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Physical Science
Chemical Symbols
Use the chemical symbol for each element
Usually, the element abbreviations come from the word
(He for Helium or Ti for Titanium)
Some elements have just one letter, such as H for Hydrogen or N for Nitrogen
Sometimes the abbreviation does not look like the element such as:
K for Potassium Na for Sodium Pb for Lead Cu for Copper Ag for Silver Au for Gold
That is because their name came from Latin or other languages
K for Potassium (Kalium) Na for Sodium (Natrium) Pb for Lead (Plumbum) Cu for Copper (Cuprum) Ag for Silver (Argentum) Au for Gold (Aurum)
The 11 Odd Elements to Memorize
Most elements have two letters Always capitalize the first letter and use
lower case on the second one. Example: Cobalt is Co
If you used two capitals (CO), it would be mistaken for Carbon Monoxide which has one Carbon (C) and one Oxygen (O)
The subscript number specifies how many atoms of that element you have
N2 is a nitrogen molecule with two atoms
C2H4 has two carbons and four hydrogens.
CO2 is carbon dioxide and contains one carbon and two oxygens
If no number is listed, it means there is only one
C2H3Cl what elements and how many of each?
C2H3Cl what elements and how many of each?
H2SiCl2
what elements and how many of each?
H2SiCl2
what elements and how many of each?
What should this molecule look like?
For example CH4 =
What should this molecule look like? It is called Methane For example CH4 =
When there are large numbers in front, that tells you how many molecules there are.
For example 3CH4 =
When there are large numbers in front, that tells you how many molecules there are.
For example 3CH4 = 3 methane molecules
12NaOH = ?
When there are large numbers in front, that tells you how many molecules there are.
For example 3CH4 = 3 methane molecules
12NaOH = 12 different Sodium Hydroxide molecules.
Part One: Writing Ionic Formulas
Always say the metal name first and then the non-metal with an -ide
Part One: Writing Ionic Formulas
Example: CaCl2 would be called calcium chloride
Part One: Writing Ionic Formulas
Example: What if you saw the name Magnesium chloride …What is the formula?
Magnesium Chloride =
Mg+2 Cl-1
Magnesium Chloride = MgCl2
Mg+2 Cl-1
OK, here is one for you Magnesium Phosphate
Magnesium= Mg2+
Phosphate = PO43-
Remember, the charges have to balance
OK, here is one for you Magnesium Phosphate
Magnesium= Mg2+
Phosphate = PO43-
Remember, the charges have to balance
2 X 3 = 6
OK, here is one for you Magnesium Phosphate
Magnesium= Mg2+
Phosphate = PO43-
Remember, the charges have to balance
Mgx(PO4)y
+6 -6
2 X 3 = 6
OK, here is one for you Magnesium Phosphate
Magnesium= Mg2+
Phosphate = PO43-
Remember, the charges have to balance
Mg3(PO4)2
Element Cation Name Pronounced
copper Cu+ Copper (I) copper one
Cu2+
iron Fe2+ Iron (II) iron two
Fe3+
Lead Pb2+ Lead (II) lead two
Pb4+
Tin Sn2+ Tin (II) tin two
Sn4+
Element Cation Name Pronounced
copper Cu+ Copper (I) copper one
Cu2+ Copper (II) copper two
iron Fe2+ Iron (II) iron two
Fe3+ Iron (III) iron three
Lead Pb2+ Lead (II) lead two
Pb4+ Lead (IV) lead four
Tin Sn2+ Tin (II) tin two
Sn4+ Tin (IV) tin four
What about Iron (II) Oxide
Step One: Determine the charges
Iron (II) = Fe2+ and Oxide = O2-
What about Iron (II) Oxide
Step One: Determine the charges
Iron (II) = Fe2+ and Oxide = O2-
Step Two: See how to balance the charges
Step Three: Find the combination that balances
What about Iron (II) Oxide
Step One: Determine the charges
Iron (II) = Fe2+ and Oxide = O2-
Step Two: See how to balance the charges
Step Three: Find the combination that balances
Iron (II) Oxide = FeO
Do not use Roman Numerals for groups 1 or 2 as they are always (+1) and (+2) accordingly.
K = +1 and Ca = +2+1
+2
Do not use Roman numerals for anything in the P-block since they tend to form covalent bonds.
The exceptions are Tin (Sb) and Lead (Pb)
Do not use Roman numerals for Zn or Ag because they have dominant oxidation states that rarely change:
Ag = +1 and Zn = +2.
1 = Mono Carbon Monoxide (CO)Example
1 = Mono Carbon Monoxide (CO)
2 = Di Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Example
1 = Mono Carbon Monoxide (CO)
2 = Di Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
3 = Tri Nitrogen Triiodide (NI3)
Example
As you can see, you don’t label the first with a prefix unless it is more than one
1 = Mono Carbon Monoxide (CO)
2 = Di Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
3 = Tri Nitrogen Triiodide (NI3)
4 =Tetra Dinitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4)
Example
As you can see, you don’t label the first with a prefix unless it is more than one
1 = Mono Carbon Monoxide (CO)
2 = Di Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
3 = Tri Nitrogen Triiodide (NI3)
4 =Tetra Dinitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4)
5 = Penta Phosphorus Pentachloride (PCl5)
Example
As you can see, you don’t label the first with a prefix unless it is more than one
1 = Mono Carbon Monoxide (CO)
2 = Di Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
3 = Tri Nitrogen Triiodide (NI3)
4 =Tetra Dinitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4)
5 = Penta Phosphorus Pentachloride (PCl5)
6 = Hexa Sulfur Hexaflouride (SF6)
Example
As you can see, you don’t label the first with a prefix unless it is more than one
In general, the first named compound is the central compound.
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen Triiodide
Carbon Tetrachloride