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The depleting of the Ozone layer
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
DefinitionsThe ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3) found in the lower portion of the stratosphere from approximately 20 to 30 kilometers above Earth.
The Montreal Protocol is an environmental agreement signed on 16 September 1987 by 46 countries and entered into force on 1 January 1989
How does the Protocol work?The Montreal Protocol controls the emition of various gases that are dangerous to the Ozone layer. Its main goal is to phase out the gasses that mean danger to the ozone layer.
GasesChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
One of the most important goals of the Protocol is to phase out CFSs because of it’s an active ozone reducer. The limitation began in 1991.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
The HCFCs are transitional CFCs replacements, used as refrigerants, solvents, blowing agents for plastic foam manufacture, and fire extinguishers. The parties of the protocol had agreed to set year 2013 as the time to freeze the consumption and production of HCFCs. They also agreed to start reducing its consumption and production in 2015.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
HFCs replaced CFCs and HCFCs in developed countries after they were phased out. They don’t harm the ozone layer, however they are super-greenhouse gases with an extremely high global warming potential.
Multilateral Fund
The Multilateral Fund was established in 1991 to assist developing countries meet their Montreal Protocol commitments. Since 1991, the Fund has approved activities including industrial conversion, technical assistance, training and capacity building
worth over US $3.0 billion.
The reason the Protocol is needed• The main reason the Protocol was created is to protect the Earth’s fragile Ozone layer
• Respond quickly to new scientific information. • Enables the control of new chemicals
Parties
The Protocol was ratified by 197 states and the European Union making it the most widely ratified treaty in United Nations history along with the Vienna Protocol.
Without the ozone layerOzone absorbs most of the ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation reaching the surface of the planet, depletion of the ozone layer by CFCs would lead to an in increase in UV-B radiation at the surface, resulting in an increase in skin cancer and other impacts such as damage to crops.
Other regulations
There is also an other regulation called the Vienna Convention, which also focuses on reducing the global consumption of controlled ozone depleting substances
AmendmentsThere has been five modifications made to the Montreal Protocol so far and four of them strengthened the Instrument. These modifications are:• London Amendment (1990)• Copenhagen Amendment (1992)• Vienna (1995)• Montreal Amendment (1997)• Beijing Amendment (1999)
Adjustments
There has been also several adjustments to the Protocol in 1990, 1992, 1997, 1999 and in 2007
Thank you for your attention