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International tour of the Jesuit Guarani Reductions in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia.
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JESUIT-GUARANI REDUCTIONS
TOUR
Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia
Richard Kane, Brazilianist
Inquiries: [email protected]
CoverBrazil on Facebook
D R I V E , T R E K O R B I K E : D I S C OV E R T H E O R I G I N S O F O U R N E W W O R L D
C I V I L I Z AT I O N
SÃO MIGUEL DAS MISSÕES -RIO GRANDE DO SUL
“You cannot write the history of Brazil {or the New
World} without dipping your pen in the blood of Rio
Grande.”
JESUIT REDUCTIONS: CULTURAL SYMBOL OF
MERCOSUL
Hinterland of Rio Grande
do Sul.
Primary historical exports:
yerba mate, beef jerky
SÃO MIGUEL:END OF THE RENAISSANCE
The Mannerism
of Renaissance Europe
(Jesuit Church of
Gesu, Rome) was replaced by the
Jesuit - Guarani Baroque.
GUARANI REDUCTION
Guarani mother and children as
necessity entrepreneurs,
reduced to selling handicrafts to
tourists outside the Museum of
the Missions; designed by Lucio
Costa, urban planner of Brasilia.
HISTORY S INGS! JOSÉ CARRERAS, TENOR
A caste society
Jesuit elite
Annual elections of political
rulers called caciques (chiefs)
and civil servants
Guarani poverty
BEHIND THE FAÇADE OF SÃO MIGUEL: MODERN AND POSTMODERN REALITY
ON TO ARGENTINA: RUINS OF SAN IGNACIO
MINÍ (VIDEO)
The Reductions conceptualized
as laboratories for applied social
science research
Achieved political, social and
economic control through
domestic science
From polygamy to monogamy:
transformation of the Guarani
extended family structure to the
nuclear family
All Reductions in this slide
show are UNESCO world
heritage sites.
THE ANCIENT GUARANI SOCIAL ORDER: TATAIPY
URBAN PLAN FOR THE NEW GUARANI SOCIAL
ORDER
Standard urban plan: church & workshops centered around a main plaza surrounded by Indian housing
JESUIT MUSEUM AT SAN IGNACIO MINÍ
MUSEO JESUÍTICO DE SAN IGNACIO MINÍ
Close-up
inside the
Jesuit
museum of
San Ignacio
Mini,
Argentina:
relics of the
Guarani-
Baroque
THE BAROQUE: CORNERSTONE OF EVANGELIZATION
National instrument of
Paraguay: harp
String, woodwinds and
organ music put the
Guarani into a state of
ecstasy.
JESUIT CINEMA: THE MISSION
Year: 1986
Cast: Robert De Niro &Jeremy Irons
Writer: Robert Bolt
Director: Roland Joffé
Music: Ennio Morricone
Score: ranked #1 of all-time
Oboe music sample
HISTORY S INGS AND L IVES: THE REDUCTIONS OF CHIQUITOS
The Reduction
s in Chiquitos,
Bolivia are still in operation today
The bi-annual classical music festival of Chiquitos has been sistered with the Festival of Sarrebourg (France ), one of the most important of Europe.
PRESERVATION OF NEW WORLD ARCHITECTONIC
IDENTITY
Ruins
After restoration and preservation
TEMPLE OF SAN IGNACIO: PRE & POST RESTORATION
PARAGUAY: LA SANTISIMA TRINIDAD DE PARANÁ
TRINIDADE: UNIVERSAL URBAN PLAN
PARAGUAY: LA SANTISIMA TRINIDAD DE PARANÁ
THE RUINS OF TRINIDAD
RUINS OF TRINIDAD
BELL TOWER: RESTORATION COMPLETED IN 2008 , F INANCED BY
GERMAN EMBASSY
COLLEGE CLASSROOM &PLAN OF STUDY: THE RATIO
STUDIORUM OF 1599
HERITAGE TOURISM: DISCOVER THE
ROOTS OF ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY
AND GLOBALIZATION
THE THIRTY REDUCTIONS AND THEIR TERRITORIES
15 in Argenti
na
8 in Paragu
ay
7 in Brazil
V I S I T T O S Ã O P A U L O : B A N K I N G A N D F I N A N C I A L C A P I T A L O F S O U T H A M E R I C A
Founded in 1554 by Jesuit missionaries as headquarters for their work with the Guaraní Indians, Sao Paulo gave the Jesuits control over both ends of the slavery dialectic and allowed them to perfect historical materialism before tutoring Marx on the topic, according to ex-Jesuit Alberto Rivera.
MAP: SLAVE CAPTURE INCURSIONS BY PAULISTA
BANDEIRANTES
The Reductions were military fortresses built on high ground featuring Guarani cavalry.
JESUIT-GUARANI REDUCTIONS: B IRTHPLACE OF CENTRAL BANKING
CONDITIONS OF PROPERTY AND RELATIONS OF
PRODUCTION
The economic basis of the Reductions was theocratic and congruent with main tenant of Marx’s Communist Manifesto: from each according to his ability, to each according to his need. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the land and all that stood upon it belonged to the community, but was apportioned among caciques (mayors/chiefs) who allotted to the families under them. Agricultural equipment and draught-cattle were loaned from the common supply. No one was permitted to sell his plot of land, house or Abamba, meaning “own property.” Yet the individual efforts of the Indian families did not yield the desired surplus, so priests set aside separate plots cultivated by common labor in common fields known as Tupanba, or “God’s property.” Livestock herds were God’s property too, and the production of these fields and herds were placed in a “common storehouse,” or central bank, and saved as a reserve supply for unforeseen contingencies, and also as a medium of exchange for European imports. The yield of the private fields and family labor was credited to them individually through barter system so that each received the goods he desired in exchange. That the common storehouse of the Reductions is the birthplace of central banking has been illustrated by Eric Jon Phelps.
GUARANI UNIFORMS: REDUCTION CONSTRUCTION AND
PRINTING WORKSHOP (V IDEO)
JO IN MY JOURNEY TO ALDEIA ALVORECER
Kuaray Poty, or (Ariel Ortega) & Kerexu Rete (Patricia Ferreira)