pap

Language & Culture II-Prof Guzman 2011

Timeline of Anglo-Irish relations

Prior to the Anglo-Prior to the Anglo-Norman invasion , Ireland Norman invasion , Ireland was ruled through a was ruled through a system of small kingdoms. system of small kingdoms. There was very little There was very little unity, with only Brian unity, with only Brian Boru, King of Munster, Boru, King of Munster, achieving anything like achieving anything like total dominion. This total dominion. This dissolved when he was dissolved when he was killed defeating his rivals killed defeating his rivals at the Battle of Clontarf in at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014.1014.

The first Anglo-Norman The first Anglo-Norman intervention in Ireland came in intervention in Ireland came in 1167. Henry landed with a large 1167. Henry landed with a large army in 1171, and by 1175 had army in 1171, and by 1175 had succeeded in gaining nominal succeeded in gaining nominal control of most of the island.control of most of the island. By the middle of the 14th century By the middle of the 14th century the island had reverted to Irish the island had reverted to Irish control through conquest. In 1315, control through conquest. In 1315, Edward Bruce(Scottish) was invited Edward Bruce(Scottish) was invited to lead the expedition to finish off to lead the expedition to finish off the Normans but was killed in battle the Normans but was killed in battle in 1318. Nonetheless, the English in 1318. Nonetheless, the English colony in Dublin was in dire straits.colony in Dublin was in dire straits.

Henry VIII imposed his Henry VIII imposed his Reformation by force - Reformation by force - In 1541, he was declared In 1541, he was declared king of Ireland by the king of Ireland by the Irish parliament. New Irish parliament. New policies for controlling policies for controlling the colonised island the colonised island were attempted, were attempted, including 'plantation', including 'plantation', English settlers were English settlers were given lands confiscated given lands confiscated from rebellious Irish from rebellious Irish families, and the native families, and the native Irish were supposed to Irish were supposed to be driven out. be driven out.

In the early 17th century, a bid In the early 17th century, a bid for independence by Hugh for independence by Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone and the O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone and the last of the great Irish last of the great Irish chieftains, was ultimately chieftains, was ultimately defeated by the armies of defeated by the armies of Elizabeth I in the Nine Years Elizabeth I in the Nine Years War.War.O'Neill's surrender at Mellifont in 1603. The now leaderless The now leaderless Irish were unable to oppose Irish were unable to oppose the plantation of Ulster, where the plantation of Ulster, where many of the new settlers were many of the new settlers were Scottish Presbyterians. Scottish Presbyterians.

Oliver Cromwell: Massacres and Oliver Cromwell: Massacres and atrocities were committed by atrocities were committed by both sides, Catholic and both sides, Catholic and Protestant. Cromwell finally Protestant. Cromwell finally subdued Catholic Ireland in subdued Catholic Ireland in 1653.1653. James II (Catholic) was James II (Catholic) was decisively defeated by William decisively defeated by William in Ireland, at the Battle of the in Ireland, at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. The post-war Boyne in 1690. The post-war settlement was harsh and settlement was harsh and designed by Ireland's Protestant designed by Ireland's Protestant 'Ascendancy class' to prevent a 'Ascendancy class' to prevent a future uprising by the Catholic future uprising by the Catholic majority.majority.

A reform movement of A reform movement of 'patriots' began to lobby 'patriots' began to lobby for representation (for for representation (for the Protestant middle the Protestant middle class only) in class only) in parliament, thereby parliament, thereby sowing the early seeds sowing the early seeds of Irish nationalism.of Irish nationalism.

Act of Union A Bill joining Act of Union A Bill joining Ireland and England comes Ireland and England comes into force in 1801.into force in 1801.Prime Minister William Pitt, Prime Minister William Pitt, who had promised Catholic who had promised Catholic emancipation after Union, emancipation after Union, resigns when it is vetoed by resigns when it is vetoed by George III.George III.

Power in Ireland1400

Royal power in Ireland1500 & 1600

Land held by Catholics, 1641-1703

Catholic emancipation, 1823-1829 & the role of Daniel O‘Connell

• Repeal of certain Test Acts. (excluded Roman Catholics Repeal of certain Test Acts. (excluded Roman Catholics from certain offices of state such as becoming an MP) from certain offices of state such as becoming an MP)

• Oath against transubstantiation (a belief that Oath against transubstantiation (a belief that communion wine and bread were actually the blood communion wine and bread were actually the blood and body of Christ). This oath was unacceptable to and body of Christ). This oath was unacceptable to Roman Catholic faith.Roman Catholic faith.

• CATHOLIC ASSOCIATION CATHOLIC ASSOCIATION This was set up by Daniel This was set up by Daniel O‘Connell and Richard Lalor Sheil to obtain Catholic O‘Connell and Richard Lalor Sheil to obtain Catholic Emancipation Emancipation and and assist Irish tenants in a time of assist Irish tenants in a time of famine.famine.

Cartoon: ’The Reformation! showing Wellington on his knees before the Pope and O‘Connell at his “conversion‘, 1829

Consequences of Catholic EmancipationConsequences of Catholic Emancipation

Immense symbolic victory for the Irish, they challenged the Union Immense symbolic victory for the Irish, they challenged the Union itself in the 1830s and 1840s, (Repeal agitation.itself in the 1830s and 1840s, (Repeal agitation. The Protestant Ascendancy itself was called into question, or at The Protestant Ascendancy itself was called into question, or at least the importance of individual belief and ethics was recognised least the importance of individual belief and ethics was recognised and tolerated. and tolerated. Peel, once the arch-opponent of Catholic Emancipation, became a Peel, once the arch-opponent of Catholic Emancipation, became a campaigner for conciliation towards the Roman Catholic Church in campaigner for conciliation towards the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland in the 1840s. Catholic Emancipation triggered, rather than Ireland in the 1840s. Catholic Emancipation triggered, rather than resulted from this “growing spirit of tolerance” in Britain.resulted from this “growing spirit of tolerance” in Britain.

DANIEL O´CONNELL

An abortive rebellion in 1848 reintroduced the use of violence An abortive rebellion in 1848 reintroduced the use of violence as a means of achieving Irish autonomy. as a means of achieving Irish autonomy.

The Fenians (Irish Republican Brotherhood) attempted an The Fenians (Irish Republican Brotherhood) attempted an uprising in 1867, but it was a complete failureuprising in 1867, but it was a complete failure

'Land Act' - an attempt to resolve some of the injustices of 'Land Act' - an attempt to resolve some of the injustices of Irish land ownership - in an attempt to pacify Ireland. It failed, Irish land ownership - in an attempt to pacify Ireland. It failed, only increasing the Irish desire to run their own affairs from only increasing the Irish desire to run their own affairs from Dublin.Dublin.

1870 , Home Rule League :emergence of a parliamentary 1870 , Home Rule League :emergence of a parliamentary lobby group for Irish self-government. Its leader, Charles lobby group for Irish self-government. Its leader, Charles Stewart Parnell, put Home Rule firmly on the parliamentary Stewart Parnell, put Home Rule firmly on the parliamentary agenda, but ultimately failed to achieve his goal.agenda, but ultimately failed to achieve his goal.

An abortive rebellion in 1848 reintroduced the use of violence An abortive rebellion in 1848 reintroduced the use of violence as a means of achieving Irish autonomy. as a means of achieving Irish autonomy.

The Fenians (Irish Republican Brotherhood) attempted an The Fenians (Irish Republican Brotherhood) attempted an uprising in 1867, but it was a complete failureuprising in 1867, but it was a complete failure

'Land Act' - an attempt to resolve some of the injustices of 'Land Act' - an attempt to resolve some of the injustices of Irish land ownership - in an attempt to pacify Ireland. It failed, Irish land ownership - in an attempt to pacify Ireland. It failed, only increasing the Irish desire to run their own affairs from only increasing the Irish desire to run their own affairs from Dublin.Dublin.

1870 , Home Rule League :emergence of a parliamentary 1870 , Home Rule League :emergence of a parliamentary lobby group for Irish self-government. Its leader, Charles lobby group for Irish self-government. Its leader, Charles Stewart Parnell, put Home Rule firmly on the parliamentary Stewart Parnell, put Home Rule firmly on the parliamentary agenda, but ultimately failed to achieve his goal.agenda, but ultimately failed to achieve his goal.

The Fenians: " Hell is not hot enough nor long enough " Hell is not hot enough nor long enough to roast the Fenians"to roast the Fenians"

Easter Rising 1916 Easter Rising 1916

About 1,000 members of the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army seize About 1,000 members of the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army seize key buildings in Dublin on Easter Monday, April 24.key buildings in Dublin on Easter Monday, April 24.

They make their headquarters in the General Post Office where Patrick They make their headquarters in the General Post Office where Patrick Pearse proclaims an Irish Republic.Pearse proclaims an Irish Republic. The British forces surrounded the The British forces surrounded the

rebels who were hopelessly rebels who were hopelessly outnumbered. After six days of outnumbered. After six days of fighting Pearse surrendered.fighting Pearse surrendered.The British army, under General The British army, under General Maxwell, executed fifteen of the Maxwell, executed fifteen of the leaders.leaders.

We know their dream; enough

To know they dreamed and are dead.

And what if excess of love

Bewildered them till they died?

I write it out in a verse --MacDonagh and

MacBrideAnd Connolly and PearseNow and in time to be,

Wherever green is worn,Are changed, changed

utterly:A terrible beauty is born.

-- William Butler Yeats.

We know their dream; enough

To know they dreamed and are dead.

And what if excess of love

Bewildered them till they died?

I write it out in a verse --MacDonagh and

MacBrideAnd Connolly and PearseNow and in time to be,

Wherever green is worn,Are changed, changed

utterly:A terrible beauty is born.

-- William Butler Yeats.

Easter 1916Easter 1916,William Butler Yeats

Video

Fighting forces for and against the Easter Rising

The impact of the Easter The impact of the Easter Rising – the leaders were Rising – the leaders were executedexecuted

An artist´s impression of An artist´s impression of the scene inside the the scene inside the Dublin GPODublin GPO

British troops in the ruins of the British troops in the ruins of the GPO after the RisingGPO after the Rising

Parnell and the new Ireland - the background Charles Stewart ParnellCharles Stewart Parnell, a Protestant Anglo-Irish landlord, presided over a veritable

revolution in Irish politics in the 1870s and 1880s.

Irish catholic sense of identityIrish catholic sense of identity: As the Church became more centralised and more self-confident so priests could stress the values of Catholic and rural Ireland to a receptive popular audience.

Cultural influencesCultural influences: The new awareness of Ireland´ s distinctiveness - that Ireland was different difference from Britain was also encouraged by a literary revival - both Gaelic and Anglo-Irish (Yeats)

Rise of the farmers : Rise of the farmers : Agrarian agitation

The Land League: The Land League: formed in 1879 by Michael Davitt to protect farmers from high rents and eviction

HOME RULE: The political expression of these cultural and social changes in Ireland was the demand for the repeal of the Union and the restoration of an Irish Parliament in Dublin.

Fenians: Founded in 1858 and committed to the violent overthrow of the Union and the establishment of an Irish Republic, the Fenians first tried d to organise a rising in Ireland, which failed miserably in March 1867.

HOME RULEHOME RULE

The success of the National League was clearly demonstrated in the 1885 General The success of the National League was clearly demonstrated in the 1885 General Election. The Liberal government, led by WE Gladstone and supported by the Irish Election. The Liberal government, led by WE Gladstone and supported by the Irish Parliamentary Party under Charles Stewart Parnell, introduced a Home Rule bill in the Parliamentary Party under Charles Stewart Parnell, introduced a Home Rule bill in the House of Commons. British and Irish Unionists (so-called because they defended the House of Commons. British and Irish Unionists (so-called because they defended the union of 1801) defeated it.union of 1801) defeated it.

By the time another bill was introduced in 1893, Parnell was dead and his followers By the time another bill was introduced in 1893, Parnell was dead and his followers were acrimoniously divided.were acrimoniously divided.

Gladstone’s second attempt was passed by the House of Commons, but was rejected Gladstone’s second attempt was passed by the House of Commons, but was rejected by the House of Lords. by the House of Lords.

Nineteen years were to pass before another Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1912.Nineteen years were to pass before another Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1912. The Home Rule Bill : The Home Rule Bill : This bill proposed the creation of a bi-cameral legislative This bill proposed the creation of a bi-cameral legislative

assembly subordinate to the imperial parliament in London. It had carefully assembly subordinate to the imperial parliament in London. It had carefully circumscribed powers over domestic issues and numerous constitutional safeguards circumscribed powers over domestic issues and numerous constitutional safeguards to protect Protestants.to protect Protestants. The Home Rule Act reached the statute books with Royal The Home Rule Act reached the statute books with Royal Assent in September 1914 but, because of the First World War, its commencement Assent in September 1914 but, because of the First World War, its commencement was suspended for one year or for the duration of what was expected was suspended for one year or for the duration of what was expected to be a short war.

Home Rulers sometimes predicted that with the passage of self-government, Irish Home Rulers sometimes predicted that with the passage of self-government, Irish politics would adopt a more British complexion, with a Liberal, Conservative and politics would adopt a more British complexion, with a Liberal, Conservative and Labour party, all divided on prosaic and humdrum issues like tariff reform.Labour party, all divided on prosaic and humdrum issues like tariff reform.

The success of the National League was clearly demonstrated in the 1885 General The success of the National League was clearly demonstrated in the 1885 General Election. The Liberal government, led by WE Gladstone and supported by the Irish Election. The Liberal government, led by WE Gladstone and supported by the Irish Parliamentary Party under Charles Stewart Parnell, introduced a Home Rule bill in the Parliamentary Party under Charles Stewart Parnell, introduced a Home Rule bill in the House of Commons. British and Irish Unionists (so-called because they defended the House of Commons. British and Irish Unionists (so-called because they defended the union of 1801) defeated it.union of 1801) defeated it.

By the time another bill was introduced in 1893, Parnell was dead and his followers By the time another bill was introduced in 1893, Parnell was dead and his followers were acrimoniously divided.were acrimoniously divided.

Gladstone’s second attempt was passed by the House of Commons, but was rejected Gladstone’s second attempt was passed by the House of Commons, but was rejected by the House of Lords. by the House of Lords.

Nineteen years were to pass before another Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1912.Nineteen years were to pass before another Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1912. The Home Rule Bill : The Home Rule Bill : This bill proposed the creation of a bi-cameral legislative This bill proposed the creation of a bi-cameral legislative

assembly subordinate to the imperial parliament in London. It had carefully assembly subordinate to the imperial parliament in London. It had carefully circumscribed powers over domestic issues and numerous constitutional safeguards circumscribed powers over domestic issues and numerous constitutional safeguards to protect Protestants.to protect Protestants. The Home Rule Act reached the statute books with Royal The Home Rule Act reached the statute books with Royal Assent in September 1914 but, because of the First World War, its commencement Assent in September 1914 but, because of the First World War, its commencement was suspended for one year or for the duration of what was expected was suspended for one year or for the duration of what was expected to be a short war.

Home Rulers sometimes predicted that with the passage of self-government, Irish Home Rulers sometimes predicted that with the passage of self-government, Irish politics would adopt a more British complexion, with a Liberal, Conservative and politics would adopt a more British complexion, with a Liberal, Conservative and Labour party, all divided on prosaic and humdrum issues like tariff reform.Labour party, all divided on prosaic and humdrum issues like tariff reform.

Home Rule enacted Home Rule enacted After the end of the war in November 1918 Sinn Féin ( founded on 28 November 1905, After the end of the war in November 1918 Sinn Féin ( founded on 28 November 1905,

when, at the first annual Convention of the National Council, Arthur Griffith outlined when, at the first annual Convention of the National Council, Arthur Griffith outlined the the Sinn FéinSinn Féin policy which was "to establish in Ireland's capital a national legislature policy which was "to establish in Ireland's capital a national legislature endowed with the moral authority of the Irish nation“ ) secured a majority of 73 Irish endowed with the moral authority of the Irish nation“ ) secured a majority of 73 Irish seats in the seats in the general election, twenty five of these seats taken uncontested. In January general election, twenty five of these seats taken uncontested. In January 1919 twenty-seven Sinn Féin MPs assembled in Dublin and proclaimed 1919 twenty-seven Sinn Féin MPs assembled in Dublin and proclaimed themselves themselves unilaterally as an independent parliament of an Irish Republic, ignored by Britain. The Irish unilaterally as an independent parliament of an Irish Republic, ignored by Britain. The Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) ensued.War of Independence (1919-1921) ensued.

Britain went ahead with its commitment to implement Home Rule by passing a new Britain went ahead with its commitment to implement Home Rule by passing a new Fourth Home Rule Bill, the Government of Ireland Act 1920, largely shaped by the Walter Fourth Home Rule Bill, the Government of Ireland Act 1920, largely shaped by the Walter Long Committee which followed findings contained in the report of the Irish Convention. Long Committee which followed findings contained in the report of the Irish Convention. Long, a firm unionist, felt free to shape Home Rule in Ulster's favour, and Long, a firm unionist, felt free to shape Home Rule in Ulster's favour, and formalised dividing Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. The latter never formalised dividing Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. The latter never functioned, but was replaced under the Anglo-Irish Treaty by the Irish Free State which functioned, but was replaced under the Anglo-Irish Treaty by the Irish Free State which later became the Republic of Ireland.later became the Republic of Ireland.

The Home Rule Parliament of Northern Ireland came into being in June 1921. At its The Home Rule Parliament of Northern Ireland came into being in June 1921. At its inauguration, in Belfast City Hall, King George V made a famous appeal drafted by Prime inauguration, in Belfast City Hall, King George V made a famous appeal drafted by Prime Minister Lloyd George for Anglo-Irish and north–south reconciliation. The Anglo-Irish Minister Lloyd George for Anglo-Irish and north–south reconciliation. The Anglo-Irish Treaty had provided for Northern Ireland's Parliament to opt out of the new Free State, Treaty had provided for Northern Ireland's Parliament to opt out of the new Free State, which was a foregone conclusion. The Irish Civil War (1922-1923) followed.which was a foregone conclusion. The Irish Civil War (1922-1923) followed.

After the end of the war in November 1918 Sinn Féin ( founded on 28 November 1905, After the end of the war in November 1918 Sinn Féin ( founded on 28 November 1905, when, at the first annual Convention of the National Council, Arthur Griffith outlined when, at the first annual Convention of the National Council, Arthur Griffith outlined the the Sinn FéinSinn Féin policy which was "to establish in Ireland's capital a national legislature policy which was "to establish in Ireland's capital a national legislature endowed with the moral authority of the Irish nation“ ) secured a majority of 73 Irish endowed with the moral authority of the Irish nation“ ) secured a majority of 73 Irish seats in the seats in the general election, twenty five of these seats taken uncontested. In January general election, twenty five of these seats taken uncontested. In January 1919 twenty-seven Sinn Féin MPs assembled in Dublin and proclaimed 1919 twenty-seven Sinn Féin MPs assembled in Dublin and proclaimed themselves themselves unilaterally as an independent parliament of an Irish Republic, ignored by Britain. The Irish unilaterally as an independent parliament of an Irish Republic, ignored by Britain. The Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) ensued.War of Independence (1919-1921) ensued.

Britain went ahead with its commitment to implement Home Rule by passing a new Britain went ahead with its commitment to implement Home Rule by passing a new Fourth Home Rule Bill, the Government of Ireland Act 1920, largely shaped by the Walter Fourth Home Rule Bill, the Government of Ireland Act 1920, largely shaped by the Walter Long Committee which followed findings contained in the report of the Irish Convention. Long Committee which followed findings contained in the report of the Irish Convention. Long, a firm unionist, felt free to shape Home Rule in Ulster's favour, and Long, a firm unionist, felt free to shape Home Rule in Ulster's favour, and formalised dividing Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. The latter never formalised dividing Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. The latter never functioned, but was replaced under the Anglo-Irish Treaty by the Irish Free State which functioned, but was replaced under the Anglo-Irish Treaty by the Irish Free State which later became the Republic of Ireland.later became the Republic of Ireland.

The Home Rule Parliament of Northern Ireland came into being in June 1921. At its The Home Rule Parliament of Northern Ireland came into being in June 1921. At its inauguration, in Belfast City Hall, King George V made a famous appeal drafted by Prime inauguration, in Belfast City Hall, King George V made a famous appeal drafted by Prime Minister Lloyd George for Anglo-Irish and north–south reconciliation. The Anglo-Irish Minister Lloyd George for Anglo-Irish and north–south reconciliation. The Anglo-Irish Treaty had provided for Northern Ireland's Parliament to opt out of the new Free State, Treaty had provided for Northern Ireland's Parliament to opt out of the new Free State, which was a foregone conclusion. The Irish Civil War (1922-1923) followed.which was a foregone conclusion. The Irish Civil War (1922-1923) followed.

PartitionofIreland1920-21

TIMELINE: LAST STEPS TO PARTITIONTIMELINE: LAST STEPS TO PARTITION

1919-201919-20 Campaign of violence by armed republicans (now the IRA).British rule in South undermined by Sinn Fein.Troops and police attacked ’ vicious tactics on both sides. Ulster remains firmly

under British control 19201920 Government of Ireland Act, partitioning Ireland. 19211921 War continues. Northern Ireland parliament opened by King George V (June).Truce (July). Anglo-Irish Treaty signed (December), confirms Partition and sets up Irish Free

State. 1922 1922 Collins led the pro-treaty government forces, while de Valera leant his

support to the anti-treaty 'Irregulars'. Dail approves Treaty but Sinn Fein splits, anti-Treaty faction led by Eamon de Valera. Michael Collins killed in this war.

De Valera would subsequently rejoin the political process and help steer southern Ireland to full independence in 1949.

In Northern Ireland, the IRA had begun a campaign of violence even before partition became a reality in 1921. In response, the Ulster Volunteer Force was revived and thus the new nation experienced sectarian bloodshed from its very inception.

Éamon De ValeraÉamon De Valera