Utilizing Aluminum Extrusion to Reduce System Costs

Utilizing Aluminum Extrusion

To Reduce System Costs

This webinar will be available afterwards at www.solarpowerworldonline.com & email

Q&A at the end of the presentation Hashtag for this webinar: #SolarWebinar

“Part 1” webinar will be sent in follow-up email

Before We Start

http://www.solarpowerengineering.com/

Kathie ZippSolar Power World

Moderator Presenters

Craig WernerWerner Extrusion

Solutions

Jason WeberSAPA Extrusions NA

Utilizing Aluminum Extrusion to Reduce System Costs

http://www.aec.org/

vite

Utilizing Aluminum Extrusion to Reduce System CostsPresented by:

Craig WernerChairman, AEC AcademyPresident, Werner Extrusion Solutions

Presenting Sponsors:

www.sapagroup.com/NA

Jason WeberDirector – Business DevelopmentSapa Extrusions NA

www.vitexextrusions.com/NA

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Note: Today’s presentation builds on a July 2013 Webinar on extrusion design available via aec.org/extrusionapplications/energy.cfm and Solar Power World

http://www.aec.org/

http://www.sapagroup.com/en/na/profiles/








Today’s Agenda

The Challenge: Driving for Grid Parity … or at least greater cost-effectiveness

Why Aluminum Extrusion

• Initial “out of the box” savings from extrusion’s material and process attributes

• Saving with site-specific solutions• Lifetime … and end of life … benefits

Creating Cost-Effective Solutions with Extrusion

• Alloy selection• Shape design• Structural design

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This presentation provides both a conceptual and a practical understanding of how best to design for solar applications with aluminum extrusions

The Challenge

Source: Trina Solar; CleanTechnica 02/14

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A recent analysis by Trina Solar shows Racking, Cables and Installation represent nearly 2/3 of PV system costs … with modules at less than 1/4

2010 - 2013

- 66%

- 10%

- 25%

The Challenge

Source: NREL; chart by Daniel Wood; Energy.gov 02/142010 20122011 2013

… the result of dramatic decreases in module costs

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The Challenge

Further progress toward grid parity requires tackling installation and racking costs

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The Challenge

7

Commercial & Utility

Lumos Solar, Boulder CO- LSX Canopy: Dwell on Design, best energy product ‘12- Transparent, frameless module

Residential, light Commercial

The Challenge is there for PV …

The Challenge

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…BIPV …

Nevada Solar One CSP, Boulder, Nevada

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CPV, Durango, Mexico

The Challenge

… and even CPV and CSP

The Challenge

Yet Aluminum is more expensive than Steel* (on a per pound basis)

• Global Carbon Steel Price : $714/MT • Aluminum (LME): $1,838/MT

But …What are the economics when Aluminum’s lower density (1/3 that of steel) and offsets from:• Weight reduction, including that of secondary

elements• Reduced processing & assembly costs from “designed-in” functionality• Maintenance savings• End-of-life costs/credits are considered?

*e.g. June 2014; Source: ycharts.com; Worldsteelprices.com

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Today’s Agenda







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Advantages of Aluminum

• Lightweight

• High Strength-to-Weight Ratio

• Resilient

• Corrosion-Resistant

• Dissipates Heat

• Reflective

• Electrically Conductive

• Non-Magnetic

• Non-Sparking

• Non-Combustible

• Cold Strength

• Fully Recyclable

Advantages of Extrusion

• Tailored performance

• Suitable for complex, integral shapes

• Produced to close tolerances

• Attractive

• Wide range of finishes

• Virtually seamless

• Easy to fabricate

• Joinable by various methods

• Suitable for easy-assembly designs

• Produced with uniform quality

• Cost Effective

• Short production lead times

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Why Aluminum Extrusions?

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Why Aluminum Extrusions?

This combination of attributes yields:• Initial savings due to

• Aluminum’s light weight• Secondary weight savings to other system elements• Integral features to facilitate installation and eliminate “add-ons”

• Optimized site-specific solutions due to• Modest tooling cost and time• Simplified assembly and installation

• Lifetime and end-of-life benefits from• Minimal maintenance• High recycling value

Why Aluminum Extrusions: Advantages of Aluminum

LightweightAluminum is only about one-third as heavy as steel (or copper or brass) Thus, aluminum helps minimize transport costs, roof loading, as well as the demands on tracking system components.

High Strength-to-Weight RatioThe standard aluminum frame for the new 2014 Corvette C7 is over 90 pounds lighter, yet 60% stiffer than the current steel frame

Alu Framing System

Steel Framing System

0 200 400

PV modules

Framing

E.G.: 1MW Ground Mount System

Lbs (000)

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60% reduction in framing weight22% overall system weight reduction

Why Aluminum Extrusion: Advantages of Aluminum

Electrically ConductiveVolume for volume, aluminum carries electricity about 62% as well as copper. On an equal weight basis, aluminum can be twice as conductive as copper, and aluminum is often the most economical choice.

Aluminum facilitates grounding by eliminating additional components.

Alum

inum

Copp

er

Stee

l

Bras

s

0

20

40

60

80

100

Dissipates HeatConducts – and dissipates - heat better than any other common metal on both a weight and cost basis.

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Why Aluminum Extrusion: Advantages of Aluminum

Corrosion-resistantAluminum develops its own inert aluminum oxide film, which is self-protective, blocking further oxidation and providing excellent corrosion resistance in a wide variety of environments.

Cold Strength• Aluminum’s many advantages are not impaired by exposure

to cold. In fact, aluminum gains strength and ductility as temperatures are reduced, making it a preferred metal for cryogenic (low-temperature) applications.

• Steel and plastics get brittle when the temperature drops… aluminum gets stronger and tougher!

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Nevada Solar One2007Extruded Al. frameVirtually no mirror/framefailures

SEGS1984-90Luz steel frameNumerous steel fatigue/mirror failures

Why Aluminum Extrusion: Advantages of Extrusion

Produced to Close Tolerances• The ability to hold tight tolerances over the full extruded

lengths are routine and the ability of aluminum extruders to meet even more critical dimensions is keeping pace with advances in technology.

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Suitable for Complex, Integral Shapes• Shapes can combine functions that would otherwise require

the production and joining of several different parts, reducing part counts and costs.

Welds

Screw bosses

Local thickening

Why Aluminum Extrusion:

Example: Extruded rail for PV Roof MountDesign optimized for pitched installations as well as flat applications

¼" nut channel can accept standard ¼" T-bolts, standard ¼" bolts or ¼" jam nuts

Integral wireway adds strength while providing a location to run wiring

Perforations provide ease of installation and drainage

Available in black powdercoat,or anodized finish

Lumos Solar, Boulder, CO

Screw bosses for end caps

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Suitable for a Wide Range of FinishesAluminum accepts a great variety of finishes, colors &textures (anodize, alodine, wet paint, powder paint, applique, etc.).

However, due to aluminum’s corrosion resistance, the additional cost of finishing is generally not needed, unless for aesthetic reasons such as maximizing curb appeal.

Easy to Fabricate• Often, designing with aluminum extrusions can eliminate

many fabrication and assembly steps

• Aluminum extrusions can be made with almost any cross-sectional shape. Parts can be easily cut, machined, finished, fabricated and assembled.

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Joinable by Various Methods• Aluminum extrusions can be joined to other aluminum

products or to different materials by all major methods, including welding, soldering, brazing, bolts, rivets, clips, adhesives, clinching and slide-on, snap-together or interlocking joints.

Excellent for easy-to-assemble designs• Aluminum extrusions with integral connection points have

been widely used for elaborate framing, such as the scaffolding for the recent renovation of the Statue of Liberty and the current repair of the Washington Monument

Hinge detail “Christmas tree” for joining with wood or plastic

Screw boss on leg

Groove to accept printed circuit cards

Groove for screw or rivetGroove for rubber moulding

Drill groove

Slot for location of nut or bolt head

Screw bossFluted surface for appearance

Groove to accept printed circuit cards

Dovetail assembly

Snap fit spring assembly

“Heat sink” cooling fin

Patterned surface for appearance

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Process Typical Part Tooling Cost ($)

Aluminum Extrusion $500 to $5000

Stampings $5000 and up

Injection Molding $25,000 and up

Die Castings $25,000 and up

Roll Forming $30,000 and up


Cost-effective• Tooling costs are modest in comparison with other processes

Time-effective• Extrusion’s short lead times facilitate prototype

development.

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Aluminum Extrusio

n

Stampings

Roll Form

ing

Die Castings

Injection M

olding048

121620

Typical Tooling Lead Time (weeks)

On one solar project, sequential prototyping facilitated a 40% reduction in material costs!


Sustainable & Fully Recyclable• Able to be recycled over and over without degradation of

properties; over 75% of the aluminum produced since 1888 is still in productive use!

• Thus, Aluminum has significant scrap value

• Extrusions often contain as much as 80% recycled content; in 2010 North American production had 53% recycled content

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47%

5%

19%

29%

prime process scrappost-ind. Scrap post-consumer


With all factors considered, aluminum can cost less!• IBIS Associates assessed the economics of aluminum & steel framing for a variety of PV mounting structures• In all cases, Aluminum was the lower cost alternative, even without considering end-of-life value

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Note: Steel’s weight (3X Aluminum) can create load problems for older roofs, and require more robust tracking components


The same conclusion – that aluminum costs less – holds for CSPCost summary: per sq. meter Aluminum 20+% less!

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Source: IBIS Associates


But what if commodity prices change?

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Source: IBIS Associates

Today’s Agenda







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Creating Cost-Effective Solutions

Feedstock: heated aluminum alloy “billet”

Desired final “profile” or shape

Steel die and supporting tooling

The Extrusion Process

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The Extrusion Process

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Aluminum extrusions offer outstanding design flexibility …

• To tailor component performance with alloy and temper choice

• To inexpensively incorporate functional details that simplify assemble, reduce part counts, and enhance utility

…but, there are some limitations

• Circle Size (the circumscribing circle that the profile could fit through)

• Weight/Ft (Too heavy? Too light?)

• Shape Constraints

– High tongue ratios

– Somewhat balanced wall thicknesses

– Other

• Press availability

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Cost-Effective Solutions: Design Considerations

Availability of various profile circle size / area / weight combinations

Circumscribed Circle Size in inchesCorresponding Profile weight

(lbs/ft)

Cross Section Area in sq inches

<1 1 to 7 7 to 10 10 to 14 >14Min Max

<.050 L x x x x - 0.06

.050 to .100 G G L x x 0.06 0.12

.100 to 1.0 W W L x x 0.12 1.18

1.0 to 2.5 x W W L x 1.18 2.94

2.5 to 10 x W W G L 2.94 11.76

>10 x x W G L 11.76 -

x Not available

L Limited Availability

G Generally Available

W Widely Available

NOTE:There are many presses available with up to 7" diameter containersThere are fewer presses available with 7" to 10" diameter containersThere are even fewer presses available with 10" to 14" diameter containersThere are very few presses available with greater than 14" diameter containers

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Cost-Effective Solutions: Alloy Selection

Alloy strength will be a consideration …Increasing

strength

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1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

00 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

% Si

% Mg

6082

60636060

6005A

6061

60636060

6082

60636060

6061

6005A

6061

6063

6061

6082

6063

6061

6005A

6082

6063

6061

6060

6005A

6082

6063

6061 Excellent for less structural applications

(e.g. framing, rooftop PV)

Preferred for structural solar

applications(e.g. Ground

mounts)


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Str

engt

h**

(ksi

)

Extrudability index0 50 100 150

Yield Tensile

3003

6060/63*

6082* 7020

7075

Al 99.5

6005A*

0

90

80

70

60

50

10

40

30

20

Mild steel

Mild steel

… as will be cost

* T6, except 6005A @ T61**typical properties


“Newer” alloys often provide superior performance

6005A T5 vs 6061 T6 (6061 is an “older” alloy, often specified out of habit / momentum)

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Cost-Effective Solutions: Shapes

Shape Classifications (per Aluminum Association)

Solids

Semi-hollow

Hollows

Class I Class II

Class I(Balanced

round int. > 1”)

Class II(< 5”, > 0.11”)

Class III

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Good Design Practices• Balance walls

• Avoid hollows

• Generous tapers

Uniformity

This!Not this!

Smooth Transitions

Symmetry

• Practice symmetry/minimize asymmetrical detail

• Use grooves, webs, and ribs

• Minimize perimeter/cross-section ratio

Enhance visual surfaces

This!Not this!

This!Not this!

This!Not this!

This!Not this!

This!Not this!

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Extrusion Design HintWhere possible, maintain consistent wall thickness

This! Not this!

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Extrusion Design HintWhere possible, reduce deep narrow “tongues” by re-designing the profile

This! Not this!

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Extrusion Design HintScrew slots are often simple to incorporate in the profile

Screw slots can often eliminate the need for a more expensive hollow die (which also extrudes more slowly, further increasing costs)

Self tapping screw Thread cutting screw

Not this!

This!

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Extrusion Design HintWhere possible, re-design the profile to reduce cost

(for example, a single void hollow die with smoothed transitions vs. a multiple void hollow die)

Or, in this case, 10% less costs, lighter, and less likely to have die break.

This! Not this! This! Not this!

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Cost-Effective Solutions: Structure

So how do we know that this shape is structural sufficient?A comprehensive discussion of the design and analysis of extrusions for structural applications is beyond the scope of this webinar. However:

• The basic process is similar to that for steel

• Designing steel structures generally involves assembling standard shapes for which structural performance is known and readily available in tables and software

• Designing extruded aluminum structures involves creating optimized shapes for the desired function and economics. Thus, structural performance will have to be calculated.

• Design calculations, incorporating material and shape characteristics like yield strength & moment of inertia are based on the same fundamentals that define steel design

• The Aluminum Association’s “Aluminum Design Manual – 2010 Edition” (www.aluminum.org) provides the key data – and is structured so that one familiar with steel will be able to easily understand and utilize the data.

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http://www.aluminum.org/

Suggested Design Steps to create an efficient extruded structure

1. Understand the Design Objectives2. Involve Trusted Extruders Up Front3. Discuss possible alloy and temper selections

with extruder4. Understand the location req’ts5. Fully understand the functional req’ts6. Detail out the known constraints7. Develop alternative geometries8. Utilize design software to create “idealized”

members9. Vary the designs, geometry, etc…, estimating

the weights, costs…10. Use engineering analysis to estimate ass’y costs,

using known info11. List out various alternatives, incl. weights, part

counts, $’s,…

12. Choose alternatives to fine-tune13. Use ADM 2010, FEA, Autodesk Inventor and other

design tools to develop ACTUAL part designs14. Iteratively design the system and parts to achieve

optimal cost and performance solutions15. Understanding likely failure modes, consider

alternative alloys/tempers16. Provide decision-makers with executive summaries

of alternatives17. Detail out the chosen design(s)18. Provide rapid prototyped parts (?)19. Obtain final quotations / make final decisions;

work with extruders on final tolerancing


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Courtesy:







counts, $’s,…







Cost, Performance, Aesthetics,

Weight, # of parts, etc…


43

Courtesy:

Suggested Design Steps to create an efficient extruded structure1. Understand the Design Objectives2. Involve Trusted Extruders Up Front3. Discuss possible alloy and temper selections





counts, $’s,…







44

Courtesy:








counts, $’s,…







1.31.21.11.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.1

0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

% Si

% Mg

6082

60636060

6005A6061

60636060

6082

606360606061

6005A6061

60636061

6082

60636061

6005A

6082

60636061

6060

6005A

6082

60636061

6XXX alloy strength

45

Courtesy:







counts, $’s,…







46

Courtesy:








counts, $’s,…







47

Exclusive Property of:







counts, $’s,…







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Courtesy:







counts, $’s,…







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Exclusive property of:


Suggested Design Steps to create an efficient extruded structure1. Understand the Design Objectives2. Involve Trusted Extruders Up Front3. Discuss possible ally and temper selections with

extruder4. Understand the location req’ts5. Fully understand the functional req’ts6. Detail out the known constraints7. Develop alternative geometries8. Utilize design software to create “idealized”




counts, $’s,…







Exclusive property of WES LLC


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counts, $’s,…







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the weights, costs…10. Use engineering analysis to estimate ass’y

costs, using known info11. List out various alternatives, incl. weights, part

counts, $’s,…







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counts, $’s,…







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Courtesy of:



1. Understand the Design Objectives2. Involve Trusted Extruders Up Front3. Discuss possible ally and temper selections with





counts, $’s,…








57

Courtesy of:






counts, $’s,…




alternative alloys/tempers16. Provide decision-makers with executive

summaries of alternatives17. Detail out the chosen design(s)18. Provide rapid prototyped parts (?)19. Obtain final quotations / make final decisions;


58

Exclusive Property of:







counts, $’s,…







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Courtesy of:







counts, $’s,…







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Courtesy of:



1. Understand the Design Objectives2. Involve Trusted Extruders Up Front3. Discuss possible ally and temper selections with





counts, $’s,…







61

Courtesy of:


Design Considerations: Structure

The Aluminum Association’s “Aluminum Design Manual – 2010 Edition” (www.aluminum.org) provides the key data – and is structured so that one familiar with steel will be able to easily understand and utilize the data.

Aluminum Design Manual 2010 (ADM)

• General Provisions

• Design Requirements

• Design for Stability

• Design of Members for Tension

• Design of Members for Compression

• Design of Members for Flexure

• Design of Members for Shear

• Design of Members for Combined Forces and Torsion

• Design of Connections

• Design for Serviceability

• Fabrication and Erection

Appendix

Testing

Design for Fatigue

Design for Fire Conditions

Evaluation of Existing Structures

Design of Braces for Columns and Beams

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Design Considerations: Structure

The Aluminum Association’s Aluminum Design Manual (ADM) provides information on utilizing the safety factors, formulae, tabular information (strength, etc…) to analyze and design a structure.

This process is familiar to mechanical, structural and other engineers, and the latest version of the ADM presents key concepts in a format that users of the AISC steel manual will find familiar.

The analysis and calculations are often iterative, allowing the designer to alter specific variables (tube diameters & wall thicknesses, etc.) to see the effect on the overall design.

??

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Additional Resources

For more Information and Training

Purchase the Aluminum Design Manual 2010 edition from the Aluminum Association (aluminum.org)

Reference other resources available from the Aluminum AssociationAluminum Standards and Data: nominal and specified chemical compositions of alloys; typical mechanical and physical properties; mechanical property limits; definitions, and dimensional tolerances for semi-fabricated products

Utilize ASCE Aluminum Design Manual training

– On-line: go to www.asce.org/distancelearning; click on “View a complete list of ASCE courses”, scroll down y to “Aluminum Structural Design with the 2010 Aluminum Design Manual”

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http://www.asce.org/distancelearning/



Additional Resources

For more Information and Training

• Utilize the Aluminum Extruders Council website (aec.org) for webinars or other key information

• Find an Extruder search• Extrusion Applications• Extrusion Design Resources• Sustainability Info• And more!

About AEC: The Aluminum Extruders Council (AEC) is an international trade association dedicated to advancing the effective use of aluminum extrusion in North America. AEC is committed to bringing comprehensive information about extrusion's characteristics, applications, environmental benefits, design and technology to users, product designers, engineers and the academic community. Further, AEC is focused on enhancing the ability of its members to meet the emerging demands of the market through sharing knowledge and best practices.

AEC Aluminum Extrusion Manual (www.AECmanual.org)

AEC Buyers’ Guide (www.AECguide.org)

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http://www.aec.org/

http://www.aecmanual,org/

http://www.aecguide.org/

Conclusion

Aluminum extrusions provide a cost-effective resource for your next project or design

• They are lightweight, strong, corrosion resistant, fully recyclable . . . a sustainable material

• They accommodate complex shapes, can incorporate multiple functions and are easy to fabricate, providing a custom design response quickly and at minimal cost.

• With appropriate design, aluminum extrusions are the cost effective option for racking and mounting. They are clearly less expensive over the project life … and may be less costly initially.

• While there are important nuances to the extrusion process, available fabrication/finishing options, alloy selection, and extrusion design details, there are a wealth of resources to help you make smarter – more cost effective – decisions

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Thanks to Our Presenting Sponsors

www.sapagroup.com/NA

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www.vitexextrusions.com/NA




Questions?Kathie ZippSolar Power [email protected]: @SolarKathieZ

Jason WeberDirector, Business Development - Energy ProductsSapa Extrusions North [email protected]

Andy CurlandPresidentVitex [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]






This webinar will be available at www.solarpowerworldonline.com & email

Tweet with hashtag #SolarWebinar

Connect with Solar Power World

Discuss this topic on EngineeringExchange.com

“Part 1” webinar will be sent in follow-up email

Thank You

http://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/

… and to all the members of the AEC

To find an extruder: go to aec.org <http://aec.org/search/index.cfm> and choose “Find an Extruder”

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ABC Aluminium SolutionsAerolite Extrusion CompanyAkzo Nobel Coatings Inc.Albarrie Canada LimitedAlcoa Forgings and ExtrusionsAlcoa Primary MetalsAlexandria IndustriesAlexin LLCAlmag Aluminum Inc.Al-Taiseer Aluminium FactoryAltec LLCAluminio de Centro AmericaAluminium Bahrain B.S.C,Aluminium Products Co. Ltd.Aluminum Shapes LLCAMCOL CorporationAPEL Extrusions LimitedApex Aluminum Extrusions Ltd.Arabian Extrusions FactoryAstro Shapes Inc.Azon USA Inc.BCI Surface TechnologiesBelco Industries Inc.Bonnell AluminumBriteline Extrusions, Inc.Butech BlissCapral AluminiumCardinal Aluminum Co.CASTOOL Tooling SystemsCometal Engineering S.p.A.

Compes InternationalCrown Extrusions Inc.Crystal Extrusion Systems Ltd.Crystal Finishing Systems Inc.Custom Aluminum Products Inc.Dajcor Aluminum Ltd.Danieli CorporationDienamexDrache USA Inc.Dubai Aluminium Co. Ltd.EmmebiEnsinger IndustriesETS-Exco Tooling SolutionsEXCOExtruded Aluminum CorporationExtruders DivisionExtrudex Aluminum Ltd.Foy Inc.Frontier Aluminum Corp.Futura Industries Corp.General Extrusions Inc.GIA ClecimGranco Clark Inc.Gulf Extrusions Company LLCHoughton Metal Finishing CompanyHulamin Extrusions Hydro Aluminum North America Inc.ILSCO Extrusions Inc.iNOEX LLCInternational Extrusions

Jordan Aluminum Extrusions, LLCKeymark Aluminum CorporationLight Metals CorporationMagnode CorporationMarx GmbH & Co. KGMatalco Inc.M-D Building ProductsMetal Exchange CorporationMetra Aluminum Inc.MI Metals Inc.Mid South Extrusion Die Co.Mid-States Aluminum Corp.Nanshan America Co.National Aluminium Ltd.Noranda Aluminum Inc.Ohio Valley Aluminum Co. LLCOMAV S.p.A.PanAsia Aluminium LimitedPeerless of America Inc.PengCheng AluminumPenn Aluminum International Inc.Pennex Aluminum CompanyPostle ExtrusionPPG Industries Inc.Presezzi Extrusion North AmericaPries Enterprises Inc.Reliant Aluminum Products LLCRichardson MetalsRio Tinto AlcanSapa Extrusions

Service Center MetalsSierra AluminumSilver City Aluminum Corp.SMS Meer Service Inc.Spectra Aluminum Products Ltd.Spectrum Metal Finishing Inc.Superior Extrusion Inc.Taber Extrusions LLCTecalex USATechnoformTecnoglass S.A.Tellkamp Systems Inc.Thumb Tool & EngineeringTri City Extrusion Inc.Tubelite Inc.Turla S.r.L.Ube Machinery Inc.Valspar CorporationVidrieria 28 de Julio S.a.C.Vitex ExtrusionWagstaff Inc.Walgren CompanyWEFA Cedar Inc.Werner Co.Werner Extrusion Solutions, LLCWestern Extrusions Corp.Whitehall IndustriesYKK AP America Inc.Youngstown Tool & Die Co. Inc.

http://www.aec.org/

http://www.aec.org/

Proper Use of the Presented Information

The Aluminum Association (AA), Aluminum Extruders Council (AEC), the authors and contributors of this overview provide information and resources about aluminum products and aluminum-related technology as a service to interested parties. Such information is generally intended for users with a technical background and may be inappropriate for use by lay persons.

This presentation does NOT attempt to thoroughly discuss all load types, materials, profiles, design requirements, etc.

The purpose is to provide an overview of topics/issues to consider when utilizing aluminum extrusions for designs

Full understanding and adherence to the Aluminum Design Manual (Aluminum Association 2010) and all documents referenced by it is required for proper design

In all cases, users should not rely on this information without consulting original source material and/or undertaking a thorough scientific analysis with respect to their particular circumstances. Information presented here does not replace the independent judgment of the user or of the user’s company and/or employer.

AA AND AEC EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HERE. AA AND AEC FURTHER DISCLAIM ANY LIABILITY IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR MISUSE OF ANY INFORMATION PROVIDED OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE OMISSION OF ANY INFORMATION.

Photos, Illustrations, Graphics used in this PowerPoint courtesy of: Akzo Nobel Coatings Inc./Bill Hanusek, Gossamer Innovations, Hydro Aluminum North America Inc., Light Metal Age Magazine, MAADI Group, SAPA Extrusions, Skylne Solar, Werner Co., Werner Extrusion Solutions, LLC

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Technology

Utilizing Aluminum Extrusion to Reduce System Costs