://www.nlcs.k12.in.us/oljrhi/brown/mesopotamia/meso.htm http://protectingwater.com/agriculture.htmlhttp://protectingwater.com/agriculture.html http://www.allied-media.com/Arab-American/Arab%20americanhttp://www.allied-media.com/Arab-American/Arab%20american

%20Demographics.htm%20Demographics.htm http://www.gotohoroscope.com/daily.htmlhttp://www.gotohoroscope.com/daily.html http://www.japaneseartbyreiko.com/html/gallery.htmlhttp://www.japaneseartbyreiko.com/html/gallery.html http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/mexico.htmhttp://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/mexico.htm http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?

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