Chapter 15 The Geography of Travel

The Tourism System 6th edition Kendall Hunt Publishing Company

Chapter 15 The Geography of Travel

Robert C Mill and Alastair M Morrison © 2013 1

Chapter 15

The Geography of Travel

© 2013 Castle of Almourol, Portugal, Photo by Jose Manuel

© 2013 Photo 1 by Jose Manuel; Photo 2 by Mauricio Abreu.; Photo 3 by Paulo

Magalhaes.; Photo 4 by Jose Manuel; Photo 5 by Joao Barbosa

Contents Looks at patterns and flows of

travelers throughout the world. Examines models that explain

existing travel patterns. Describes current travel patterns and

flows.






Purpose Applying specific models used to explain travel patterns, students will be able to predict future travel patterns and new travel market opportunities.



Learning Objective 1: Demand/Origin and Destination/Resources and Flows Explain the impact of demand/origin and destination/resource factors on travel flows.






Theoretical Models of Travel Flows By analyzing existing tourist flows,

we can learn about the movements of tourists, and form general principles.

Williams and Zelinsky Travel flows are not random Travel flows have distinctive

patterns



Williams and Zelinsky’s Flow Factors Spatial distance Presence or absences of past or present

international connectivity Reciprocity of travel flows Attractiveness of one country for another Known or presumed cost of a visit within the

destination country Influence of intervening opportunities Impact of specific, non-recurring events The national character of the citizens of

originating countries The mental image of the destination country

in the minds of the citizens of originating countries






Simplest Model of a Travel Flow

Origin Point Transportation Link Destination



Leiper’s Tourism System






Demand and Origin Factors Demand for tourism occurs at the

origin: Suppressed demand Potential demand Deferred demand Effective demand

Travel propensity is a measure of actual demand



Demand and Origin Factors Paid vacations, a healthier

population, and greater educational opportunities = more demand.

Demand affected by: The growth, development,

distribution and density of the population

Politics in the country of origin Other tourism (international

affected by domestic) Demographics, values, and

lifestyle choices of population






Destination and Resource Factors Climate Affected by water and land features Climate change

Land surface conditions Mountains, plateaus, hill lands, or

plains ¾ of the earth is mountain or hill land Most of the population lives on

plateaus or plains Destination safety Terrorism



World Climates








Transit Routes Majority of travel is by road Offers flexibility Can transport a lot of luggage

Rail travel Relaxing Can get up and walk around

Air travel Mass tourism Fast

Sea Nowadays, sea travel is basically

cruising and ferry crossings






Learning Objectives 2 and 3: Current and Future Travel Flows in the World Indicate the magnitude of worldwide

travel flows and identify the major reasons for these flows.

Project future major travel flows.



Travel Flows Trends

People have ventured farther from

home. There has been a constant north-

south movement. Despite a recent loss of market share,

Europe has maintained its prominent role as a destination and region of origin.






Global Travel Flows Tourism is the world’s largest

industry and generator of jobs. Tourism experienced a number of

challenges since 2000 (e.g., 9-11, SARS).

In 2010, China climbed to #3 in international tourism spending worldwide.

1 billion worldwide tourist arrivals reach in 2012.



Global Travel Flows International Tourist Arrivals: 2012: 1 billion (approx. estimate) 2011: 990 million 2010: 942 million 2009: 884 million 2008: 924 million 2007: 908 million 2006: 850 million 2005: 799 million 2004: 763 million 2003: 692 million 2002: 702 million 2001: 682 million 2000: 674 million

UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, Vol.10, November 2012






Source: Tourism Towards 2030, UNWTO

Global Travel Flows International Tourist Arrivals: UNWTO forecasts that arrivals

will increase by an average of 43 million per year.

Total worldwide arrivals are projected to reach 1.8 billion by 2030.



Global Travel Flows U.S., Canada and Mexico account for

about two-thirds of total arrivals in the Americas.

Australasia and the Pacific Islands are gaining in Asia.

In Africa, South Africa is showing the most growth.

Middle East growth has been fueled by Egypt.

Most countries outbound long-haul will grow faster than short-haul.






2012: 66.5 million (estimate) 2011: 62.7 million 2010: 59.8 million 2009: 55.0 million 2008: 57.9 million 2007: 56.0 million 2006: 51.0 million 2005: 49.2 million 2004: 46.1 million 2003: 41.2 million 2002: 43.6 million 2001: 46.9 million 2000: 51.2 million

Source: Office of Travel & Tourism Industries, Fall 2012

United States Inbound international visitors: 2000-2017

2013: 69.2 million (estimate) 2014: 72.2 million (estimate) 2015: 74.9 million (estimate) 2016: 77.6 million (estimate) 2017: 80.5 million



Country Arrivals (millions)

% Change 2010-11

1. Canada 21.34 +7%

2. Mexico 13.49 +0%

3. United Kingdom 3.84 +0%

4. Japan 3.25 -4%

5. Germany 1.82 +6%

6. Brazil 1.51 +26%

7. France 1.50 +12%

8. South Korea 1.15 +3%

9. China 1.09 +36%

10. Australia 1.04 +15%

International Travelers to USA in 2011 Top 10 (Source: OT&TI)






United States Inbound international travel: Growth in overseas visitors to U.S. Importance of Canada, Mexico, Japan,

U.K., Germany, Brazil Chinese inbound rapidly growing Top destination states for overseas

visitors are Florida, California, New York



United States Domestic travel: Baby boomers generate the most

travel Greatest demographic change: rise in

household incomes Auto travel accounts for ¾ of all

travel in the U.S.






Canada Inbound international travel: 2011: 24.08 million 2010: 24.67 million 2009: 24.70 million 2008: 27.37 million 2007: 30.37 million 2006: 33.39 million 2005: 36.16 million 2004: 38.84 million 2003: 38.90 million Source: Statistics Canada



Country Trips (‘000) 2010-2011 Change %

1. United States 19,559 -3.2%

2. United Kingdom 680 -4.5%

3. France 359 +5.4%

4. Germany 316 -4.9%

5. China (Mainland) 244 +25.0%

6. Australia 242 +4.1%

7. Japan 211 -10.4%

8. South Korea 151 -8.0%

9. India 139 +9.1%

10. Mexico 132 +9.7%

International Travelers to Canada in 2011: Top 10 (Source: Statistics Canada)






Canada Inbound international travel U.S. travelers the major market Challenge for Canada: convince

U.S. domestic travelers to go north Most common reason for visiting:

to vacation Summer most popular season, but

winter and off-season travel is growing

Outbound international travel In the U.S., Florida and the

southern states are the main sun destinations



Europe’s Tourist Flows France: Number one destination in the world

Germany: World’s most prolific international

travelers Italy: Importance of art cities

Spain: 80 percent of visitors from Europe

U.K.: Domestic vacations more important

than overseas






2011: 30.6 million 2010: 29.8 million 2009: 29.6 million 2008: 31.9 million 2007: 32.8 million 2006: 32.7 million 2005: 30.0 million 2004: 27.8 million 2003: 24.7 million 2002: 24.2 million 2001: 22.8 million 2000: 25.2 million

Source: Office for National Statistics

United Kingdom Inbound international travel



United Kingdom Top 10 inbound travel markets (2011): 1. France: 3.633 million 2. Germany: 2.947 million 3. USA: 2.846 million 4. Irish Republic: 2.574 million 5. Spain: 1.836 million 6. Netherlands: 1.789 million 7. Italy: 1.526 million 8. Australia: 1.093 million 9. Poland: 1.057 million 10. Belgium: 0.984 million

Source: VisitBritain






Country Visitors (‘000)

1. New Zealand 1,172.7

2. United Kingdom 608.3

3. China 542.1

4. United States 456.2

5. Japan 332.6

6. Singapore 318.5

7. Malaysia 241.2

8. South Korea 197.8

9. Hong Kong 166.4

10. Germany 153.8

International Travelers to Australia in 2011: Top 10 (Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics)



Emerging Markets

China Future number one destination 70 million outbound travelers in 2011;

100% more than 10 years ago Forecast to grow to 100 million

outbound by 2020

India 20 percent annual growth




THE TOURISM SYSTEM

© 2013

Chapter 15

Dolphins, Azores, Photo by Norberto Diver

Travel movements occur because of the interaction between the characteristics of the origin, destination, and transit routes that join them.

By examining existing flows of tourists both within and between countries, it is possible to develop principles and models to explain traveler movements.

These principles can then be used to explore the potential for movements between tourist origins and new destinations.

Chapter Summary Highlights