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Understanding Explosive Detection with Screening Technologies
John HowellDirector of Explosives Technologies
Understanding the capabilities and limitations of screening technologies to detect an explosive threat is key in training first
responders in their roles as the Subject Matter Expert (SME). This course will enhance state and local SMEs in providing training to
state and local LEO’s operating screening checkpoints to more accurately detect the explosive threat.
Terminal Learning Objective
Training State and Local Who needs this training?
• Sheriff Departments that provide security at County Courthouses
• State LEO’s that provide security at State Government buildings
• Contract Guard forces providing security to courthouses or State Government buildings
Two Main Technologies
Metal Detection&
X-Ray
Metal Detection System vs an IED
• Will only detect the metallic content of a Improvised Explosive Device (IED)
• For training classify IED’s in 2 categories:
Electrically initiated (higher metallic content)
Non electrically initiated (little or no metallic content)
Metallic Content of a Electrically Initiated IED
Explosive Wire/Switch Initiator Frag/Container Power
These will NOT Alarm on any metal
detection system
These will Typically NOT Alarm on any
metal detection system
These will NOT Alarm on any
metal detection system
If it is metal YES, If not NO
Depends on the size of the battery
and the settings of the metal detector
Metallic Content of an Non Electrically Initiated IED
If the device has no metallic content or metal fragmentation added it WILL not ALARM in a walk thru metal Detector NO ALARM
NO ALARM ALARM
• 20 different programs each with a different sensitivity setting or level of detection
• Very vague as to what they can detect
• ZERO information about ability to detect an IED
Before you can even begin to address trying to detect an IED threat in a walk through metal detector you have to verify the units program and sensitivity setting
Myths About Metal Detectors
It can DISCRIMINATE between a threat and non threat items as shown in this vendor diagram.
THIS IS NOT TRUE!!!!!!!!!!
WWW.DSADETECTION.COM
Units have a high false alarm %: No such thing as a false alarm on a metal detector
The WTMD detects all metal objects and cannot tell the difference between a threat and non threat.
Myths About Metal Detectors
WWW.DSADETECTION.COM
How Do I Know What Program And Sensitivity To Set My WTMD Unit
WWW.DSADETECTION.COM
WTMD SETTINGS GUIDE
This guide has been developed to help Law Enforcement determine what setting they will use for the walk thrus.
It will provide to you what each setting will and will not detect based on the following categories:1. Guns2. Knives3. Explosive devices4. False alarm rate
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WTMD SETTINGS GUIDE
WTMD SETTINGS GUIDE
The guide provides you the overall detection percentage for each category of threat on each units different program settings
WWW.DSADETECTION.COM
WWW.DSADETECTION.COM
WTMD SETTINGS GUIDEThe guide provides you the overall detection percentage for each category of threat on each units different program settings
Walk Thru Metal Detector Demonstration
Checkpoint X-Ray Detection of an IED
Quiz
1. What color does C-4 turn in an x-ray?2. What color does dynamite turn in an x-ray?3. What should you see inside of a blasting cap in the x-ray?4. What Color does molding clay turn in an x-ray?5. Does saw dust and wax have the same density as the explosives used in dynamite?
ORANGEORANGE
Bridge wire, Lead Azide, Main Charge, metal sleeve
GREEN
NO
Types of X-Ray Systems
• Single Generator 140-160 KV• Dual Energy (Color)• Automatic explosive detection
capability• Automatic high density detection
capability• Built in x-ray interpretation
training• Many State offices buy cheap or
used systems• Typically base models with no bells
and whistles
How Do Explosives Respond in X-Ray
Live explosives respond in a x-ray based on their density and effective atomic number (Z eff). This is represented by COLOR. Most all explosives have a density between .7 -1.6 grams per cubic centimeter and Z eff number of 6.5-7.5. They turn ORANGE!
Color Element Type Examples
Orange Organic Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, paper, textiles, food, wood, water, plastics, Most explosives: TNT, Dynamite, Deta Sheet, Time Fuse, Det Cord, C4, smokeless powder, TATP, HMTD
Green In Between Inorganic, processed or synthetic materials (Aluminum, sodium, chlorine, processed salt)Black Powder
Blue Inorganic Titanium, chromium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, tin, lead, gold, silver, Firearms, ammunition, knives, wires, batteries, electrical items, zippers
Z eff 0-10
Z eff 10-15
Z eff 15 and up
How Do Explosives Respond in X-Ray
Average Atomic # (Z eff)
TNT
Calculates the average atomic number for a compound or mixture of materials
Zeff: 6.943
Density: ~1.6 g/cm3
Density of an Explosive
Density of an Explosive
DSA Semtex 1H
Average Atomic # (Z eff) and Density Chart
This slide is completely wrong and does not accurately show what an IED really looks like in a x-ray. If a student is taught based on the slide below you are making a incredible mistake.
How Do Explosives Respond in X-Ray
WRONG COLOR and NO DetectionBlasting Cap not accurate
All x-ray machines have the ability to auto detect any material that matches the density and Z eff ranges of explosives by placing an Red Box around the material. This helps the screener identify a explosive threat.
How Do Explosives Respond in X-Ray
No Detection
How Do Explosives Respond in X-Ray
TNT Flake and Cast Composition B
Commercial Dynamite
How Do Explosives Respond in X-Ray
C-4 Composition # 4
Cast Booster TNT ANFO
How Do Explosives Respond in X-Ray
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Slurry Commercial Explosives Detonating Cord
Ammonium PerchlorateSheet Explosives
Non-detectable Explosive
If you are showing a student an IED that is Green it is not x-ray correct! If your training aid explosive simulant will not auto detect (red box) it is not x-
ray correct!
Visually CorrectCorrect DensityCorrect Z eff #Correct ColorAuto Detection (RED BOX)
Wrong Color
X-ray Correct VS Non X-Ray Correct
WRONG
M112 Block
Semtex H
VS.
Secure Search
Correct DensityCorrect Z eff #Correct ColorAuto Detection (Red Box)
WRONG
X-ray Correct vs not x-ray correct
Low Explosives/Pipe Bombs
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Metal Pipe Bomb PVC Pipe Bomb with gun powder and live squib
Low Explosives/Pipe Bombs
Most X-Ray systems have an
automatic detection capability for high
density objects. This will detect a
metal pipe but not PVC pipes
WWW.DSADETECTION.COM
Grenades
Most X-Ray systems have an automatic detection capability for high density objects. This will detect a hand grenade. Only if it is turned on….
Lead Azide Dark MassIn Military M6 Elect cap
Lead Azide dark mass in Non Elect
Metal sleeve commonTo Commercial caps
Squib
Blasting Caps/Detonators/Initiators
Inert Detonators vs. Real Detonator
Live Detonator
Typical Inert Training Detonator
Blasting Caps/Detonators/Initiators
New EOD Portable Dual Energy X-Rays
Quiz Answers1. What color does C-4 turn in a x-ray? ORANGE
2. What color does dynamites turn in a x-ray? ORANGE
3. What should you see inside of a blasting cap in the x-ray? Orange color main charge, Black lead Azide, Blue metal sleeve, etc.4. Does modeling clay have the same density as C-4? NO, that is why clay turns Green
5. Does saw dust and wax have the same density at the explosives used in dynamites? NO, that is why it will not auto detect (red box)
Slide 6 – Heading change the a to an ElectronicallySlide 9 – change show to shownSlide 18 – unbold the #1, center the heading, change a to an x-ray or the x-ray, and delete the s on dynamites