Upload
elsa-von-licy
View
122
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Visual Thinking and Visual Thinking Tools:
Space, Time and Simple Cognitive Models to Support Design
Colin WareData Visualization Research Lab, CCOM,
University of New Hampshire
Capacity of visual working memory (Vogal, Woodman, Luck, 2001) Task – change detection Can see 3.3 objects Each object can be complex
1 second
Solution “The world is its own memory” O’Regan Task-related active vision “What you see is what you need”
Treish et al. (2003)
Seeing is a process that helps us solve problems
Example 2: How to get focus and context?
Zooming (Bedersen) Linked windows
(Fowler & Ware) Fisheye (Furnas,
Carpendale)
Zooming Vs Multiple Windows (Matt Plumlee)
Problem: When do we need extra windows?
Comparing parts of a visual scene.
2 solutions: Zooming, multiple windows
Task: searching for target patterns that match
Zooming vsWindows + eye movements
1,3,5,7 items per cluster
Conditons:
Cognitive Model (grossly simplified)
Time = setup cost +
number of “visits” x time per visit
Number of visits is a function of number of objects to be compared and visual working memory capacity.
Visits = n/M
Prediction Results
As targets (and visual working memory load) increases, multiple
Windows become more attractive.
Example 2
Tools for finding new underwater behaviors from humpback whale tag data
(Why turning time into space is a good idea)
Task: find new behaviors
= stereotyped patterns
Cognitive Algorithm repeat
Review behavior sequence looking for patterns. Remember patterns.
Look for more instances.
until no new patterns
Cognitive process for finding new behaviors
stereotyped patternsCognitive Algorithm repeat
Review behavior sequence looking for patterns by playback. Remember patterns using space-time notes.
Look for more instances. May involve reviewing all other whale tracks.
Until no new patterns Cost k*playback time.
Process for finding new behaviors
stereotyped patternsCognitive algorithm Get to a good viewpoint repeat
Review behavior sequence looking for patterns eye movements. Remember patterns using visual working memory.
Look for more instances. May involve reviewing all other whale tracks. Can be posted on the wall
until no new patterns Cost Nav + Eye Movement time *pattern
matching.
Gain in efficiency – from playback tool to pattern finding tool
Many hours (with playback) A few minutes (with patterns)
Approximately a factor of 100
Design heuristic
Whenever possible: Turn time into a spatial pattern – one that converts critical events into shapes or patterns
Try to make natural mappings – proper use of texture color, etc.
How to get perceptual and cognitive principles into the designer’s head?
OverviewZoom&filterDetails on Demand
ACT-R
Shneiderman
Anderson
Where are we going?
Simple cognitive process models involving Perceptual and cognitive operations Interaction methods
For Design
Where are we going?
DESIGN of visual thinking tools
We need to understand perception and the cognitive process
The machinery
DisplayFeatures
Proto-objects andPatterns
VisualWorkingMemory
GIST
VisualQuery
VerbalWorkingMemory
Egocentric object andPattern map
OBJECTFILES“Nexus”
a
AB
C
D
Follow up study with eye trackerMulti-window condition only.
Similar result in Gajewski and Henderson, 2005
One eye movement (from cluster to cluster) per visual object
Sketching ideas:Many people have noted that we are cognitive cyborgs: Edwin Hutchins, Herbert Simon, Don Norman.. Etc.