The conditions within which smallholder pig value chains operate in Uganda: Preliminary

results

Alex Tatwangire (tatwangire@yahoo.co.uk)

Uganda smallholder pig value chains development planning workshop, Nairobi, 24-25 September 2012

The livestock sector in Uganda

Section 1•The livestock sector and policy framework in

Uganda

•Consumption of pork and pig meat products

Section 2•The potential of pig production in Uganda

•Pig production and production systems

Section 3•Import & export of live pigs and pig meat

products

•Value addition by actors, processig and marketing of pig products

Section 4•Major constraints of small holder pig

production in Uganda

•Conclusion

The livestock sector in Uganda

The agricultural sector

•An important sector of the economy

•Contributes up to 23.8 percent of the GDP, generating about 48% of export earnings (Republic of Uganda 2010; MAAIF 2011).

Livestock

sector

•contributes about 15% of agricultural GDP (FAO, 2005).

•A 3 percent increase in the number of livestock and poultry in Uganda during between 2009 and 2010 (MAAIF 2011).

•About 4.5 million households (70.8%) in Uganda rear at least one kind of livestock or poultry (UBOS & MAAIF 2009).

Pig livestock sub-

sector

•Pig production in Uganda is widespread and increasing at a high rate. About 17.8 percent (1.1 millions) of all households own at least 1 pig (UBOS & MAAIF 2009)..

•The number of pigs increased from 0.19 million in 1980 to 3.2 million in 2008.

Trends in livestock population Table 1: Trends in livestock population (values in ‘000’) in Uganda (FAO, 2005: MAAIF, 2009)

Table 2: Pigs and ruminant livestock population (, 000) in 2008 (Census Report, 2009)

Species Period (in Years)1980 1990 2000 2002 2008

Cattle 4,771 4,913 5,966 6,075 11,409Sheep and goats 3,862 5,490 7,477 7,993 15,863Pigs 187 1,160 1,573 1,710 3,184Poultry 13,200 18,960 26,974 32,638 37,444

Region

Pigs Cattle Goats Sheep

Population % Population % Population % Population %Central 1,308 41 2,476 22 1,676 13 272 8Eastern 700 22 2,489 22 2,500 21 319 9Northern 341 11 1,642 14 2,696 22 569 17Western 778 24 2,549 22 3,452 28 568 17Karamoja 58 2 2,254 20 2,025 16 1,686 49Total 3,184 100 11,409 100 12,450 100 3,413 100

Policy framework in Uganda

Committed to increase investment in core areas of:

• Agricultural research; agricultural advisory services; pest and disease control; regulatory services; promoting value chain development; improved use of water for agricultural production, and; the support & supervision of service delivery in local governments.

• Concerns of a costly policy duplication in the past 12 years.

The National Development Plan (NDP), 2009-2014

• Replaced the two former national plans “the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) and the Strategic Plan for Modernization of Agriculture (PMA), 2001 - 2009.

• In line with the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan (DSIP), a guide to the country’s agricultural priorities, development programs, and agricultural transformation.

• A road-map to public interventions in the agricultural sector, to boost agricultural growth, food security and poverty reduction.

Policy framework in Uganda (ctn’d)•National

Policy for the Delivery of Veterinary Services (2001)

•National Veterinary Drug Policy (2002)

•The National Animal Feeds Policy (2005)

•Animal Breeding Policy (1997) and Act (2001)

Animal health related

•The National Meat Policy (2003

•Health Sector Strategic Plan (HSSP) II 2005-2010

•National Environment Policy

•Decentralization Policy (1993)

Food safety related

•The National Land Use Policy

•National Adaptation Plan of Action 2007

•Uganda Food and Nutrition Policy, 2003

Other related

Consumption of pork and pig meat products

Increase in Uganda’s human population, currently estimated to be about 34,612,250 millions; about 773,463 reside in Kampala. • High domestic & regional demand for pork/pork products:-

increase in human population growth, urbanization, purchasing power & change in tastes & preferences

Daily consumption of pigs (pigs slaughtered per day) in Kampala is estimated to be between 300 and 500.

• Pork products in Uganda include: live pigs, large pieces (usually the thighs and chest) of pork, pork chops, pork sausages, bacon, ham, roasted (or fried) pork chops and ribs.

Trend of per capita consumption of livestock meat products in Uganda (FAOSTAT, 2012)

Uganda has the highest per capita consumption (3.4 kg/person/year) in the region –has increased 10 times more in the last 30 years, whereas beef is declining.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Period in years (1961-2007)

Quan

tity

cons

umed

(kg/

capi

ta/y

ear)

Bovine Meat Freshwater Fish Meat, Other

Mutton & Goat Meat Pigmeat Poultry Meat

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Period in years (1961-2007)

Quan

tity

cons

umed

(kg/

capi

ta/y

ear)

Bovine Meat Meat, Other Mutton & Goat Meat Pigmeat

Proportion of households that owned, sold, and slaughtered pigs, 1990-2010

Particulars1990 2000/01 2009/10

Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %Male headedHouseholds that owned pigs 42 10.1 89 21.4 328 30.6Households that sold pigs 50 12.0 98 9.2

Households that slaughtered pigs 9 2.2 6 0.6

Total number of observations (N) 416 416 1071Female headedHouseholds that owned pigs 3 8.8 5 14.7 121 31.9Households that sold pigs 5 14.7 29 7.7

Households that slaughtered pigs 0 0.0 1 0.3

Total number of observations (N) 34 34 379OverallHouseholds that owned pigs 45 10.0 94 20.9 449 30.9Households that sold pigs 55 12.2 127 8.8

Households that slaughtered pigs 9 2.0 7 0.5

Total number of observations (N) 450 450 1451

Notice: (i) Figure in the table include Frequencies and percentages; (ii) Statistics in the Table were computed based on UBOS 2009/10 round of UNPS survey.

Pig production in Uganda

•About 80-90% of livestock keepers are smallholders, keep pigs in the backyard.

•Has increased in the last 3 decades,

•Livestock growth rate (3%) lower than growth rate (3.3 %) in human population.

Pig industry in Uganda

underdeveloped.

•The country has the potential to be self sufficient in pork products.

•The numbers of pigs slaughtered increasing

The current population of pigs

estimated to be 3.2 million

•Are relatively resistant to some diseases, and their unrestrictive feeding habits allows the use of various feedstuffs,

•Only pigs & poultry continue to register minor gains in off-take rate

Pigs can have high productivity &

growth rates

Total number of pigs by district in Uganda (The National Livestock Census Report 2008, Pg 60)

Pattern of live animal stocks and production in Uganda (FAOSTAT, 2012)

Animal stocks highest for cattle, followed by goats, pigs and are least for sheep. The increase in average production (in tonnes) mostly registered in pigs, sheep

and cattle, and low goat meat.

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

9000000

10000000

1961

1963

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

Period in Years (1961-2010

Head

s of

Liv

e An

imal

s

Cattle

Goats

Pigs

Sheep

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000

Production (in tonnes)

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Perio

d in

yea

rs (2

000-

201

0)

Cattle meat Chicken meat Goat meat Pig meat Sheep meat

Pig production systems in Uganda

Intensive pig system

• Pigs are kept housed all the time (are provided with feeds, water, and protection from extreme weather)

• Characterized by higher demand for labour/other inputs. Provides higher farm output; accounts for a very small proportion

Semi-intensive pig system

• Pigs are partly housed and partly kept outdoors on the pasture

• Allows improvement in: feeding; growth rate; disease control; control of heat stress; mating, and; the quality of animals. Demands high amounts of labour, but gives relatively high farm output.

Extensive or tethered pig- system

• The simplest & most common system in Uganda. Pigs are kept out-door, to freely move around the homestead as they feed on their own, or tethered.

• Often practiced by the very poor, who tend to invest in a low cost/ low output farming system, characterizes subsistence production

Trends in the level of imports and exports(FAOSTAT, 2012)

The number of live pigs imported and exported in and out of the country is almost non-existent. This has been the case since 1961.

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

Period in years (1961-2009)

Impo

rt Qu

antit

y of L

ive A

nimals

(Hea

ds)

Cattle Goats Pigs Sheep

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Period in Years (1961-2009)

Expo

rt Qu

antit

y of

Liv

e An

imal

s (H

ead)

Cattle Goats Pigs Sheep

Imports and Exports of Live Pigs and Pig meat products, 2007-2011

Items 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Live pigs imported Number - 1030 - - --Value (Million Ushs) - 24.6 - - -Pig meat and meat products importedQuantity (Kg) 10341 9375 10777 - 133601

Value (Million Ushs) 28.6 40.4 53.3 - 2247.6

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Live pigs exportedNumber 310 174 - 122 -Value (Million Ushs) 31.8 8.5 - 43.1 -Pig meat and meat products exportedQuantity (Kg) 18622 - 179 32790.4 1346.1

Value (Million Ushs) 17.5 - 6.0 295.5 29.6

Source: Compiled from Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) Data, Division of Research

Activity Chain actors and interactions

1%

34% %

5% 10%

50%

Consumption

Retailing and distribution

Farm inputs and their suppliers

Rearing of pigs on farms

Marketing of live piglets and adult pigs

Slaughter and processing of pig meat

Land Water Labor (daily or monthly) for

tending pigs Capital for investment and

sources such as: banks, MFIs, and friends and relatives

Farm tools Pig feeds from feed stores Drugs, disinfectants &

acaricides: veterinary shops

Crop inputs (fertilizers, seeds,& pesticides)

Pig farmer 1: Keeps pigs and breeds

piglets

Pig farmer 2: Keeps and fattens

piglets

Local trader in piglets

Government thru NAADS, and NGOs

Traders in adult pigs

Other farmers

Slaughter houses and

City abbatoirs

Pork butcheries

Local consumers

Urban processors

Roadside pork butcheries

Super markets

Outlets of urban

processors

Consumers in the pork joints

Consumers in households

Consumers in institutions and hotels

5% 5%

90%

Pig value chain map in Uganda (adapted from: Farmers’ FGDs conducted by the Livestock Data Innovation Project in Wakiso and Mukono districts, September 2012

Major constraints of small holder pig production in Uganda 1

• Lack of capital on farms; limited access to information/training on pig husbandry

• Poor management (animal feeding/nutrition)• Expensive veterinary services/extension services• Fake drugs and feeds. • Limited access to & knowing which pig breeds that are

productive for different production systems. • Poor structure of pig industry (more traders in the supply

chain). • Farmers are poorly organized (unable to take advantage of

collective marketing/upgrading)• Low productivity due to technical/management problems

on farms

Major constraints of small holder pig production in Uganda 2

• Poor transport & market infrastructure • Limited value addition on pork & pig meat products. • Pig production not among priority areas in the

Agricultural Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan (DSIP) for Uganda.

• Pork safety problems of zoonoses (e.g. tape worms, TB, & anthrax) & contamination

• Pig diseases: -African Swine Fever, helminthosis, scabies, mange (i.e. skin disease characterised by intense itching and caused by mites), coughing and diarrhoea.

Conclusions 1Access to affordable credit, training, extension services,

veterinary services, improved infrastructure and good breeds crucial if pig productivity is to improve.

Improvement in the pig production system due to recent routine interventions in the control of animal diseases.

Efforts to achieve meat output targets in the country limited by livestock policies that focus more on cattle, goats, sheep and chicken enterprises that require high cost of production.

The private veterinary services sector is growing at a very slow pace compared to the demands for such services.

The animal feed industry is under developed, unable to ensure supply of quality feed all year round due to limited infrastructure. Problem of substandard feeds and feed stuffs.

Conclusions 2Poor hygiene/contamination of pork, abattoirs, and pork

joints is greatly reducing the competitiveness of pig sector in Uganda.

Boosting pig productivity requires improvement in breeding, feed production, and modern pig abattoirs.

Meat inspectors in the country demoralised due to the lack of authority to punish culprits of illegal and unhygienic pig slaughter.

The market of live pigs, pork & pork products is segmented and needs to be improved to reward quality and supply to the poor.

The increase in the number of pigs reared appears to be more pronounced among the richest 25 percent & poorest 25 percent of households.

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