INTERVIEW QUESTION

WELCOME TO PC

HARDWARE

WHAT IS SMART ?

• SMART stands for self monitoring analysis and reporting

technology.

• When SMART feature of your hard disk is enabled in the

BIOS, the hard disk continuously monitors itself and

attempts self –repair.

WHY DOES MICROPROCESSOR

CONTAIN ROM CHIPS?

• Microprocessor contain ROM chip because it contain

instructions to execute data.

• it contain the monitor program which not only include

execution instruction but also interfacing program

EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

RAM AND ROM?

• RAM: Read / Write memory, High Speed, Volatile

Memory. ROM: Read only memory, Low Speed, Non

Voliate Memory.

• RAM- Random Access memory it is a Volatile Memory

• volatile mean= when power is off data is loss ok

• ROM- read only memory it is a non-volatile memory

• it is read only memory we don't write this memory only

read

EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN PRIMARY AND

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE?

• In primary storage device the storage capacity is

limited. It has a volatile memory. In secondary

storage device the storage capacity is larger. It is a

nonvolatile memory. Primary devices are: RAM /

ROM. Secondary devices are: Floppy disc / Hard

disk.

• Primary storage device is Ram where the

instructions are stored for temporary and secondary

storage is hard disk floppy cds etc.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF

BIOS?

• in pc's the most common are the AWARD,AMI, AND

phoenix

WHAT IS POST IN TERMS OF BIOS?

• For the person who still has no idea about the BIOS on

your PC, notice when you first turn on your PC or laptop

a few screens pop up. It might be a logo such as DELL

or HP or ASUS, Tyan , AMI BIOS, AWARD BIOS etc. You

might also see a memory count . This is all part of the

POST (Power On Self Test). POST is a test the BIOS

runs before it hands over control to the OS (Operating

System). You can see more of the post if you disable the

logo option in your BIOS. Otherwise just know that if you

see a logo the POST is running.

HOW TO UPDATE BIOS CHIP?

• There are two methods to update yiour BIOS chip:

• 1. Flash it (software method)

• 2. Program it with an EEPROM programmer. This is a

hardware method . This is how we at BIOSMAN program

sall our BIOS chips.

HOW DO CMOS AND ACPI RELATE TO

BIOS?

• Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a chip inside your computer that saves your BIOS settings. As a result, the terms CMOS and BIOS are sometimes used interchangeably.

• Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) is an industry standard that defines power management features and other configuration information for computers. Some previous versions of BIOS do not support ACPI, and so the computer may not successfully enter advanced power modes such as sleep or hibernate. For more information, check the information that came with your computer or go to the computer manufacturer's website.

WHAT IS BOOT MANAGER?

• An EFI boot manager is also used to select and load the

operating system, removing the need for a dedicated

boot loader mechanism (the OS boot loader is an EFI

application).

EXPLAIN IF YOU ARE GETTING IN

DISC BOOT ERROR. AT INITIAL STAGE

WHAT YOU NEED 2 CHECK. PLEASE

DETAIL IN STEPS?

• 1.Enter into the BIOS and check whether your hard

disk drive is set as first boot device,if not then set it

as first boot device in the boot device priority.

• 2.If the problems exists,then you have to boot the

system with a new operating system cd and install a

new one.

• 3.Side by side check the RAM also for the

connection

WHAT IS MBR LOCATED ON THE DISK?

• Main Boot Record is located in sector 0, track 0, head 0,

cylinder 0 of the primary active partition.

• sector 0, head 0, cylinder 0,

EXPLAIN HOW MANY LOGICAL

DRIVES IS IT POSSIBLE TO FIT

ONTO A PHYSICAL DISK?

• Maximum of 24 logical drives. The extended

partition can only have 23 logical drives.

• Max of 24 partition from "c" to "z"

• primary 4

WHAT IS ACTIVE WINDOW?

• The current window that is being used

WHAT IS ASYNCHRONOUS SRAM?

• Async SRAM is not synchronized with the system clock,

so the CPU must wait for requested data from the L2

cache.

WHAT IS BIOS (BASIC INPUT AND

OUTPUT SOFTWARE)?

• BIOS stands for Basic Input and Output Software. The BIOS is software that controls the most fundamental operations of a computer and a BIOS is necessary in order to start a computer. Without a BIOS, a computer would not know how to communicate with its hard disk and other devices. The BIOS is stored on a ROM (Read-Only Memory) computer chip inside the computer. Many computers in the past few years use "Flash EPROM" chips, which means the BIOS chip can be reprogrammed with an updated BIOS. A BIOS may need to be updated to fix bugs, such as the year 2000 bug, or an update may be necessary in order to support new hardware protocols.

WHAT IS BIT?

• Bit is short for binary digit. A bit can be a zero or a one.

WHAT IS BINARY? • Binary is an alternative number system which works very well

for computers. Humans have ten fingers; that's probably why we use ten digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) in our number system (decimal), but it is easier for a computer to use only two digits (0 and 1). Ones and zeros can be represented with high or low voltage, closed or open switches, aligned or misaligned magnetic particles, etc. A byte is a group of eight bits, and it is the standard unit by which data is stored. There are 256 different combinations of zeros and ones you can make with one byte, from 00000000 to 11111111. This is enough to cover all the ASCII characters. If more than 256 values are needed, then more than one byte can be used. With two bytes, there are 65536 possible combinations of ones and zeros. These bytes can represent any kind of data. For example, a picture may be made up of thousands of pairs of bytes, with each pair of bytes representing a single dot in one of 65536 colors. Put together all these dots (known as pixels) and you have a full-color picture (most picture data is also compressed). On systems using Microsoft Windows, the meaning of data stored on a disk is determined by the file's extension. For example: if it is TXT, then it is ASCII text; if it is EXE, then it is a program (an executable).

WHAT IS BYTE?

• A byte is eight binary digits. It is the smallest unit a

computer works with at once. The bits of a byte can be

individually modified, but a computer still works with at

least one byte at a time. See also: Binary and my article

on Bits and Bytes.

WHAT IS CD-R?

• Compact Disc Recordable. A special type of compact

disc which can have information written onto it once. You

must have a special CD-R drive to write to these discs,

but most CD-ROM drives can read them.

WHAT IS CD-ROM?

• Compact Disc - Read Only Memory. A CD-ROM is any

compact disc which contains computer data. These discs

can store huge amounts of data (up to 640 megabytes).

If there is a large amount of data on a CD-ROM, then it

is usually impractical to copy the data on to the hard

disk; in this case, you must insert the disc whenever you

want to use the data. The ROM simply means that you

can not save information onto these discs. CD-ROM may

also refer to the drive used to read these discs.

WHAT IS DRAG AND DROP?

• When you click your mouse once and an object and hold

it, while simultaneously moving that item to a different

location.

WHAT IS THE INTERFACE?

• The visible layer which allows a user to communicate

with a computer.

WHAT IS RESTORE?

• Restore means to make a window smaller than full

screen, so that it can be resized.

EXPLAIN HOW TO CLEAR COMPUTER

MOTHERBOARD CMOS PASSWORD?

• To clear Computer Motherboard CMOS password we will

do these steps. Since CMOS is a special chip with its

own battery, the best way to clear out a CMOS chip is to

disconnect it from its power supply.

EXPLAIN WHAT ARE MOTHERBOARD

COMPONENTS?

• It contains the following key components:

• 1.A microprocessor "socket" which defines what kind of central processing unit the motherboard uses.

• 2.A chipset which forms the computer's logic system. It is usually composed of two parts called bridges (a "north" bridge and its opposite, "south" bridge), which connects the CPU to the rest of the system;

• 3.A Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) chip which controls the most basic function of a computer, and how to repair it; and

• 4.A real-time clock which is a battery-operated chip which maintains the system's time, and other basic functions.

• The motherboard also has slots or ports for the attachment of various peripherals or support system/hardware. There is an Accelerated Graphics Port, which is used exclusively for video cards; Integrated Drive Electronics, which provides the interfaces for the hard disk drives; Memory or RAM cards; and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), which provides electronic connections for video capture cards and network cards, among others.

• motherboard components are hdd,memory,processor,graphic card,net card,BIOS chip.

WHAT IS ACCELERATOR KEY?

• A keyboard shortcut for a command. For example, Ctrl +

Alt + Delete is an accelerator key for the task manager in

Windows 95

WHY WE KNOW THAT THIS

MOTHERBOARD IS CORRECT

ON THIS CONDITION THAT

COMPUTER IS NO DISPLAY?

• if ram is not working then we can change it and

check that display if display not comes then we can

say that it has problem with motherboard

• first check in smps he will work right then check

ram, ram is out in side slot then ruff the earesar ram

is work in ok then check is cmos battery then last

check is power cable and vga cable he will work ok

then replace the motherboard.

WHAT IS CACHE MEMORY ON

MOTHERBOARD?

• Cache memory is a small high-speed memory. It is used

for temporary storage of data & information between the

main memory and the CPU (center processing unit). The

cache memory is only in RAM.

WHAT IS CLOCK SPEED?• It is also called clock rate, the speed at which a microprocessor executes

instructions. Every computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the various computer components. The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or clock cycles) to execute each instruction. The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU can execute per second.

• Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).

• The internal architecture of a CPU has as much to do with a CPU?s performance as the clock speed, so two CPUs with the same clock speed will not necessarily perform equally. Whereas an Intel 80286 microprocessor requires 20 cycles to multiply two numbers, an Intel 80486 or later processor can perform the same calculation in a single clock tick. (Note that clock tick here refers to the system?sclock, which runs at 66 MHz for all PCs.) These newer processors, therefore, would be 20 times faster than the older processors even if their clock speeds were the same. In addition, some microprocessors are superscalar, which means that they can execute more than one instruction per clock cycle.

• Like CPUs, expansion buses also have clock speeds. Ideally, the CPU clock speed and the bus clock speed should be the same so that neither component slows down the other. In practice, the bus clock speed is often slower than the CPU clock speed, which creates a bottleneck. This is why new local buses, such as AGP, have been developed.

WHAT IS CACHE MEMORY?

• Cache memory is a small high-speed memory. It is used

for temporary storage of data & information between the

main memory and the CPU (center processing unit). The

cache memory is only in RAM.

• Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a

computer microprocessor can access more quickly than

it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor

processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if

it finds the data there.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATIC AND

DYNAMIC RAM?

• Static RAM: No refreshing, 6 to 8 MOS transistors are

required to form one memory cell, Information stored as

voltage level in a flip flop. Dynamic RAM: Refreshed

periodically, 3 to 4 transistors are required to form one

memory cell, Information is stored as a charge in the

gate to substrate capacitance.

EXPLAIN THE VIRTUAL MEMORY?

• In computing, virtual memory is a memory management

technique developed for multitasking kernels. This

technique virtualizes a computer architecture's various

forms of computer data storage such as random-access

memory and disk storage, allowing a program to be

designed as though there is only one kind of memory,

"virtual" memory, which behaves like directly and

contiguous addressable read/write memory.

WHY DO WE CALL MOTHERBOARD A

MOTHERBOARD?

• Motherboard is known as motherboard because in the

world all borned creature is directly attached to her

mother & after it all the relations creats due to her

mother so in the same manner all the i/o devices

(hardware devices) directly attached to the motherboard

& all devices know the motherboard first of all in our

Computer system & after it any hardware device can

communicate to other hardware device.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

THE PHYSICAL DRIVE AND THE

LOGICAL DRIVE. HOW DO WE

IDENTIFY? HOW DO TO CONFIGURE

THE LOGICAL DRIVE?

• A physical drive is drive tha you can physically see

in the computer system itself. That is the gadget

itself. Logic drive is inside the physical drive and this

is the portion of the drive that stores data the user is

using. To configure it you must update it on the

BIOS.

IF THE SYSTEM IS NOT BOOTING WHAT

CAN WE DO?

• First we must go to bios and should check boot

sequence,local hdd status

• Or we should check RAM.& check h.d.d cable. cheack

cd writer for cd or dvd