Riding the Airwaves

Aviation, the Evolving Requirement

John Mettrop

Policy Specialist, Spectrum

UK Civil Aviation Authority

Aviation, Value to the Economy

Current Spectrum Use

Constraints on Development

Future Evolution/Revolution

Aviation Value to the Economy

Commercial Aviation by the Numbers

2012 UK EU 28 Global

No. of Airlines 22 227 1,397

No. of Commercial Aircraft 1,261 4,358 25,332

No. of flights 1.17 million 9.4 million 37.4 million

No. of Passengers 197 million 534 million 2,970 million

No. of jobs (excluding tourism) 790,000 5,500,000 58,100,000

Contribution to GDP £64.5 billion(4%)

£438.7 billion(3.7%)

£1,600 billion(3.4%)

Source: Air Transport Action Group

Aviation Value to the Economy

UK Non Commercial Aircraft

• 212 Private jets• 20 Airships• 1625 Balloons• 2247 Gliders• 327 Gyroplanes• 1232 Helicopters• 4029 Microlights• 9989 General aviation fixed wing aircraft

Current Spectrum Use

Why is Spectrum Important?

Current Spectrum Use

How is it used on an Aircraft?

SSR(x2)

TCAS

RA

(x4)

SSR

(x2) TCAS

Weather

Radar

ADF

VOR x2

GPS

DME

2Marker

BeaconDME

1

ILS

Loc

ILS

G/S

VHF-2 SATCOM

HF x2

VHF 3VHF

1

ADF :

DME:

GPS:

G/S:

HF:

ILS:

Automatic Direction Finder

Distance Measuring Equipment

Global Positioning System

Glide Slope

High Frequency

Instrument Landing System

Loc

RA:

SATCOM:

SSR:

TCAS:

VOR:

Localiser

Radio Altimeter

Satellite Communication

Secondary Surveillance Radar

Traffic Collision Avoidance System

VHF Omni ranging

Current Spectrum Use

Types of Radio Services

Radiocommunication

Mobile Service

Radiodetermination

Amateur

Broadcasting

Fixed

Meteorological aids

Standard frequency & time signal

Mobile-satellite

Radiodetermination-satellite

Amateur satellite

Broadcasting-satellite

Fixed-satellite

Earth exploration-satellite

Standard frequency & time signal-satellite

Inter-satellite

Safety

Special

Space research

Radio astronomy

Space operation

Aeronautical mobile

Aeronautical mobile (R)

Aeronautical mobile (OR)

Land mobile

Maritime mobile

Port operations

Ship movement

Radiolocation

Radionavigation

Aeronautical radionavigation

Maritime radionavigation

Meteorological-satellite Aeronautical mobile-satellite (R)

Aeronautical mobile-satellite

Land mobile-satellite

Maritime mobile-satellite

Radiolocation-satellite Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite

Maritime radionavigation-satelliteRadionavigation-satellite

Aeronautical mobile-satellite (OR)

Current Spectrum Use

Global Aeronautical Allocations

10

0 k

Hz

1 M

Hz

10

MH

z

10

0 M

Hz

20

0 k

Hz

30

0 k

Hz

40

0 k

Hz

60

0 k

Hz

80

0 k

Hz

2 M

Hz

3 M

Hz

4 M

Hz

6 M

Hz

8 M

Hz

20

MH

z

30

MH

z

40

MH

z

60

MH

z

80

MH

z

3 k

m

1 k

m

30

0 m

10

0 m

30

m

10

m

3 m

Marker beaconsNDB / Locator beacons

HF Air/ground voice / data

10

0 M

Hz

10

00

MH

z

10

GH

z

10

0 G

Hz

20

0 M

Hz

30

0 M

Hz

40

0 M

Hz

60

0 M

Hz

80

0 M

Hz

20

00

MH

z

30

00

MH

z

40

00

MH

z

60

00

MH

z

80

00

MH

z

20

GH

z

30

GH

z

40

GH

z

60

GH

z

80

GH

z

3 k

m

1 m

30

cm

10

cm

3 c

m

1 c

m

3 m

m

Localizer / VOR/GBAS

Air/ground voice / data

L S C X Ku KaK

Air/ground communications

Navigation

Air/ground communications

Navigation

Surveillance

EPIRB / ELT

LDACSAeroMACSUAS terrestrialUAS satellite

Satellite communications

MTSAT andInmarsat

Iridium

Glide path DME

GNSSL5 L1

SSR PSR PSR

MLS

Radio Altimeter

Airborne Doppler radar

Airborne weather radar

LF band (#5) MF band (#6) HF band (#7) VHF band (#8)

VHF band (#8) UHF band (#9) SHF band (#10) EHF band (#11)

ASDE radar

Frequency range 100 kHz – 100 MHz

Frequency range 100 MHz – 100 GHz

Notes:Drawing not to scaleNot all Regional or sub-Regional allocations are shownBand identification (e.g. VHF) and band # per Radio RegulationsThe satellite communication bands used by MTSAT and Inmarsat are not allocated the the Aeronautical Mobile Satellte (R) Service

Former band letters

Airborne radar

Constraints on Development:

Regulation

Radio Regulation: ITU, CEPT, ETSI Frequency bands Conditions on use (e.g. spurious, eirp etc) Level of protection

Aviation Regulation: ICAO Convention on International Civil Aviation

General Principles

Equipment interoperability

Safety

RTCA/EUROCAE Minimum Operational Performance Standards SESAR EASA CAA

Constraints on Development:

ICAO Convention on……Article 3: Civil and State aircraft

This convention shall be applicable only to civil aircraft and shall not be applicable to state aircraft

Aircraft used in military, customs and police services shall be deemed to be state aircraft The contracting States undertake, when issuing regulations for their state aircraft, that they will

have due regard for the safety of navigation of civil aircraft

Article 5: Rights of non-scheduled flight Each contracting State agrees that all aircraft of the other contracting States, being aircraft not

engaged in scheduled international air services shall have the right, subject to the observance of the terms of this Convention, to make flights into or in transit non-stop across its territory……

Article 22: Facilitation of formalities Each contracting State agrees to adopt all practicable measures, through the issuance of special

regulations or otherwise, to facilitate and expedite navigation by aircraft between the territories of contracting States.

Article 30: Aircraft radio equipment Aircraft of each contracting State may, in or over the territory of other contracting States, carry

radio transmitting apparatus only if a license to install and operate such apparatus has been issued by the appropriate authorities of the State in which the aircraft is registered

Article 37: Adoption of international standards and procedures Each contracting State undertakes to collaborate in securing the highest practicable degree of

uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures, and organisation in relation to aircraft…. In all matters in which such uniformity will facilitate and improve air navigation

Standards Development Spectrum Availability 3-4 years minimum (WRC cycle)

ICAO SARPs minimum 5 years

RTCA/EUROCAE MOPS 5 years

Aircraft Development A380

Concept 1988

Maiden flight 2005

Delivery of the first aircraft 2007

Aircraft Modification 7 year notification period

Maintenance cycles A check every 800 flying hours, 20-50 man hours

B Check every 6 months, 150 man hours

C Check every 2 years, 1-2 weeks out of service, up to 6000 man-hours

D Check every 6 years, 2 months out of service, up to 50,000 man-hours

Constraints on Development:

Timescales

Remotely Piloted Aircraft Spectrum to support command and non-payload communication

Access to additional spectrum (≈150 MHz)

Wireless Avionics Replacement of wires with radio systems

Increased diversity of routing

Additional sensors

Accommodated in existing aeronautical allocations

Wingtip Radar Avoid collisions whilst taxiing

Use of automotive radar

No additional spectrum requirements

Space Planes Virgin Galactic

Spectrum requirement being investigated (type, quantity, propagation)

Future Evolution/Revolution:

Known Developments

Work holistically across in a multidiscipline environment to:-

Identify Required Future Global ATM System (2060 and beyond) Requires Minimum Equipment Fit Rationalising Systems where Possible Workable Transition Plan that is Adhered to Justified Protection Criteria Can be Globally Harmonised and Implemented

Benefits Aviation Controls its own Destiny Possible Release of Spectrum Reduced Equipage in the Air and on the Ground

Less fuel burn Reduced CO2 emissions/maintenance/AIP/etc

?

Future Evolution/Revolution:

Evolution/Revolution

Definition of Radio Frequency Management:

“Radio frequency management is done by experts who

meld years of experience with a curious blend of

regulation, electronics, politics and not a little bit of

larceny. They justify requirements, horse trade, coerce,

bluff and gamble with an intuition that cannot be taught

other than by long experience”

Vice Admiral Jon L. Boyes

U.S. Navy