KeyKey TensionsTensionsKeyKey TensionsTensions

Native Americans

Buffalo HuntersRailroadsU. S. Government

Cattlemen Sheep Herders

Ranchers Farmers

Key TensionsKey TensionsKey TensionsKey Tensions

EthnicMinorities

Nativists

EnvironmentalistsBig Business Interests [mining, timber]Local Govt. OfficialsFarmersBuffalo Hunters

Lawlessness of the Frontier

“Civilizing” Forces

Railroad ConstructionRailroad ConstructionRailroad ConstructionRailroad Construction

Promontory Point, UTPromontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)(May 10, 1869)

Promontory Point, UTPromontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)(May 10, 1869)

Importance of the RailroadImportance of the Railroad

Coming of the machine ageComing of the machine age

Now a continental nationNow a continental nation

Atlantic and Pacific Atlantic and Pacific connectionconnection

Importance of the RailroadImportance of the Railroad

Coming of the machine ageComing of the machine age

Now a continental nationNow a continental nation

Atlantic and Pacific Atlantic and Pacific connectionconnection

The Bronc BusterThe Bronc BusterFrederick RemingtonFrederick Remington

Black CowboysBlack Cowboys

CowboysCowboys

Mixed groupMixed groupFormer Confederate cavalryFormer Confederate cavalry

Immigrants Immigrants

African AmericansAfrican Americans

Mexican vaquerosMexican vaqueros

“ “ just a plain bowlegged human who smelled just a plain bowlegged human who smelled very horsey at times”very horsey at times”

CowboysCowboys

Average age 24Average age 24

Owned their own saddleOwned their own saddle

Most only made one trail driveMost only made one trail drive

Dangerous jobDangerous job

Colt .45 RevolverColt .45 RevolverColt .45 RevolverColt .45 Revolver

God didn’t make men equal.God didn’t make men equal.Colonel Colt did!Colonel Colt did!

Legendary Gunslingers & Train Legendary Gunslingers & Train RobbersRobbers

Legendary Gunslingers & Train Legendary Gunslingers & Train RobbersRobbers

Jesse JamesJesse James

Billy the KidBilly the Kid

Dodge City Peace Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890Commission, 1890Dodge City Peace Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890Commission, 1890

ProspectingProspectingProspectingProspecting

Mining Centers: Mining Centers: 19001900

Mining Centers: Mining Centers: 19001900

Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Now Ghost TownsNow Ghost Towns

Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Now Ghost TownsNow Ghost Towns

Calico, CACalico, CACalico, CACalico, CA

TheThe

CattleCattle

TrailsTrails

TheThe

CattleCattle

TrailsTrails

Land Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880s

New New AgriculturalAgriculturalTechnologyTechnology

New New AgriculturalAgriculturalTechnologyTechnology

““Prairie Fan”Prairie Fan”Water PumpWater Pump

Steel Plow [“Sod Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]Buster”]

Barbed WireBarbed WireBarbed WireBarbed Wire

Joseph Joseph GliddenGliddenJoseph Joseph GliddenGlidden

The Range WarsThe Range WarsThe Range WarsThe Range Wars

SheepHerders

CattleRanchers

Regional Population Regional Population DistributionDistribution

by Race: 1900by Race: 1900

Regional Population Regional Population DistributionDistribution

by Race: 1900by Race: 1900

Regional Population Regional Population DistributionDistribution

by Race: 1900by Race: 1900

Regional Population Regional Population DistributionDistribution

by Race: 1900by Race: 1900

BlackBlack“Exoduster”“Exoduster”HomesteadHomestead

ersers

Blacks Moving WestBlacks Moving West

The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great PlainsPlains

The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great PlainsPlains

A Romantic ViewA Romantic ViewA Romantic ViewA Romantic View

The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian WarsWars

The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian WarsWars

The “Chinese Question”The “Chinese Question”The “Chinese Question”The “Chinese Question”

Exclusion Act (1882)Exclusion Act (1882) - Oriental Exclusion - Oriental Exclusion ActAct - Chinese Exclusion - Chinese Exclusion ActAct

African American & ChineseAfrican American & ChinesePopulations:Populations:

1880-19001880-1900

African American & ChineseAfrican American & ChinesePopulations:Populations:

1880-19001880-1900

Homestead Act 1862

•160 acres free public land•Must pay filing fee ($10) and farm for five years

•Women could take advantage of the offer

Frontier Settlements: 1870-Frontier Settlements: 1870-18901890

Frontier Settlements: 1870-Frontier Settlements: 1870-18901890

Homesteads From Public LandsHomesteads From Public LandsHomesteads From Public LandsHomesteads From Public Lands

What is the Message of this What is the Message of this Picture?Picture?

What is the Message of this What is the Message of this Picture?Picture?

The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SDHouse, SD

The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SDHouse, SD

Harsh conditions

• Trees were scarce

• Little rain in the summer

• Cold and windy in winter

• Grasshoppers and locusts ate crops

Grange 1867Set up cooperatives*Set up cooperatives*

Bought seeds at wholesale rateBought seeds at wholesale rate

Built warehousesBuilt warehouses

Better shipping rates Better shipping rates

* group of farmers pool their money to buy seeds * group of farmers pool their money to buy seeds and tools at wholesale ratesand tools at wholesale rates

Grange Voted for candidates that supported

their aims

Populist Party 1892

farmers and labor unions

Populist PartyGovernment should raise farm prices

Regulate Railroad rates

Income tax

Eight hour work day

Limit immigration

Increase the supply of silver

Election of 1896Election of 1896Populist/Democratic Party – Populist/Democratic Party –

William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan

Republican – William McKinleyRepublican – William McKinley

Treaty of Ft. Laramie Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851)(1851)

ColoradoColoradoGold Rush Gold Rush

(1859)(1859)

Colonel John ChivingtonColonel John ChivingtonColonel John ChivingtonColonel John Chivington

Kill and scalp all, big Kill and scalp all, big and little!and little!

Sandy Creek, CO Sandy Creek, CO MassacreMassacre

November 29, 1864November 29, 1864

Capt. William J. FettermanCapt. William J. FettermanCapt. William J. FettermanCapt. William J. Fetterman

80 soldiers massacred80 soldiers massacredDecember 21, 1866December 21, 1866

Treaty of Medicine Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867)Lodge Creek (1867)

22ndnd Treaty of Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868)Ft. Laramie (1868)

ReservationReservationPolicyPolicy

ReservationReservationPolicyPolicy

Gold Found in Gold Found in the Black the Black

Hills of the Hills of the Dakota Dakota

Territory!Territory!

18741874

Gold Found in Gold Found in the Black the Black

Hills of the Hills of the Dakota Dakota

Territory!Territory!

18741874

The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876

The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876

Chief Sitting BullChief Sitting Bull

Gen. GeorgeGen. GeorgeArmstrong Armstrong

CusterCuster

Chief Joseph Chief Joseph I will I will fight no more forever!fight no more forever!

Chief Joseph Chief Joseph I will I will fight no more forever!fight no more forever!

Nez Percé Nez Percé tribal tribal

retreat (1877)retreat (1877)

Geronimo, Apache Chief: Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless CauseHopeless Cause

Geronimo, Apache Chief: Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless CauseHopeless Cause

Dawes Severalty Act Dawes Severalty Act (1887):(1887):

Assimilation PolicyAssimilation Policy

Dawes Severalty Act Dawes Severalty Act (1887):(1887):

Assimilation PolicyAssimilation Policy

Carlisle Indian School, PACarlisle Indian School, PA

Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 18901890

Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 18901890

Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless BodyBody

Wounded Knee, SD, 1890Wounded Knee, SD, 1890

Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless BodyBody

Wounded Knee, SD, 1890Wounded Knee, SD, 1890

Indian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations Today

Crazy Horse Monument:Crazy Horse Monument:Black Hills, SDBlack Hills, SD

Crazy Horse Monument:Crazy Horse Monument:Black Hills, SDBlack Hills, SD

Lakota ChiefLakota ChiefLakota ChiefLakota Chief

Korczak Ziolkowski, SculptorKorczak Ziolkowski, SculptorCrazy Horse MonumentCrazy Horse Monument

Korczak Ziolkowski, SculptorKorczak Ziolkowski, SculptorCrazy Horse MonumentCrazy Horse Monument

His vision of the finished His vision of the finished memorial.memorial.

His vision of the finished His vision of the finished memorial.memorial.

Mt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SD

The Traditional View of the The Traditional View of the WestWest

The Traditional View of the The Traditional View of the WestWest

William “Buffalo Bill” William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Cody’s Wild West

ShowShow

William “Buffalo Bill” William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Cody’s Wild West

ShowShow

““Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting BullBull

““Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting BullBull

Legendary Female Western Legendary Female Western CharactersCharacters

Legendary Female Western Legendary Female Western CharactersCharacters

Calamity JaneCalamity JaneCalamity JaneCalamity Jane Annie OakleyAnnie OakleyAnnie OakleyAnnie Oakley

The Fall of the The Fall of the CowboyCowboy

Frederick RemingtonFrederick Remington

Destruction of the Buffalo Destruction of the Buffalo HerdsHerds

Destruction of the Buffalo Destruction of the Buffalo HerdsHerds

The near extinction of the buffalo.The near extinction of the buffalo.

Yellowstone National ParkYellowstone National ParkYellowstone National ParkYellowstone National Park

First national First national park established park established

in 1872.in 1872.

National ParksNational ParksNational ParksNational Parks

Conservation MovementConservation MovementConservation MovementConservation Movement

John MuirJohn Muir

With President With President Theodore Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt

Sierra ClubSierra ClubSierra ClubSierra Club

Founded in 1892Founded in 1892