WORD MEANING

By : St.Choirunnisak Ashari Ayyi Bahril Wahda

Types of Word Meaning

Word Meaning

Grammatical Meaning

Lexical Meaning

Conceptual Meaning

Associative Meaning

Social meaning

Affective meaning

Social meaningSocial meaning

is the meaning which an expression conveys about the contexts or social circumstances of its use. It chiefly includes stylistic meaning of an utterance. It is the formality of the expression.

Samples :

mother (formal), mom (colloquial), mama (child’s language)

dollar (neutral) buck (slang)

father, papa, old boy

Affective Meaning

The level of meaning that conveys the language user’s feelings, including his attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of language is called affective meaning or emotive meaning. Ex. Politician---statesman

words that have the

same meanings or

that are closely

related in meaning

Synonymy

Sources of Synonyms

lift elevator

tube subway

petrol gasoline

call box telephone booth

charm glamour (ScotE

Dialects and regional English

Semantically synonymous field

synonymic dominant

synonymic group

Leave depart, quit, retire, withdraw, exit…

Look stare, gaze, eye, peep, glance…

Picture painting, photo, drawing…

General specific

Say/speak: murmur, scream, retort, argue, protest, claim, state, declare

Antonymy

words that are opposites in meaning,

e.g. hot & cold.

happy/sad married/single

present/absentfast/slow

Polysemy

Polysemy: A word which has multiple meanings related by extension,(bergabung dengan kata lainnya)

e.g. bright: ‘shining’ ; ‘intelligent’‘Head’ of the body and the person at the top of a company.

‘Foot’ of a body and of a mountain and of the bed or chair.

‘Run’ a person runs, the water runs

HOMONYMS

A word which has two or more entirely distinct

(unrelated) meanings, e.g. bank: ‘financial institution’

bank; ‘of a river’.Bat: ‘flying creature’ or ‘

Bat : used in sports’Race: ‘contest of speed’

Race :‘ethnic group’

Hyponymy

• Hyponymy: Words whose meanings are specific instances of a more general word, i.e. one thing is included (kind of) in another thing.• e.g. cats and dogs are hyponyms of the word

animal.

• In this case cats and dogs are co-hyponyms share the same ‘superordinate’

• Other e.g. daffodil & flower / carrot & vegetable / ant & insect

Hyponymy

IDIOM• Idioms: Phrases with fixed meanings not

composed of literal meanings of the words

Kick the bucket = ‘to die’

(*The bucket was kicked by John.)

When pigs fly = ‘it will never occur’

(*She suspected pigs might actually fly tomorrow.)

Bite off more than you can chew = ‘to take on too much’

(*He chewed just as much as he bit off.)

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