THE GREEN REVOLUTIONA Technological Change

Presented by – Group #9

Sandip Sinha - 2012SMN6667

Santosh Kumar - 2012SMN6722

Vivek Gupta - 2012SMN6719

Presented by – Group #9 Sandip Sinha - 2012SMN6667 Santosh Kumar - 2012SMN6722 Vivek Gupta - 2012SMN6719

Aims of this Presentation

What is meant by "The Green Revolution“ What are the basic inputs of the Green

Revolution How Technology brought green revolution Green Revolution in India Consequences of the Green Revolution

Introduction

After WWII there was shortage of food to World-wide which became very threatening

United State had launched a food aid for poorer countries

Stated aim was to improve relation with other countries

Unstated goal of US was to find outlets for agricultural surplus produced by US farmers and enhance US geographical interests.

Inevitability of Famines

Neo-Malthusians like Lester Brown haveagain warned of impending famines

What is Green Revolution

• Increase in cereal productivity by change in agricultural technology”.

• “Green Revolution” technology was developed by Norman Borlaug in 1950s.

• Further research was enhanced by “International Rice Institute” in Philippines

Objective of Green Revolution

Increasing agriculture product(obey purpose)

Waste dispostal(hidden purpose)

Technologies used in Green Revolution• Seed with improved genetic

• Qualitative expansion of Farm Land

• Double Cropping of crop

• Pesticides

• Farming machinery i.e. Tractors, electric pumps

Seed Selection-How was it done?• Introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs)–Modification of genes of plants and animals

for certain advantages resulting in hybrid varieties.–With genetic modification• IR8 – a semi-dwarf rice variety developed

by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) that could produce more grains of rice per plant when grown with certain fertilizers and irrigation.• IR8 rice yielded about 5 tons per hectare

with no fertilizer, and almost 10 tons per hectare under optimal conditions. This was 10 times the yield of traditional rice.

How was it done? ( Cont..)

• Introduction of modern techonoloy–HYVs were adapted to particular growing

conditions.• Eg use of irrigation or various chemical

fertilisers–With the help of modern technology HYVs

were capable of maturing faster.

Genetic Engineering

Expansion of farming areas

• The area of land under cultivation was being increased , but this was not enough in meeting with the rising demand.

• Other methods were required to increase resources. Yet, the expansion of cultivable land also had to continue.

• So, the Green revolution continued with this quantitative expansion of farmlands, even though it was not the most striking feature of the revolution.

Double-cropping existing farmland

• Double-cropping was a primary feature of the Green Revolution.

• Instead of one crop season per year, to have two crop seasons per year. The one-season-per-year practice was based on the fact that there is only natural monsoon per year.

• So, there had to be two "monsoons" per year. One would be the natural monsoon and the other an artificial 'monsoon’.

• The artificial monsoons were created by huge irrigation facilities. Dams were built to arrest large volumes of natural monsoon water which were earlier being wasted. Simple irrigation techniques were also adopted.

• So many crops are raised on same piece of land in the same season to avoid the risk factor or reduce the risk factor.

Model for analysis of mono Crop for an Individual Year

Green Revolution in INDIA

• Started in the late 1960s. With the success of it, India attained food self-sufficiency within a decade by the end of the 1970s .

• It was confined only to wheat crop and in northern India such as Punjab.

• Developed new strains of high yield value (HYV) seeds, mainly

wheat and rice but also millet and corn. • Swami Nathan from India and Borlaug from Mexico combined

high-yielding varieties with modern agricultural production techniques.

Introducing higher-yielding varieties of seeds in 1965.

Increased use of fertilizers & irrigation.

GOAL make India self-sufficient in food grains.

India's "Green Revolution" allowed RICH farmers to triple their crop by using modern science and technology.

Green Revolution in INDIA

• Because the diffusion of the Green Revolution was confined to wheat crop and in northern India such as Punjab, Haryana and the western part of Uttar Pradesh, it could not raise rural income and alleviate rural poverty in a wider area.

Green Revolution in INDIA

Need for Green Revolution (1/2)• India promoted heavy industrialization,

especially after the second Five Year Plan (1956-57 to 1960-61), leaving the agricultural sector relatively neglected.

• Severe two years‟ consecutive droughts attacked India in the mid-1960s. Agriculture recorded

• Import as much as 10 million tons of food (mainly wheat) for the two years

Need for Green Revolution (1/2)

Major Changes Adopted

High Yield Variety (HYV) Seeds

Use of HYV seeds-

Punjab

Haryan

a

Gujarat UP

Rajasth

anAssa

m WB

Karnata

ka APOris

sa MP

Mahara

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Bihar TNKera

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All India

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Chart Title

1974-751983-85

States

Perc

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Consumption of Fertilizers

Uses of Tractors, Tubewell etc

Irrigation Techniques

Effects of Green Revolution

• Positive Effects- Increase food production & Self Sufficiency

• The cereal production nearly doubled from 1965-1995• Record grain output of 131 million tons in 1978-79.• No other country in the world which attempted the Green Revolution recorded

such level of success. • India also became an exporter of food grains around that time.• Yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30 per cent between 1975

and 1980• Created other employment by Crop areas under high-yield varieties needed

more water, more fertilizer, more pesticides, fungicides and other chemicals. This spurred the growth of the local manufacturing sector. Such industrial growth created new jobs and contributed to the country's GDP.

-Infrastructure Development –• Increase in irrigation created need for new dams and other ancilliary

Green Revolution in Rice

The Green Revolution in the Nineteen Sixties in Wheat, Rice and Maize: a message of hope on striking a balance between the rates of growth in population and food production.

Growth Rate of Food Grain Production

Punjab

Haryan

a

Gujarat UP

Rajasth

anAssa

m WB

Karnata

ka APOris

sa MP

Mahara

shtra

Bihar TNKera

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All India

0

1

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7

Annual Rate of Growth of Food Grain Production from 1961-62 to 1985 -86

Rate of Growth

Negative Effects

Deteriorating soil quality Overuse of water Poisoning from biocides Decreasing genetic diversity

Effects of Green Revolution