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Presentation as held in Hamburg at the Workshop Enhanced Weathering in January 2014.
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15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 1
Accelerated)Weathering)
&)
Dutch)developments!
Pol!Knops!KU!Leuven!\!Innova1on!Concepts) )
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 2
Background)myself!• Pol!Knops!• 50!years!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1963:!317)ppm!
• Applied!Physics!(MSc.!Twente)!
• Worked!@!Environmental!projects,!!!! ! ! ! renewable!energy!
• Since!4!years!involved!in!Mineraliza1on!– Own!process!(Gravity!Pressure!Vessel)!– “Enhancing!mineraliza1on”!+!Valuable!endZproducts!
• Since!1!year!PhDZstudent!@!KU!Leuven!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 3
Presenta?on)• Mineraliza1on!
– Introduc1on!– Accelerated!
• Our!process!– System!
– Some!results!
• Other!Dutch:!– Research!– Developments!
• Recommenda?ons)
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 4
Fast)growing)research)
1 1 3 1 4 4 6 8 8 17 24 59 75 89
119 142 164 192
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400 448
577
855
0!
100!
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500!
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1990! 1995! 2000! 2005! 2010!
Google Scholar: "Mineral carbonation CO2 sequestration"
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 5
Op?ons)
3)routes:)! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! condi?ons) ) focus))Ambient/Enhanced!! ! ! ambient! ! ! CO2!
Process!intensifica1on! ! HPHT! ! ! ! End!Products!
Product!replacement! ! ! various! ! ! Replacement!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 6
Routes)
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 7
Chemical)reac?on)Olivine: Mg2SiO4 + 4CO2 + 4H2O => 4HCO3
- +2Mg2+ + Si(OH)4 [∆H = -239.2 kJ/mol]
Other minerals comparable (although slower)!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 8
Exothermic)reac?on)Coal!
Gaseous!CO2!
Solid!Carbonate!
ΔH!=!11,1!MJ/kg!CO2!80%)
ΔH!=!2,7!MJ/kg!CO2!20%)
“The ground energy state of carbon is a mineral carbonate”
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 9
Academic)groups)• ExLsitu)only:)
– Columbia!University!New!York,!USA!
– Turku,!Finland!– Ku!Leuven,!Belgium!
– ETH,!Switzerland!– Herioj!Waj,!Edinburgh,!UK!
– Cambridge,!UK!
– University!of!Newcastle,!Australia!– University!of!Rome,!Italy!
– University!of!Tallin,!Estonia!– University!of!Toulouse,!France!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 10
Company) Enhanced/Accelerated)
“Maturity”) Field)of)opera?on)
Cambridge!Carbon!Capture!! ACC! ++! Products,!sec.!CO2!
Calera! ACC! ++! Products!
Calix!/!Novacem! ACC! +! Products!
Carbon8! ENH! +++!(plant)) Waste!improvement!
Carbon!Engineering!! ACC! +! CO2!reuse!
CO2!Solu1ons! ACC! ++! CO2!reuse!
CO2!Transforma1on!! ACC! ?! Products!
Global!Thermostate!! ACC! +! CO2!reuse!
Greenmag! ACC! +++)(pilot)plant)) Products!
greenSand!/!Smart!Stones! ENH! 0! CO2!
Innova1on!Concepts!! ACC! +!(batch!lab)! Products!
ICS! ACC! 0! Products!
Kilimanjaro!Energy!! ACC! +! CO2!reuse!
Skyonic! ACC! ++!(pilot)plant)) Products!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 11
Process)intensifica?on)
• Chemical!process!
• High!Pressure,!High!temperature:!
• Enhanced!reac1on!rate:!185°C,!!40Z100!bar!P!CO2,!!1!hour!residence!1me!
• Exothermic!behavior!known,!but!not!used!
6!March!2012!! 11!Confiden1al!Informa1on!!Innova1on!
Concepts!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 12
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 13
Well)head)
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 14
Batch)autoclave)
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 15
1EZ5!Achieved!dissolu1on!
rate!
1EZ4! Required!dissolu1on!rate!
Conversion)
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 16
Olivine)par?cle)
Sample:!U1:!Milled!GL30!Olivine!
Par1cle:!!Z Milled!Z Chipped!Z Irregular!surface!structure!
1/19/14! 16!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 17
Reac?on)1)
Sample:!U10:!Reacted!Olivine!1/19/14! 17!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 18
Reac?on)2)
Sample:!U10:!Reacted!Olivine!1/19/14! 18!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 19
Reac?on)products)
Sample:!U3)1/19/14! 19!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 20
Reac?on)products)
Sample:!U3:)
SiO2!
MgCO3!
1/19/14! 20!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 21
-1%
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1%
2%
3%
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5%
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8%
9%
10%
0 1 10 100 1000
Dis
tribu
tion
Diameter (um) (logaritmic)
Run 30 Particle Size Distribution GL30
Run 30 Hoogte 1
Run 30 Hoogte 2
Run 30 Hoogte 3
Run 30 Hoogte 4
Par?cle)Size)Distribu?on)
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 22
Silica)forma?on)• Literature:!Passiva1ng!silica!boundary!layer!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 23
Research)Leuven)
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 24
Dutch)research)• UU:! ! ! ! Prof.!Schuiling,!prof.!Spiers
• NIOZ:!! ! ! Francesc!Montserrat! ! (Marine) • TU!Delq:!! ! Shiva!Salek!! ! ! ! ! (Biogas) • WUR:!! ! ! Hein!ten!Berge,!Rene!Rietra!! !(Agri) • WUR:! ! ! Ralph!Lindeboom! ! ! !(Biogas) • Deltares:! ! iov!RWS,!greenSand! ! (Civil!…) • Movares:! ! Schouwpad! ! ! ! ! (Civil)! ! ! ! ! ! !
• Rijkswaterstaat!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! (Civil)!!• Leuven!! ! Pol!Knops! ! ! ! ! ! (Products)
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 25
Ambient)weathering)
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 26
Virgin)Earth)Challenge)
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 27
Z Ambient!weathering!! Speed!geological!1mescale!Z Enhanced!weathering!! milling!!! organic!acids,!lichens,!fungi,!!! erosion!sensi1ve!places!
Enhanced)weathering)
Coastal!areas!
Lichens!secrete!oxalic!acid! Constant!abrasion! Lugworm!eats!top!layer!Mycorrhizal!fungi!secrete!a!range!of!organic!acids!
Soil! Beach!Rocks!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 28
Product)replacement)• Olivine:!
– As!pebbles,!sand,!etc.!!– Fer1lizer:!! counterac1ng!acidifica1ons!!! Magnesium!release,!!! CO2!binding!
• Life1me!product!!>=!weathering!rate!
• Nickel!!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 29
Agricultural)Products
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 30
Various)products
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 31
Civil)products
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 32
Recap)• Research!fast!increasing!• Most!towards:!Z!High!Temperature/High!pressure!
• Quite!some!“Dutch”!developments!
• Three!“fields”:!– Process!intensifica1on!– Product!replacement!
– Enhanced!weathering!• Not!“only”!CO2!sequestra1on!!
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 33
“Dead)zone”)
Academia)
Companies!
Government)Research Funding
No sound proof CO2 No interest companies
No business model No proof of CO2
15&16/1/2014 Enhanced Weathering Workshop Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 34
Recommanda?on)Olivine: Mg2SiO4 + 4CO2 + 4H2O => 4HCO3
- +2Mg2+ + Si(OH)4 [∆H = -239.2 kJ/mol]
Not only CO2 More “uses” By effects (including negative)
