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This presentation by Gernot Laganda shows the IFAD's point of view on landscapes: why they're so concerned with it, how climate change impact on agricultural landscapes and how the IFAD integrates land, food and climate systems.
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Sustainable Landscapes:
Food Security and adapting to climate change
Gernot Laganda CoP19/ Global Landscape Forum
Warsaw, 17 November 2013
Rural livelihoods depend on the
services provided by the mosaic of
natural and/or human-modified
ecosystems:
- Food & water quality/security
- Energy services
- Disaster mitigation
- Carbon sequestration
- Public health & wellbeing
- Economic revenues
Smallholder farmers are part of the
social, ecological and economic
transactions within these landscapes,
sustaining or eroding these services
Why is IFAD concerned about landscapes?
How does climate change impact on
agricultural landscapes?
1. Directly, by altering the biophysical
characteristics of landscapes:
• Vegetation (composition, extent, health & productivity)
• Topography (e.g. shorelines, ice bodies, permafrost,
landslides, flooding, drought, erosion)
• Ecosystem distribution & composition (e.g. loss of
habitat, biodiversity, migratory shifts of species in
forests, coral reefs, wetlands)
• Natural cycles (e.g. hydrological cycle, seasonality,
monsoon, ENSO)
How does climate change impact on
agricultural landscapes?
• Constructed features (responding to too much/too
little water; influencing choice of materials and
engineering designs)
• Land use (e.g. encroachment on sensitive eco-
systems; land use conversion; land zoning)
• Crop types (e.g. crop/livestock ratio, mixed cropping,
monocropping)
• Farming practices (e.g. degree of diversification,
storage, energy choices, fertilizer and pesticide use,
mechanization)
2. Indirectly, by affecting the livelihood options, choices
and cultural traditions of people living in landscapes:
How does IFAD engage in integrated
land/food/climate systems?
Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP)
- Grant co-financing programme focusing on climate resilient agriculture
- 5 bilateral donors, 330 million US$ in contributions/pledges
- Integrates climate risk management and adaptation actions into IFAD investment programmes (~ US $1 billion per year)
- Centerpiece of a change management process to help IFAD become a ‘climate-smart’ organisation
- 25 ASAP investments (2 under implementation, 9 in advanced design stage, 14 early/mid-design)
Some challenges in integrated
land - food - climate systems (1)
Challenge: Land is a scarce resource, under pressure from
both human- and climate-induced stresses. There is limited room
for expansion, more food needs to be produced on less land.
e.g. Moroccoe.g. Mali
Adaptation options / solutions:
- Sustainable restoration of degraded lands (e.g. through farmer-based
natural regeneration, improved rangeland management)
- Improved land-use planning to optimize production (e.g. through
participatory mapping, mosaic farming)
- Promotion of alternative energy options to reduce forest degradation
e.g. Malie.g. Rwanda
Some challenges in integrated
land – food - climate systems (2)
Challenge: Rising losses and damages in productive land and
infrastructure through climate-related events
Adaptation options / solutions:
- Erosion control and soil stabilisation
- Adaptive engineering of irrigation, storage & transport infrastructure
- Climate information systems monitoring emerging hazards (e.g.
salinity, pests & diseases)
e.g. Mali
e.g. Rwanda e.g. Vietname.g. Nigeria
Some challenges in integrated
land - food - climate systems (3)
Challenge: The yield gap between potential and actual
production is widened by climate-induced shocks and stresses
Adaptation options / solutions:
- Sustainable intensification (e.g. conservation agriculture, use of
fertilizer trees, integrated pest management)
- Diversification of risk across different crops and value chains
- Know-how and technology transfer to lowest yield-areas (e.g.
drought-resistant varieties; efficient irrigation systems)
e.g. Ghana e.g. Nigeriae.g. Nicaragua
Some challenges in integrated
land - food - climate systems (4)
Challenge: Local governance structures determine the
abilities of smallholders to access and manage land and landscapes.
The distribution of land ownership is determined by power structures
e.g. Morocco
Adaptation options / solutions:
- Empowering farmer groups & connecting them with policy processes
- Investing not only at farm-, but also at landscape-level (e.g. through
watershed restoration, slope stabilisation)
- Strengthening livelihoods of landless and seasonal workers through
restoration of degraded communal lands
e.g. Vietnam e.g. Bolivia e.g. Niger
Conclusion
e.g. Moroccoe.g. Mali
• Land, food and climate systems are interconnected.
Investing in smallholder adaptation is a multiple-win strategy and a
good point of departure
• Agricultural landscapes are at risk from human- as well as climate-
induced stresses. Adaptation investments should not isolate these
from each other. Both need to be tackled concurrently.
• Adaptation programmes should integrate investments at landscape
as well as farm-level
• Climate Change Adaptation is a process, not an Outcome. A key
ingredient of a long-term strategy is the empowerment of local
institutions with access to technologies, information and financing
Thank you !