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MyEorganics - Stakeholder workshop2nd July 2015 – Liège - Belgium
By Antoine DENIS – PhD student - University of Liège - Belgium
““MyEorganics ! Where it comes from and
where it goes !”” !
Part I : “MyEorganics ! Where it comes from?”Part II : “MyEorganics ! Where it goes!”
“Can satellites help organic crop certification ?” • Since 2010!• As ULg PhD student
• EOrganic project– 2010 - 2012– East Germany & France, corn & wheat
• Organic cotton in Burkina Faso– 2011
Why I am here today?
Some publications: https://orbi.ulg.ac.be/browse?type=author&value=Denis, Antoine p005248
MyEorganics - Stakeholder workshop2nd July 2015 – Liège - Belgium
Part I
“MyEorganics ! Where it comes from?”
Part I : “MyEorganics ! Where it comes from?”
EOrganic project
1st feasibility study to evaluate the ability of satellites to help organic crop certification bodies
“Is it possible to discriminate between organic and non-organic crops with satellites?”
Want organic food/products?
Human health Environmentally friendly
1. Context & Justification
Organic crop ? = NO chemical synthetic pesticide & fertilizer= NO GMO= Crop rotation= Organic fertilizer and pesticide= ...
Crop Control· Yearly farm inspection· Documentary accounts· + Unannounced inspection· + Laboratory analysis · Cost? Frequency? Remote areas?
Certification Rules & agencies Labels
Organic food onthe market
To trust or not to trust ?
The IDEA
BIO!
BIO!
BIO!BIO
!BIO
!
BIO!
BIO! BIO
!
BIO!
BIO!
BIO!
BIO!
BIO!
BIO!BIO
!BIO!
BIO!
BIO!
BIO!
BIO!
BIO!
Identification of area to control
Field declared as organic !
Indicator computation
Identification of suspect fields
Too high nitrogen!
Analysis with several indicators
Hypothesis
► Management differences between organic and conventional crops
► Crop biophysical characteristics and general field appearance
► Satellites and transformed into satellites derived indicators
Cotton management differences
Bio-chemico-physical differences
Indicators
Less fertilizer in organic fields Less biomassLess canopy cover
Field canopy cover Biomass estimation
Lower nitrogen content of the plants
Leaves chlorophyll content
Smaller plants Plant height
Less spatial homogeneous fertilizer application and less efficient pesticide in organic fields
Higher spatial heterogeneity
Standard deviation of other indicators by field
HypothesisIn particular :
Part I : “MyEorganics ! Where it comes from?”
EOrganic – Study sites
Germany & France
Conventional wheat Organic wheat
► Crop biophysical characteristics and general field appearance
ColourDensityTractor traces
Part I : “MyEorganics ! Where it comes from?”
► Crop biophysical characteristics and general field appearance
Conventional corn Organic corn
Flowers
(weeds)
Part I : “MyEorganics ! Where it comes from?”
Conventional corn: Herbicide for soil preparation
Weeds management (corn)
Organic corn: Mechanical weeding
Part I : “MyEorganics ! Where it comes from?”
… and laboratory analysis (nitrogen, biomass, dry matter nutrient,…)
Hyperspectral reflectance
Chlorophyll
Crop cover
Height Plant and soil samples Documentation
Picture: UCL-geomatics
GPS
Part I : “MyEorganics ! Where it comes from?”
In situ measurements
(RapidEye)
CHRIS(hyperspectral)
SPOT
KOMPSAT 2 WorldView 2
Landsat
Swath Spectral bands
Spatial resolution
14-185 km 4-62 1-34 m
Part I : “MyEorganics ! Where it comes from?”
Satellites measurementsExploratory study - use of a set of satellites:
A set of satellites with different features:
• Spatial and spectral resolution
• Spatial and temporal availability
• Price, …
WorldView 10/08/2010 CHRIS-PROBA 05/06/2010
Satellites measurements
Biomass estimation
Crop spatial heterogeneity
Tractor tracesRS Indicators
Satellites measurements
Part I : “MyEorganics ! Where it comes from?”
Results: insitu
KOMPSTAT2 29/06/2010 B5
Nitrogen
Results: satellites
Discrimination quality (%)Wheat Corn87-100 60-87
Results: satellitesTractors tracks
Corn Wheat
Conv.
Orga.
Orga.
Conv.
Crop spatial heterogeneity
Separability: 90 % Wheat; 90-100 % Corn
Results: satellites
Best hyperspectral 2 bands ratio
Separability: 100 % Wheat & Corn
Results: satellites
Results: satellites
In the limited context of this study (wheat and corn in East of Germany)
Satellite images proved to be an efficient tool to discriminate organic from conventional crops and could consequently support work of organic certification bodies.
More research to refine and validate the method in other areas and climatic conditions before its implementation in the organic crop certification process.
Conclusion
MyEorganics - Stakeholder workshop2nd July 2015 – Liège - Belgium
Part II
“MyEorganics ! Where it goes!”
The case of organic cotton in Burkina Faso
Context & Justification
The case of organic cotton in Burkina Faso
Why the Burkina Faso ?• Huge amount of organic products from developing countries ($)
• Remote areas and certification control more difficult
Why the cotton?• Crop in developing countries
• Certified as organic
• To be studiable by RS
• Field big enough
Economic Importance of cotton in Burkina Faso• Cotton accounts for 50 to 60% of the
country’s foreign currency earnings • Cotton is the first export product
contributing largely to the country’s economic development
Context & Justification
Development of Organic cotton in Burkina FasoSuccessful since 2004, bright example of sustainable development that contributes to:• Alleviation of poverty•Improved food security by enhancing producers’ income with less risk to run into debt
Context & Justification
• Healthy way to crop both for people and the environment resulting in improved human and animal health (absence of chemical pesticides), and improved soil fertility and environment (organic cropping technique).
Objectives
Is it possible, in the context of South-West Burkina Faso,
► To help organic cotton certification process with satellites?► To discriminate organic and conventional cotton fields with satellites?
► Need to assess the bio-chemico-physical difference between organic and non organic cotton with diverse field measurements
Objectives
Biblio
Cotton Yield in Burkina Faso:
•Organic = 675 kg/ha (std dev = 314 kg/ha)
•Conventional = 1 100 kg/ha (std dev = 391 kg/ha)(Centre for Development and Environment of the University of Berne (CDE), Pineau et al. 2009)
Method
Method
Study site
MethodStudy site
Method
Study site
The case of organic cotton in Burkina Faso
Methodology – field measurements
Crop cover
Chlorophyll Height Notes + GPS + Phenology
• SPOT 5 (via ISIS program / CNES)
• 2.5 m color• 3 BANDS: Green, Red, NIR• Tasking window between
16/08/2011 – 25/10/2011• Nearly permanent cloud cover• 1 image on 15/11/2011
only !!! Very late !• + 1 MODIS image: surface
temperature emissivity (Sept-Oct)
Method
Satellite image
• Several local varieties for organic and conventional
• Several varieties Bt GMO • Low intensive cultivation • Farming operations: manually or workanimals• Rainfed
Method
Cotton cropping method in Burkina Faso
Spectral indicators• Simple bands• 2 bands combination
Spatial heterogeneity indicators• Standard deviation of pixels by field• …
Method
Satellite indicators
Results
The case of organic cotton in Burkina Faso
Results: insitu
Less clear difference !Difference organic vs non organic
• Phenology stage
• Local rain
• Local seeding date
• Fertilizer availability
• …
ResultsSatellite indicators:
Red / NIR Heterogeneity Multivariate sat. Multivariate (sat.+insitu)
Discussion and conclusion
Differences are observed between cotton types•For both field and satellite indicators•Statistically significant•Not enough pronounced with values ranges that largely overlapThis prevents the use of these indicators alone to be the base of a robust discrimination
But the method enables to target for priority field control, organic fields who present indicator values getting closer to the one of conventional or GM cotton fields
Further research:•Timely satellite acquisition!•Identification of the ideal phenological stage for cotton monitoring
Discussion and conclusionGeneral conclusion
Satellite Indicators are questionable:•A single image was acquired very late in the crop cycle •No straight conclusion regarding the general relevance of the use of RS techniques in the study context
Use of satellite images seems to be quite compromised given the unfavourable atmospheric conditions which are most of the time cloudy. Need for daily image acquisition for cloud free image?
Trees in cotton fields can strongly influence the reflectance and the spatial heterogeneity (from no tree to a complete agroforestry system)
Discussion and conclusion
Relevance of the use of satellite images in this context
Difference between cotton parcel is also due to other factors, difficult to take into account:•The phenology stages that can strongly vary from one parcel, farmer or region to another due to varying seeding date, itself depending among other on the local climatic condition, with very localized rainfalls. •Varying soil natural fertility•Varying level of development of the farmers (fertilizer availability)
Discussion and conclusion
Remaining obstacles
Université de Liège - Belgique
Acknowledgement
The French “Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales” (CNES) through its « ISIS » program (« Incitation à l'utilisation Scientifique des Images SPOT ») that enabled to acquire a SPOT 5 image at low cost for this study. SPOT "© CNES (2012), distribution Spot Image S.A.", Http://www.isis-cnes.fr/IntroPage.do
The “SOciété Burkinabé des FIbres TEXtiles” (SOFITEX) that allowed the field survey in conventional and GMO cotton fields.
The National Union of Cotton Producers of Burkina Faso (UNPCB – Union Nationale des Producteurs de Coton du Burkina Faso) that enabled the field survey in organic cotton fields and accompanied the entire field survey.
Helvetas Swiss Intercooperation Burkina Faso, for their important documentation on organic cotton production in Burkina Faso and their advices for the field survey preparation.
Thank You !
Some publicationsAvailable on ORBI: (https://orbi.ulg.ac.be/browse?type=author&value=Denis, Antoine p005248)
• Remote sensing enables high discrimination between organic and non-organic cotton for organic cotton certification in West Africa (Paper)
• Remote sensing and GIS techniques for supporting organic cotton certification process in West Africa (Oral presentation)
• Can satellites help organic crop certification? (Poster)• More to come…
Contact information
Arlon Campus Environnement (ACE)Water, Environment, Development unitUniversity of Liège (ULg)185, Avenue de Longwy,6700 ArlonBelgium
Antoine DENIS Bernard TYCHON
TEL 0032 63 230 997 0032 63 230 829
Email [email protected] [email protected]
Website http://www.eed.ulg.ac.be/