Threats And Responses

Threats and Responses

Internal Threats

Sichuan Earthquake

Tsunami

Diseases

Civil Wars

Internal threats in India

• Floods– Flooding of the Indus River– Cities were rebuilt

• Mohenjo-Daro was re-built 6 times• Harappa was re-built 5 times

– Flooding of the Ganges River• Cites of Hastinapur


• Famines– Severe food shortage– Usually after a drought


• Warfare – Wars between rival states– Existence of social class seeking power

• Kshatriyas in the social class system

– Existence of ancient Indians loyal to different kingdoms in India


• Diplomacy– Friendship, support and trade will benefit their

kingdoms


• Rebellion– When people are unhappy with their rulers– When unpopular laws were implemented

• Mauryan king killed and the dynasty fell


• Spy system– To watch over the provinces– Not always successful

Internal threats in China

• Floods– Yellow River, Yangtze River– Build dykes


• Famines– Especially during the Ming dynasty


• Civil Wars– Zhou dynasty = period of the warring states

(Qi, Qin, Han, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Yan)• Large armies and iron weapons used• Many casaulties• Instability, changed boundaries• Qin Kingdom, led by Prince Zheng unified China• He removed the feudal system where the shi must

respect the king


• Peasant rebellion– Farmers unhappy with the emperor and his

laws– Losing Mandate of Heaven

• Wang Mang was overthrown by the Red Eyebrows


• Military rebellion– An Lushan over threw emperor Tang

Xuanzong– Yang Gui fei made An Lushan the empire’s

army commander• Caused much protest but emperor did not deal

with matter properly• An Lushan seized opportunity to overthrow the

emperor

Internal threats in SEA

• Natural Disaster– Volcanic eruptions

• Mt Merapi in Java killed many and covered Borobudur complex with ash

• Shifted capital from central Java to east Java


• Succession disputes– Saudara susu - internal struggles to govern– Princes try to seize the throne


• Warfare and rebellion– Melaka taken over by Portuguese due to the

weak Sultan Mahmud– Took advices from the Bendahara Tun Perak

(PM)


• Rebellion– Sultan Mahmud’s unwise and unpopular

policies• Forced Chinese traders to hand over ships• Made non-muslims pay higher taxes• Did not allow Portuguese to trade at Melaka in

1509 – angered them

Technology

Threats And Responses