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The bride of desert

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YOU CAN WATCH THIS PRESENTATION IN MUSIC HERE (You have a link on the first slide): http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/michaelasanda-1379908-yazd10/Thank you!Wind towers (Badgir) are important elements in traditional Iranian architecture, providing natural air-conditioning in hot, dry and humid climates for thousands of years. These towers rise not only on ordinary houses but also on top of water cisterns (Ab-anbar) and mosques. The function of the cistern found below most wind towers in warm dry regions was to help balance humidity inside the structure. In many desert buildings, wind towers were built on top of a lavabo (howzkhaneh, which functioned as a summer courtyard). The wind was directed over the pool where it evaporated the water and took the cool air into other rooms. The first historical evidence of wind towers in Iran dates back to the fourth millennium BC.

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http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/michaelasanda-1379908-yazd10/

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Recognized by UNESCO as holding one of the oldest architecture all over the world

Yazd is a special city in more than just one way. It's one of the oldest living cities of the world. In addition, due to its desert surroundings, it has developed a unique architecture.

Yazd este un oraş special nu numai dintr-un singur motiv. Este unul dintre cele cele mai vechi oraşe locuite de pe planetă. În plus, datorită deşertului înconjurător şi-a dezvoltat o arhitectură cu totul specială

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A very recognizable feature of Yazd architecture is the badgir (meaning windtower), a construction on top of buildings designed as a natural ventilation system. Another great technology used for thousands of years in Yazd are the qanats. They are underground canals, bringing water from reservoirs. Some of the qanats can be up to 15 km long.

O caracteristică foarte uşor de recunoscut a arhitecturii Yazdului este turnul de vânt (badgir), o construcţie pe partea superioară a clădirilor care este un sistem de ventilaţie naturală. O altă tehnologie uimitoare folosită de mii de ani în Yazd sunt qanaturile. Ele sunt canale subterane de aducţiune a apei în rezervoare. Unele qanaturi au mai mult de 15 km lungime

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Persimmon ("fruit of Zeus or pear of Zeus") also known as kaki or Japanese Persimmon is an edible fruit

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The Alexander's Prison and the 12-Imam Tomb are two of the main tourist attraction sites

Închisoarea lui Alexandru cel Mare şi Mormântul celor 12 imami sunt două obiective turistice majore

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Tomb of the 12 Imams is a building from 1038 with a brick dome (an early good example of its kind). Inside there are some fine plasterwork and inscriptions with the names of each of the 12 Shiite Imams, but none of them are buried here.

Mormântul celor 12 imami datând din anul 1038 are o cupola de cărămidă (un bun exemplu din perioada timpurie pentru acest gen). În interior există câteva decoraţii de ipsos şi inscripţii cu numele celor 12 imami şiiţi dar nici unul dintre aceştia nu a fost înmormântat aici, clădirea fiind un cenotaf, un mormânt simbolic

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The 12-Imam TombMormântul celor 12 imami

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The 12-Imam TombMormântul celor 12 imami

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The 12-Imam TombMormântul celor 12 imami

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The Alexander's PrisonÎnchisoarea lui Alexandru cel Mare

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The Alexander's PrisonÎnchisoarea lui Alexandru cel Mare

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This 15th-century domed school is known as Alexander's Prison because of a reference to this apparently dastardly place in a Hafez poem.

Şcoala aceasta cu cupolă din sec XV este cunoscută ca Închisoarea lui Alexandru datorită unui poem al lui Hafez care se referă la acest loc

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This 15th century building is generally believed to have been built on the place where Alexander the Great detained the Iranian elite. Even the city was known with this same name during the first century after the advent of Islam. Despre această clădire din secolul XV se spune că ar fi fost ridicată pe locul unde Alexandru Macedon i-a închis pe conducătorii iranieni nesupuşi. Chiar şi oraşul a purtat acest nume în primul secol după trecerea la islam

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The story goes that during the reign of Alexander the Macedonian, a number of Iranian elite resisting his domination went on an uprising in Rey ( Near Tehran). He had them arrested, and on his way through Yazd imprisoned them in a dungeon which refers to a deep well in the courtyard of this building.

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The city of Yazd is located in the eastern part of central Iran situated on the high, desert plateau that forms much of the country. Amidst the immense desert (one third of Iran is covered with deserts), Yazd retains its sterling of old in religion, traditions and architecture. It is also called, the city of "Badgirs". Badgirs are that chimney like structures raised on the roofs of Yazdies’ houses. Of course they are not chimneys; they are kind of ancient and still working ventilation systems. They gather the even faintest breezes of the desert and channel them into the building below.

Yazd, oraşul situat în podişul deşertic înalt care acoperă o mare parte din Iran (o treime din Iran este deşert) şi-a păstrat o mare parte din vechile comori ale religiei, tradiţiilor şi arhitecturii. El este supranumit şi „oraşul turnurilor vântului”Turnurile captatoare de vânt (badgir) sunt structurile de pe acoperişurile caselor din Yazd care par coşuri de fum. Nu sunt hornuri ci structuri de ventilaţie şi răcire. Ele au rolul de a capta cele mai uşoare adieri de vânt şi a le direcţiona în interiorul clădirii.

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While Romans invented aqueducts, the Persians invented qanats.  Nearly everybody reading this will know what an aquaduct is, but few know what a qanat is, even though qanats have been carrying water longer and much more of it.  While Roman aquaducts have fallen into ruin, many ancient qanats still work.A qanat is a water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements or for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. The technology allows water to be transported long distances in hot dry climates without losing a large proportion of the source water to seepage and evaporation. În timp ce romanii au inventat apeducte, persanii au inventat qanaturi. Toţi cei ce vor citi această prezentare ştiu ce este un apeduct, însă puţini ştiu ce este un qanat, chiar dacă acestea au transportat mai multă apă şi multe dintre ele mai funcţionează şi acum. Un qanat este un sistem de aducţiune a apei utilizat pentru a asigura o sursă sigură de aprovizionare cu apă a aşezărilor umane sau pentru irigaţii în climat cald, arid şi semi-arid.Tehnologia permite transportul apei pe distanţe lungi în climatele calde uscate, fără a pierde o mare parte din sursa de apă datorită infiltraţiilor şi evaporării.

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In Iran alone, there are 274,000 kilometres (170,000 miles) of underground channels and most of this vast system is still working.

Doar în Iran sunt 274.000 km de canale subterane din care cele mai multe funcţionează şi acum.

Qanats are constructed as a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels. The tower catches the wind, driving a hot, dry breeze into the house; the flow of the incoming air is then directed across the vertical shaft from the qanat.

Qanaturile sunt o serie de puţuri verticale conectate prin tuneluri uşor înclinate, aducțiuni subterane care captează apele din pânza freatică. Turnul captează vântul, introduce o adiere fierbinte, uscată, în casă, fluxul de aer intrat este apoi îndreptat prin axul vertical al qanatului.

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The westernmost qanats are in southern Spain and excavated by the Moors. The buried watercourses served to irrigate Andalusia, and qanats once supplied all the water used by the city of Madrid.

În Spania există cele săpate de mauri pentru irigarea Andaluziei şi odinioară aprovizionarea cu apă a Madridului se făcea prin qanaturi

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Locuitorii Yazdului îi întrec pe toţi ceilalţi iranieni la săpatul qanat-urilor, şi serviciile pricepuţilor muqanni sau constructori de qanat-uri din Yazd sunt la mare căutare în alte părţi ale ţării. 

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Central Iran has a very large day-night temperature difference, ranging from very cold to extremely hot, and the air tends to be very dry all day long. Most buildings are constructed of very thick ceramics with extremely high insulation values. Furthermore, towns centered on desert oases tend to be packed very closely together with high walls and ceilings relative to Western architecture, maximizing shade at ground level. The heat of direct sunlight is minimized with small windows that do not face the sun.

În Iranul Central este o foarte mare diferenţă de temperatură zi-noapte, variind de la foarte rece la extrem de cald, iar aerul tinde să fie foarte uscat toată ziua. Cele mai multe clădiri sunt construite din chirpici cu pereţi foarte groşi, cu valori de izolare extrem de ridicate. În plus, oraşele din oazele din deşert tind să aibă casele înghesuite foarte strâns, cu ziduri înalte şi acoperite cu cupole, maximizând umbra la nivelul solului. Căldura de la lumina directă a soarelui este redusă la minimum, cu ferestre mici, care nu se îndreaptă spre soare.

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Yazd’s wind-towers, which act as natural cooling systems for homes and public structures, remain a marvel of world architectural design and innovation.

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A windcatcher is a traditional Persian architectural element used for many centuries to create natural ventilation in buildings. Windcatchers come in various designs: uni-directional, bi-directional, and multi-directional.

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One of the many examples of energy efficient designs from the ancient world is a Persian architectural element called a windcatcher, or Badgir.

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It seems that time has stopped.

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Moreover, for the ones who adore people, culture, tradition, history and architecture, we cannot think of any other city that preserves so much of the traditional atmosphere better than "Bride of Desert". 

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Many traditional water reservoirs (ab anbars) are built with windcatchers that are capable of storing water at near freezing temperatures for months in summer.

Multe rezervoare tradiţionale de apă (ab anbar) sunt construite cu turnuri captatoare de vânt şi sunt capabile să păstreze luni de zile apa aproape de punctul de îngheţ, vara

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Efectul de răcire prin evaporare este mai puternic în climatele cele mai uscate, cum ar fi pe platoul iranian, de unde şi omniprezenţa acestor dispozitive în zonele mai aride, cum sunt Yazd, Kerman, Kashan, Sirjan, Nain, şi Bam. Acest lucru este vizibil mai ales la ab anbars care dispun de turnuri de vânt

The evaporative cooling effect is strongest in the driest climates, such as on the Iranian plateau, hence the ubiquitous use of these devices in drier areas such as Yazd, Kerman, Kashan, Sirjan, Nain, and Bam. This is especially visible in ab anbars that use windcatchers.

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Cupole enorme, pornind de la nivelul solului, care au alături turnuri de captare a vânturilor, au rolul de acoperiş, protejând rezervoarele de apă subterane, situate la 4, 8 sau 10 m sub nivelul străzii, la care se coboară pe nişte scări.

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The badgirs were also often built along with cisterns which would store water delivered to the city via qanats, an extensive system of wells and underground tunnels which brought water from the mountains to desert towns and cities. The wind towers would help to keep the water cool.

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Yazd is of foremost importance as a centre of Persian architecture. Because of its climate, it has one of the largest networks of qanats in the world, and Yazdi qanat makers are considered the most skilled in Iran. To deal with the extremely hot summers, many old buildings in Yazd have magnificent windcatchers, and large underground areas. The city is also home to prime examples of yakhchals, the latter of which were used to store ice retrieved from glaciers in the nearby mountains. Yazd is also one of the largest cities built almost entirely out of adobe.

Yazd este de o importanţă primordială mai ales ca centru de arhitectură persană. Datorită climei sale, are una dintre cele mai mari reţele de qanaturi din lume, iar meşterii din Yazd sunt consideraţi cei mai calificaţi din Iran. Pentru a face faţă verilor foarte calde, multe clădiri vechi din Yazd au turnuri de vânt magnifice, precum şi zone subterane de mari dimensiuni. Oraşul este, de asemenea, locul de origine pentru yakhchal, construcţii utilizate pentru a stoca gheaţa preluată din gheţarii din munţii din apropiere. Yazd este, de asemenea, unul dintre cele mai mari oraşe construite aproape în întregime din chirpici.

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Going to the payab, an underground chamber that gave access to the qanat (underground water channel) that passed beneath the buildings.

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Building qanats is one of the highest paying jobs in Iran

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This staircase to a Safavid water reservoir (16th to 18th centuries) leads you to one of the underground qanats

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The Bagh-i Dowlatabad garden The ‘land of roses and nightingales’ has been filled with gardens at least since Cyrus the Great made a garden at Pasargadae in about 550 BC. In Yazd, the Bagh-i Dawlatabad, was built as the residence of the governor, Mohammad Tagi Khan-e Yazdi. and dates from about 1712–50. It has an octagonal pavilion which has been recently restored, and a fine example of a wind tower, which cools the room beneath it. In front of the pavilion is a long canal leading to another pavilion. The interior of the pavilion is superb with intricate latticework and exquisite stained-glass windows throughout.It is famous for having the highest badgir (wind tower), 33m high (109 feet)

„Ţinutul rozelor şi al privighetorii” a avut grădini cel puţin de pe vremea când Cyrus cel Mare a făcut grădinile de la Pasargadae (cca 550 î.Hr) În Yazd, grădinile Bagh-i Dowlatabad, reşedinţă a guvernatorului, datează din 1712-1750. Pavilionul octogonal are cel mai înalt badgir (turn de captare a vântului) din Yazd (33m) şi este decorat cu vitralii iraniene şi stucatură splendide.În faţă are un lung bazin-canal prevăzut cu fântâni arteziene.

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Although Bagh-i Dawlatabad itself is a relatively new building, the architecture used dates back thousands of years. In particular, the 'badgir' or wind tower is based on a traditional Persian architectural device used to create natural ventilation in buildings.

Deşi Bagh-i Dawlatabad în sine este o construcţie relativ nouă, arhitectura folosită datează de mii de ani. În special, "badgir" sau turnul eolian se bazează pe arhitectura structurilor tradiţionale persane utilizate pentru a crea ventilaţie naturală în clădiri.

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Sound: Ardavan Kamkar - Over The Wind - Memory Of Friends

Text: Internet

Pictures: Sanda Foişoreanu

Nicoleta Leu

Internet slide 53-61

Arangement: Sanda Foişoreanu

www.slideshare.net/michaelasanda

Iran