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Two public display systems, with different methods of posting, were deployed over several years. One, the Thank You Board, was designed to give people an outlet specifically for publicly thanking and acknowledging others in the community. The other, SI Display, showed any Twitter post directed to the display and did not have explicit usage guidelines. People preferred the flexibility of the latter, but ambiguity about its purpose and norms of usage persisted even six months after deployment and made some people hesitant to post. Also, using Twitter as the posting mechanism facilitated participation for some but also created barriers for those not using Twitter and for Twitter users who were wary of mixing their professional and non-professional contexts.
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Thanks and Tweets: Comparing Two Public Displays @smunson, @emirose, @presnick
Matt Rife,
Flickr: Confidence, Comely Flickr: meddygarnet
IM Here (Huang et al 2004) C3C (McCarthy et al 2008)
Notification Collage (Greenberg and Rounding 2001) Plasma Poster Network (Churchill et al 2003)
Matt Rife,
Flickr: Confidence, Comely Flickr: meddygarnet
this study
Matt Rife,
Flickr: Confidence, Comely Flickr: meddygarnet
Thank You Board
Highly directed, structured use; post from official website.
this study
Matt Rife,
Flickr: Confidence, Comely Flickr: meddygarnet
Thank You Board
Highly directed, structured use; post from official website.
this study
SI Display
Use le open to interpretation by community, post using existing social network site (Twitter)
the site: school of information, university of michigan
1.5 miles
the site: school of information, university of michigan
School of Information North PhD students, staff, faculty ank You Board: 17 inch display in entryway SI Display: large touchscreen in lunch room
West Hall Masters students, staff, faculty, administration ank You Board: 17 inch display in main stairwell SI Display: 17 inch display in main stairwell, large touchscreen in student lounge
Thank You Board SI Display
ank You Board
• Clear expectation for how it would be used
• Post via web form
• Structured input
• Randomly show a message from the 10 most recent, every 6 seconds
SI Display
• No expectations for how it would/should be used.
• Post via Twitter (@sidisplay)
• Unstructured input (except for Twitter limitations)
• Cycle through 8 most recent messages, or all from the last 24 hours, whichever is greater.
Morgan Keys making so/ware available: h6ps://github.com/morgankeys/ATdisplay
Methods
Analysis of posts
196 posts from 100 posters 25 February 2007 – 8 August 2008
251 posts from 58 posters 5 November 2009 – 2 April 2010
0 20 40 60 80
100 120
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Pos
ts
Code posts by category and audience
Analysis of posts
Category ank You Board SI Display Event Announcements <1% 32% Congratulations / praise 6% 6% anks 100% 4% Greetings 2% 9% Questions & Discussion prompts <1% 14% Information sharing 2% 34% Response to another post 1% 8% Referencing the display 1% 16% Directed to the display 0% 6% To a specific person or people 57% 8% To a specific SI subgroup 17% 8%
Code posts by category and audience
Analysis of posts
Category ank You Board SI Display Event Announcements <1% 32% Congratulations / praise 6% 6% anks 100% 4% Greetings 2% 9% Questions & Discussion prompts <1% 14% Information sharing 2% 34% Response to another post 1% 8% Referencing the display 1% 16% Directed to the display 0% 6% To a specific person or people 57% 8% To a specific SI subgroup 17% 8%
Code posts by category and audience
Analysis of posts
Category ank You Board SI Display Event Announcements <1% 32% Congratulations / praise 6% 6% anks 100% 4% Greetings 2% 9% Questions & Discussion prompts <1% 14% Information sharing 2% 34% Response to another post 1% 8% Referencing the display 1% 16% Directed to the display 0% 6% To a specific person or people 57% 8% To a specific SI subgroup 17% 8%
Adam says thanks to [whoever put this monitor to use] for having a clue (Now, can we set up some displays to non-invasively broadcast pressing questions a la Zephyr and stuff?)
know how many links are saved in delicious or how i would access such information?
Code posts by category and audience
Analysis of posts
Category ank You Board SI Display Event Announcements <1% 32% Congratulations / praise 6% 6% anks 100% 4% Greetings 2% 9% Questions & Discussion prompts <1% 14% Information sharing 2% 34% Response to another post 1% 8% Referencing the display 1% 16% Directed to the display 0% 6% To a specific person or people 57% 8% To a specific SI subgroup 17% 8%
Tobias says thanks to SI Career Services for Helping students manage job searches: Starting from resume creation etc. SI Career Services is one of the strongest services available to students at SI!
New Oxford American Dictionary 2009 Word of the Year: "Unfriend"
Code posts by category and audience
Analysis of posts
Category ank You Board SI Display Event Announcements <1% 32% Congratulations / praise 6% 6% anks 100% 4% Greetings 2% 9% Questions & Discussion prompts <1% 14% Information sharing 2% 34% Response to another post 1% 8% Referencing the display 1% 16% Directed to the display 0% 6% To a specific person or people 57% 8% To a specific SI subgroup 17% 8%
aw poor @sidisplay. I know what it's like to feel unrefreshed!
Code posts by category and audience
Analysis of posts
Category ank You Board SI Display Event Announcements <1% 32% Congratulations / praise 6% 6% anks 100% 4% Greetings 2% 9% Questions & Discussion prompts <1% 14% Information sharing 2% 34% Response to another post 1% 8% Referencing the display 1% 16% Directed to the display 0% 6% To a specific person or people 57% 8% To a specific SI subgroup 17% 8%
Participants n = 14
9 masters students 3 staff members 2 PhD students
13 with Twitter accounts
6 recalled the ank You Board 7 had posted to SI Display
Semistructured Interviews
Questions about: • How they used the displays • How they thought others
should use them • Likes / dislikes about each
Results
Results Designated use vs. open ethos Twitter as posting mechanism |
Results Designated use vs. open ethos Twitter as posting mechanism |
Participants valued flexibility of SI Display
“open ethos” (P6) “serendipity” of unexpected things (P13)
Participants valued flexibility of SI Display
“open ethos” (P6) “serendipity” of unexpected things (P13)
… but had concerns about using it inappropriately.
“I guess I would feel better if there were more established norms about it. If we knew more about what its purpose was and what are the goals and how people should use it.” (P13)
“people are unsure how it’s supposed to be used … and because people, I’m a firm believer that if people don’t want to offend other people, they won’t do something they think might offend them and that might be use the board in a way they don’t think other people think it’s intended to be used for.” (P7)
issues with how SI Display was introduced
uncertainty about purpose
“I have no freaking clue. I really don’t.” (P9)
emphasis on usability over uses no example uses given
You may have noticed that the [display] is displaying public thank yous. You can thank someone, too! Just go to http://si.umich.edu/thanks.
How to post &
“[the displays] can be used for sharing short, public messages.”
issues with how SI Display was introduced
uncertainty about purpose
“I have no freaking clue. I really don’t.” (P9)
emphasis on usability over uses no example uses given
issues with how SI Display was introduced
uncertainty about purpose
“I have no freaking clue. I really don’t.” (P9)
emphasis on usability over uses no example uses given
Couldn’t remember all locations
Not sure if it was for students, the entire SI community, or for external visitors to see
uncertainty about audience
but norms did not develop over the months of use
issues with how SI Display was introduced
uncertainty about purpose
“I have no freaking clue. I really don’t.” (P9)
emphasis on usability over uses no example uses given
Couldn’t remember all locations
Not sure if it was for students, the entire SI community, or for external visitors to see
uncertainty about audience
but norms did not develop over the months of use
Results Designated use vs. open ethos Twitter as posting mechanism |
ank You Board had required too much memory for how to post and these steps were too disconnected from seeing the display
SI Display used Twitter to make posting easier, but did require that posters have a Twitter account
Twitter as posting mechanism: easier, but not without issues
Further confounded audience: Twitter users or broader? Twitter syntax made some posts hard to read.
Sometimes hard to link Twitter usernames and avatars with identity in community.
Some community members did not want to use Twitter on principle. Others did not want to reveal their personal Twitter account to their professional colleagues.
Feelings of exclusion for some community members, while others felt it was more inclusive.
Twitter as posting mechanism: easier, but not without issues
Further confounded audience: Twitter users or broader? Twitter syntax made some posts hard to read.
Sometimes hard to link Twitter usernames and avatars with identity in community
Some community members did not want to use Twitter on principle. Others did not want to reveal their personal Twitter account to their professional colleagues.
Feelings of exclusion for some community members, while others felt it was more inclusive.
Twitter as posting mechanism: easier, but not without issues
Further confounded audience: Twitter users or broader? Twitter syntax made some posts hard to read.
Sometimes hard to link Twitter usernames and avatars with identity in community
Some community members did not want to use Twitter on principle. Others did not want to reveal their personal Twitter account to their professional colleagues.
Feelings of exclusion for some community members, while others felt it was more inclusive.
Twitter as posting mechanism: easier, but not without issues
Further confounded audience: Twitter users or broader? Twitter syntax made some posts hard to read.
Sometimes hard to link Twitter usernames and avatars with identity in community
Some community members did not want to use Twitter on principle. Others did not want to reveal their personal Twitter account to their professional colleagues.
Feelings of exclusion for some community members, while others felt it was more inclusive.
Twitter as posting mechanism: easier, but not without issues
Further confounded audience: Twitter users or broader? Twitter syntax made some posts hard to read.
Sometimes hard to link Twitter usernames and avatars with identity in community
Some community members did not want to use Twitter on principle. Others did not want to reveal their personal Twitter account to their professional colleagues.
Feelings of exclusion for some community members, while others felt it was more inclusive.
Twitter as posting mechanism: easier, but not without issues
Further confounded audience: Twitter users or broader? Twitter syntax made some posts hard to read.
Sometimes hard to link Twitter usernames and avatars with identity in community
Some community members did not want to use Twitter on principle. Others did not want to reveal their personal Twitter account to their professional colleagues.
Feelings of exclusion for some community members, while others felt it was more inclusive.
Design Implications Authoritative vs. User Interpretations
Content Lifespan
Twitter as posting mechanism
Social Context
Design Implications Authoritative vs. User Interpretations
Content Lifespan
Twitter as posting mechanism
Social Context
With SI Display, we created discomfort by going too far toward emphasizing usability over use (Sengers and Gaver 2006). Confounded by a lack of reification of community expectations; no clear feedback process. Recommendations: • Introduce display with suggested uses (& an invitation to
use it other ways) • Post discussion prompts / content invitations to Twitter or
the display • Add a feedback mechanism (voting posts up and/or down)
Design Implications Authoritative vs. User Interpretations
Content Lifespan
Twitter as posting mechanism
Social Context
SI Display had more time sensitive content, but the “staleness” of outdated announcements became an issue. Recommendation: Parse posts for time; filter out dates in the past.
Design Implications Authoritative vs. User Interpretations
Content Lifespan
Twitter as posting mechanism
Social Context
Twitter as posting mechanism easier for most barrier for non-Twitterers jargon mixing contexts
Recommendations: • continue using, but give non-Twitter users a way to post
(web form, SMS, etc). • Arguments for accepting some jargon and syntax, or
filtering it out / replacing it
Design Implications Authoritative vs. User Interpretations
Content Lifespan
Twitter as posting mechanism
Social Context
Social context Where are the displays? Who will see them? Mixing of audiences
Recommendations: • Map of displays, or video links between them. (also not
without problems!) • Control over to which display one posts, e.g.,:
– @sidisplay: to all of them – @sistudents: Master’s student lounge – @sistafffac: staff, faculty, and PhD student lunchroom – @sipublic: displays in public spaces
Social context how to drive adoption? where are displays? who will look at them?
Recommendations: • Contests at launch or to drive particular kinds of posts • Consider adding maps of display locations or video feeds
of who is looking at them to make audience less “imagined”
• Keep displays from reaching too broad of an audience
Conclusions Designated use vs. open ethos: open ethos preferred over structured content, but can go too far in not specifying use; need to make potential users feel comfortable with appropriateness of their posts. Need for reification. Twitter as posting mechanism: appreciated and easier than the ank You Board form, but also caused some feelings of exclusion that should be mitigated in future deployments.
Thanks and Tweets: Comparing Two Public Displays
Sean Munson [email protected] @smunson Emily Rosengren [email protected] @emirose Paul Resnick [email protected] @presnick
anks to Erica Willar and Alex Burrell, research assistants Jim Leach, Michael Hess, and SI Computing for helping deploy the displays Morgan Keys, for continuing to push this forward Funded by the National Science Foundation under grant IIS-0916099.
