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Cell Reproductio
n Notes
Prokaryotic Cell Reproduction
• Prokaryotes reproduce by _binary fission.
• Produced identical offspring
• First the DNA is copied
• New cell membrane is added to pinch the cell into two daughter cells.
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
What are chromosomes made of? ___DNA______________
What is a gene? _SEGMENT OF DNA______
___________
Which organism has the most chromosomes?__________least?___________
Human Chromosomes (karyotype)
Is this a karyotype of a male or female?
What is the difference between male and female?
Sets of Chromosomes• Humans have 23 sets of two chromosomes• One of each pair came from each parent.• _SOMATIC_ cells (body cells) all contain 46
chromosomes• __sex__ chromosomes (sperm and egg) are
haploid, they contain 23 chromosomes each.• When sex chromosomes combine they form
a diploid _ZYGOTE.
Chromosomal Mutations
What do the different sections represent?
What went wrong in each mutation?
sickle-cell disease is caused by a single point mutation which encodes the amino acid valine rather than glutamic acid.
Chromesome number sheet
Organism
# of chromosome
s in body, skin cells,
etc.
2N Diploid #
1N Haploid #
# of chromosomes in sperm
cells
# of chromosomes in egg cells
Fruit fly 8
Onion 8
Cat 38
Chicken 38
human
apple 34
Cat fish 20
Chromesome number sheet
Organism
# of chromosome
s in body, skin cells,
etc.
2N Diploid #
1N Haploid #
# of chromosomes in sperm
cells
# of chromosomes in egg cells
Fruit fly 8 8 4 4 4
Onion 16 16 8 8 8
Cat 38 38 19 19 19
Chicken 76 76 38 38 38
human 46 46 23 23 23
apple 34 34 17 17 17
Cat fish 20 20 10 10 10
Cell CycleFirst Growth Phase (G1)
•Cell grows rapidly
•Normal cell functioning
•Major portion of life
Synthesis Phase (S)
•DNA is copied
•Each chromosome = 2 chromatids attached at centromere
Second Growth Phase (G2)
•Organelles replicate
•Microtubules form spindle to move chromosomes during mitosis
Mitosis
• cell nucleus divides
Cytokinesis
• cytoplasm divides
Phases of
Mitosis
Chromosome during Mitosis
Phases of
Mitosis
Phases of
Mitosis
Meiosis – Cell reproduction of sex cells.
Meiosis Mitosis
Start with 2N cells, end with 1N cells (haploid.)
Start with (diploid) 2N cells, End with 2N cells
# of chromosomes in cells produced is reduced by half.
Chromosome # stays the same.
Creates 4 egg or sperm cells Creates 2 identical daughter cells
2 Cell divisions involving InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphasetelophase
1 cell division involving InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphasetelophase
Meiosis 1
Meiosis 2
