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A brief introduction

Waste-to-Energy

Torben Kristiansen, M.Sc. Civ Eng. COWI A/S, Denmark

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› 1. General introduction to the waste-to-energy technology› Historic development of the WtE technology, key components etc.

› 2. Environmental performance of WtE facilities› Atmospheric emissions› Solid residues› Other environmental impacts

› 3. Responses to the ill-informed myths about WtE› Recycling or incineration?› Air pollution?› Problematic residues?› Neighbourhood impacts?

Outline of my presentation on WtE:

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› Waste-to-energy was first used more than 100 years ago, and has evolved significantly over these years

› WtE is a highly developed, environmentally clean, and energy efficient way to manage residual waste that isn't recycled or put to other good use

› There are almost 1000 well-functioning WtE plants world-wide today and there are more and more plants being built in Europe, US, Middle East and the Far East

› Apart from waste avoidance and recycling, WtE is the only technology that delivers a 95% volume reduction whilst efficiently producing valuable energy

› Countries such as Denmark, Switzerland, Netherlands, Sweden etc. are now landfilling only 3-7% of general waste because of WtE, recycling and other treatment technologies

› WtE is complementary to recycling. International statistics show that the countries that recycle the most are also the ones that use WtE the most and landfill the least waste

1. General introduction to the waste-to-energy technology

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1.1. First WtE facility in Denmark 1903 producing heat to nearby hospital

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9 JUNE 2011 Northern European success towards zero landfill. Torben Kristiansen

1.2. What do WtE facilities in Europe look like?

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1.3. Waste to Energy technology

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› Atmospheric emissions will comply with SA standards and strictest global standards (EU Waste Incineration Directive)

› After combustion, only 5% of the original mass remains, mostly as bottom ash that can be utilised or landfilled, and secondly, there is an air pollution control residue that requires landfill at a permitted site

› WtE plants do not produce waste water other than that from toilets and general cleaning and maintenance activities

› There are no odours, as the plant is under negative pressure produced by drawing all air required for the combustion process from the tipping hall and plant hall

› The main potential neighbourhood impacts are normally due to traffic and the visual impact of the large plant

2. Environmental impacts

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› Concern 1: Dioxin and furan emissions are a problem?› Concern 2: WtE discourages recycling?› Concern 3: WtE causes emission of greenhouse gases causing

global warming?› Concern 4: WtE is not suitable for South Africa ?› Concern 5: Other countries are moving away from WtE due to

political and public concerns?

3. Responses to commonly held concerns:

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3.1. Concern 1: Dioxins and furans are a problem?

› In the pre-1990s dioxins were a problem: WtE caused 33% of the German dioxin emissions, which at that time totalled 1200g TU Dioxin

› Now, using the current flue gas treatment, WtE accounts for less than 0,7% of the total German dioxin emission, which today is only 6% of what it was in the pre-1990’s!

› Actually, there is much more dioxin emission from diffuse sources such as informal fires, open waste burning in underserviced areas, fireworks and industrial processes such as metal extraction and processing than well managed modern facilities

› Conclusion: Dioxin was a problem in the past, but today is not seen as such

› Source: German Federal Environmental Agency Study, Sept. 2005: WasteIncineration — A Potential Danger? Bidding Farewell to Dioxin Spouting

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Recycling & composting

Incineration

Landfilling

Source: EUROSTAT

9 JUNE 2011 Northern European success towards zero landfill. Torben Kristiansen

3.2. Concern 2: WtE discourages recycling?

11Source: COWI calculations and international references: Based on marginal coal substitution

9 JUNE 2011 Northern European success towards zero landfill. Torben Kristiansen

3.3. Concern 3: WtE emits greenhouse gases and causes global warming?› Direct landfilling results in emission of 330 kg CO2eq /tonne or more› WtE with electricity only results in 5 kg CO2eq /tonne › WtE with electricity and process heat results in -270 kg CO2eq /tonne

› Hence: As compared to landfilling, WtE has a neutral impact compared to landfilling if producing electricity only; and a net positive impact if process heat can be utilised

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› WtE fits very well with all of South Africa's overall policies:› Improves the energy generation capacity of South Africa› Diverts energy supply towards greener energy sources › Reduces dependency on landfilling of waste: › Makes better use of the generated waste› Reduces traffic congestion and long-distance haulage of waste. WtE facilities can be

located where the waste is generated› Creates new industries and skilled and unskilled jobs in a greener economy

› WtE is attractive when including the opportunity costs and the real costs of landfills, particularly in Metros where landfill capacity is critically low, new landfills difficult to locate and are therefore likely to be further away from the Metros

3.4. Concern 4: WtE is not suitable for South Africa ?

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› South Africa has no experience with modern WtE. Only experience with poorly designed and badly operated medical waste incinerators based on designs from the 1970s. There can be no comparison with modern WtE technology!

› In countries with long-term successful experience with WtE, such as Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Netherlands etc., there is practically no political or even public opposition to WtE. On the contrary, WtE is seen as an important way to reduce climate impact, secure cheap and greener energy and to avoid undesirable landfills

› There are many (500+) instances in Europe where WtE facilities treating 200,000 - 700,000 tonnes of waste per year are located within literally 50-200 meters of residences, commercial offices and business districts without causing any major concerns

› There is a global growth in the number of WtE facilities, both in Europe and in particular in the growth economies in Asia.

› Most countries' government policies include WtE as a way to reduce landfilling and make better use of resources that cannot be recycled.

› Very few countries have banned or made moratorium for WtE

3.5. Concern 5: Political and public concerns about WtE in other countries?

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› WtE is a very well proven technology that can work hand-in-hand with recycling and other waste management approaches

› WtE is the only technology that delivers a 95% mass reduction of landfill volume whilst producing much needed electricity and possible process energy for nearby industries

› WtE supports South African government policies› The environmental impact from WtE facilities is extremely limited and very

attractive compared to the alternative of landfilling residual waste› Combined global experience with WtE technology is based on more than 100

years of using and refining the technology, and from the continuous 24/7 operation of lots of plants throughout the world.

› There are almost 1000 well functioning WtE facilities globally and the numbers are increasing, especially in Asia but also in Europe, the US and the Middle East.

4. Conclusion

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- Thank you!Torben KristiansenVice President Solid Waste ManagementCOWI A/Stokh@cowi.com www.cowi.com/waste

COWI is a leading independent European and global consulting group providing state-of-the-art services within engineering, environmental science and economics. COWI has more than 6,500 employees worldwide including Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Serbia, Spain, Belgium, UK, Greenland, Turkey, Mozambique, Zambia, Tanzania, Oman, Bahrain, UAE, Qatar, India, South Korea, China, USA, & Canada.COWI 's majority owner is the COWI foundation that returns profits into the development of COWI and its employees' skills and tools while maintaining COWI as an unbiased and independent knowledge and engineering consultancy.

9 JUNE 2011 Northern European success towards zero landfill. Torben Kristiansen