Jimmy HillJimmy Hill

The World In 1942The World In 1942

EuropeEurope► The world of 1492 Europe was The world of 1492 Europe was

swarming with small states, some swarming with small states, some expanding into larger statesexpanding into larger states

► Ferdinand and Isabella (the catholic Ferdinand and Isabella (the catholic sovereigns of Spain), sponsored sovereigns of Spain), sponsored Columbus for months of his Columbus for months of his conquestconquest

► Ferdinand and Isabella supported Ferdinand and Isabella supported their sponsorship with Italian their sponsorship with Italian financial backing in launching their financial backing in launching their program of explorationprogram of exploration

► In Rome 1492, the famous Borgia In Rome 1492, the famous Borgia pope from Aragon, Alexander VI pope from Aragon, Alexander VI began his reign of wealth and began his reign of wealth and powerpower

► The grand duke of Muscovy ruled The grand duke of Muscovy ruled the core of what was becoming the core of what was becoming RussiaRussia

► Sweden, Denmark, and Norway Sweden, Denmark, and Norway were united in the Kolmar union, were united in the Kolmar union, under Sten Sture I under Sten Sture I

Turkey to AfricaTurkey to Africa► In 1453 the establishment of the Ottoman Turks at Istanbul, formerly In 1453 the establishment of the Ottoman Turks at Istanbul, formerly

Constantinople, ended the Byzantine empireConstantinople, ended the Byzantine empire

► Istanbul had a population of over 100,000 in 1492, due to the Byzantine Istanbul had a population of over 100,000 in 1492, due to the Byzantine Turkish warTurkish war

► After the Turks spread into Persia from Arabia, they extended from India After the Turks spread into Persia from Arabia, they extended from India through southeast Asia and penetrated into China and the Philippinesthrough southeast Asia and penetrated into China and the Philippines

► The church’s powerful influence in Latin America can be traced back to the The church’s powerful influence in Latin America can be traced back to the protected status it gained from Columbusprotected status it gained from Columbus

► In 1492 Spain underwent the Spanish Inquisition, expelling all Jews In 1492 Spain underwent the Spanish Inquisition, expelling all Jews

South AsiaSouth Asia

► In 1492 most of India was under In 1492 most of India was under Muslim Domination, except the Muslim Domination, except the Hindu kingdom of Vijayangar in the Hindu kingdom of Vijayangar in the southsouth

► The Indian subcontinent was The Indian subcontinent was accustomed to marauders and accustomed to marauders and visitorsvisitors

► Indian courts were open not only Indian courts were open not only to orthodox Muslims and Hindu to orthodox Muslims and Hindu Brahmans, but to Parsi priests, Jain Brahmans, but to Parsi priests, Jain saints, later to Christian saints, later to Christian missionariesmissionaries

► In Thailand Rama Thibadi II, a ruler In Thailand Rama Thibadi II, a ruler from Ayutthaya dynasty would be from Ayutthaya dynasty would be the first to give trading privileges to the first to give trading privileges to the Portuguesethe Portuguese

► There has never been a trading There has never been a trading post known to the world as big, or post known to the world as big, or that has contained such fine and that has contained such fine and prized merchandise as Malaccaprized merchandise as Malacca

► The great “Spice Islands” were the The great “Spice Islands” were the ultimate exploration goal between ultimate exploration goal between the Spanish and the Portuguese the Spanish and the Portuguese

China and JapanChina and Japan► The Zheng he expeditions from 1405-1433 traversed the Indian oceanThe Zheng he expeditions from 1405-1433 traversed the Indian ocean► The seven expeditions involving up to 62 ships/ and 32,000 troops at a time, The seven expeditions involving up to 62 ships/ and 32,000 troops at a time,

contacted 30 countries and reached as far as the east coast of Africacontacted 30 countries and reached as far as the east coast of Africa► These expeditions were halted after 1433, because China had enough These expeditions were halted after 1433, because China had enough

resources to satisfy on its own land, and the expedition was far too costly in resources to satisfy on its own land, and the expedition was far too costly in both men and resourcesboth men and resources

► The Confucian bureaucrats would make sure that the naval exploration would The Confucian bureaucrats would make sure that the naval exploration would not jeopardize the harmony of their government any morenot jeopardize the harmony of their government any more

► To the east, Japan remained independent of Chinese domination To the east, Japan remained independent of Chinese domination ► In the 13In the 13thth century during Marco Polo’s visit to China, the Latter's emperor had century during Marco Polo’s visit to China, the Latter's emperor had

attempted, but failed to occupy Japan attempted, but failed to occupy Japan ► Polo’s overstated wealth of China (buildings made of Gold, with infinite value) Polo’s overstated wealth of China (buildings made of Gold, with infinite value)

fired European imagination fired European imagination

The Western HemisphereThe Western Hemisphere► In 1492 the reverend Ahuitzotl, In 1492 the reverend Ahuitzotl,

eighth leader of the Aztecs, was eighth leader of the Aztecs, was extending the confederation of the extending the confederation of the triple alliance through Mesoamerica triple alliance through Mesoamerica

► Ahuitzotl relied on economic Ahuitzotl relied on economic incentive, and terror to keep his incentive, and terror to keep his allies and his conquest on lineallies and his conquest on line

► The ancient Mayan civilization had The ancient Mayan civilization had no centralized authority in 1492 no centralized authority in 1492

► The disunity of the interior tribes The disunity of the interior tribes prevented the Spanish from prevented the Spanish from conquering, and prolonged Mayan conquering, and prolonged Mayan resistance until 1700resistance until 1700

► The Incas underwent an explosive The Incas underwent an explosive expansion towards the end of the expansion towards the end of the 1515thth century century

► Under rule of Tupac Inca Yupan-Under rule of Tupac Inca Yupan-Qui, the empire expanded from Qui, the empire expanded from present day Ecuador, to central present day Ecuador, to central ChileChile

The Staff of Life The Staff of Life ► As cultivated in Europe, Wheat, Barley, oats, and rye were low-yield crops As cultivated in Europe, Wheat, Barley, oats, and rye were low-yield crops

grown on individual plots that required human and animal labor to growgrown on individual plots that required human and animal labor to grow► The heavy plow used in Northern Europe brought men into the fields, The heavy plow used in Northern Europe brought men into the fields,

displacing women who were predominant in agriculture displacing women who were predominant in agriculture ► Wheat requires large amounts of land, because over half the field in Wheat requires large amounts of land, because over half the field in

cultivation must lay fallow during any yearcultivation must lay fallow during any year► Rice was the most effective crop for supplying large population concentrationsRice was the most effective crop for supplying large population concentrations► Farmers could produce two or three crops a year from the same paddyFarmers could produce two or three crops a year from the same paddy► Corn was the third staple crop for Europe's vast populationCorn was the third staple crop for Europe's vast population► The introduction of western hemisphere crops to the rest of the world sparked The introduction of western hemisphere crops to the rest of the world sparked

good diet, and massive population growthgood diet, and massive population growth

The Great TraditionsThe Great Traditions► Islam continually expanded its Islam continually expanded its

boundaries by creating a line of boundaries by creating a line of gunpowder empiresgunpowder empires

► China was focused upon a very China was focused upon a very interactive form of governmental interactive form of governmental organizationorganization

► By 1492 a small handful of By 1492 a small handful of Northern Italian city-states retained Northern Italian city-states retained their independence their independence

► Bureaucratic structures, significant Bureaucratic structures, significant cities, Iron implements, writing, and cities, Iron implements, writing, and advanced technology created very advanced technology created very stable societiesstable societies

► Effective firearms and improved Effective firearms and improved fortifications put an end to nomadic fortifications put an end to nomadic culturescultures

► Folkways of agricultural people Folkways of agricultural people around the world, transcended to around the world, transcended to prosperous civilizations that prosperous civilizations that supported artists and intellectuals supported artists and intellectuals to conform to traditionto conform to tradition

The European ChallengeThe European Challenge► Europeans advanced ahead of their rivals only through the availability of Europeans advanced ahead of their rivals only through the availability of

natural resourcesnatural resources► The larger area available to a culture to expand upon, would make possibility The larger area available to a culture to expand upon, would make possibility

for a prosperous civilizationfor a prosperous civilization► The earliest drawings of guns date back from 1326 in Europe, and from 1332 The earliest drawings of guns date back from 1326 in Europe, and from 1332

in Chinain China► Columbus’s own experiences testified to the virtues of the boatColumbus’s own experiences testified to the virtues of the boat► Improvements in cannonry spurred production of gunships, because of Improvements in cannonry spurred production of gunships, because of

increasing competition of European rivalsincreasing competition of European rivals► Columbus led the age of discovery of inhabited lands, but after the 18Columbus led the age of discovery of inhabited lands, but after the 18thth

century, a new age of discovery of uninhabited lands was born century, a new age of discovery of uninhabited lands was born