Sustainable development & governance

Knowledge network for System Innovationsand transitions (www.ksinetwork.nl)

Sustainable Development& Governance

Jan Rotmans Jan Rotmans Rotterdam, 05-01-2011Rotterdam, 05-01-2011

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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sustainable development

‘‘Sustainable development is a development Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present generationthat meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of futurewithout compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’generations to meet their own needs’

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sustainable development

• normativenormative• norm is put on intergenerational equitynorm is put on intergenerational equity

• subjectivesubjective• we cannot objectively establish what is worth to be saved for we cannot objectively establish what is worth to be saved for

future generationsfuture generations

• ambiguousambiguous• contradicting goals of satisfying needs of current and future contradicting goals of satisfying needs of current and future

generationsgenerations

about 200 definitions of sustainable development existabout 200 definitions of sustainable development exist

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Sustainable Development

• complex, subjective and normativecomplex, subjective and normative

• numerous definitions and interpretationsnumerous definitions and interpretations

• different interpretations rooted in our value systemsdifferent interpretations rooted in our value systems

• nu single, unifying approach that fits allnu single, unifying approach that fits all

contested notioncontested notion

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Implications

It does not make sense to come up with another It does not make sense to come up with another definition of sustainable developmentdefinition of sustainable development

ButBut

we can develop a common and shared interpretation we can develop a common and shared interpretation of what sustainability means in a particular context.of what sustainability means in a particular context.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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Assessing Sustainable Development

• needs to be based on sound principles for makingneeds to be based on sound principles for makingtrade-offs between values, domains, scales, impacts trade-offs between values, domains, scales, impacts and strategies explicit and visibleand strategies explicit and visible

• two dimensions:two dimensions:

• analytical dimension: assessing domains, scales, impacts; analytical dimension: assessing domains, scales, impacts; requires an ordering framework requires an ordering framework

• process dimension: assessing values in discourse;process dimension: assessing values in discourse;requires a process architecturerequires a process architecture

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Assessing sustainable development

ddefine number of overarching, sound principles for efine number of overarching, sound principles for assessing trade-offsassessing trade-offs

WHATWHAT

using plural values in a participatory approach with using plural values in a participatory approach with stakeholders in particular contextstakeholders in particular context

HOWHOW

co-evolutionary approach: combines co-evolutionary approach: combines whatwhat and and howhow top-down and bottom-uptop-down and bottom-up

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Assessing sustainable development

• search for commonalities in diverging interpretationssearch for commonalities in diverging interpretations

• these commonalities are:these commonalities are:

• is an intergenerational phenomenonis an intergenerational phenomenon

• operates at different scale levelsoperates at different scale levels

• covers social-cultural, economic, ecological and institutional domains or covers social-cultural, economic, ecological and institutional domains or dimensionsdimensions

• a practical choice could involve system boundaries in: a practical choice could involve system boundaries in: timetime [25-50 years] [25-50 years]space space [macro- and micro-level] [macro- and micro-level]domain domain [social, economic, ecological] [social, economic, ecological]

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‘What’ is assessed?Overarching PrinciplesOverarching Principles

no structural negative impacts as a result of trade-offs between:no structural negative impacts as a result of trade-offs between:

- - generationsgenerations

- geographical scales- geographical scales

- temporal scales- temporal scales

temporal temporal negative impactnegative impact == unavoidableunavoidable

structural structural negative impactnegative impact == win – loosewin – loose

Ordering FrameworkOrdering Framework

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Sustainability ordering frameworkMultiple-domain (multiple-value) model

Social-cultural value

Economic valueEnvironmental value

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‘How’ is it assessed?Selective Participatory ApproachSelective Participatory Approach

selective but representative group of stakeholdersselective but representative group of stakeholders

involve people from government, business, NGO’s involve people from government, business, NGO’s and knowledge institutionsand knowledge institutions

don’t jump into conclusions immediately but explore don’t jump into conclusions immediately but explore multitude of promising optionsmultitude of promising options

searching, experimenting and learningsearching, experimenting and learning

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Top-down and Bottum-upTop-down and Bottum-up

• use an ordering framework based on sustainability principlesuse an ordering framework based on sustainability principles

• design a participatory process with selective group of design a participatory process with selective group of stakeholders, using this frameworkstakeholders, using this framework

• organize a reflexive search and learning process organize a reflexive search and learning process

• assessing trade-offs [analytical dimension] and assessing assessing trade-offs [analytical dimension] and assessing

values in discourse [process dimension]values in discourse [process dimension]

Integrated Sustainability Assessment [ISA]Integrated Sustainability Assessment [ISA]

Assessment process in practice

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Integrated Sustainability Assessment

a cyclical, participatory process of a cyclical, participatory process of scopingscoping, , envisioningenvisioningexperimentingexperimenting and and learninglearning through which a shared through which a sharedinterpretation of sustainability for a specific contextinterpretation of sustainability for a specific context

is developed and applied in an integrated manneris developed and applied in an integrated manner in order to explore solutions to persistent problems ofin order to explore solutions to persistent problems of

unsustainable developmentunsustainable development

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ISA framework

Envisioning stage

[sustainability vision with pathways]

Scoping stage [shared interpretation of what sustainability means]

Experimental stage[testing visions, pathways

and policy options]

Learning and

evaluating stage

[learning-by-doing and doing-by-learning]

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ISA is top-down ánd bottom-up

• co-evolution means that top-down and bottom-up approaches co-evolution means that top-down and bottom-up approaches co-evolve and co-exist: the approaches are strongly intertwinedco-evolve and co-exist: the approaches are strongly intertwined

• ISA-approach is top-down because it has underlying ISA-approach is top-down because it has underlying sustainability principles [intergenerationality, balance between sustainability principles [intergenerationality, balance between domains, plurality of values, etc.]domains, plurality of values, etc.]

• ISA-approach is bottom-up because it uses an ordering ISA-approach is bottom-up because it uses an ordering framework based on social-cultural, economic, environmental framework based on social-cultural, economic, environmental dimensions and objectivesdimensions and objectives

• ISA-approach is a scoping and envisioning process where a ISA-approach is a scoping and envisioning process where a shared problem perception and sustainability vision is shared problem perception and sustainability vision is developed by stakeholdersdeveloped by stakeholders

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SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITIONSSUSTAINABILITY TRANSITIONS

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Persistent problems• our society faces a number of persistent problemsour society faces a number of persistent problems

• many examples: climate change, energy supply, many examples: climate change, energy supply, water problem, mobility problem, agriculture, health carewater problem, mobility problem, agriculture, health care

• persistence is due to system failures that are deeply rootedpersistence is due to system failures that are deeply rootedin our societal structuresin our societal structures

• persistence is symptom of unsustainabilitypersistence is symptom of unsustainability

• incremental improvement not enough to solve persistent problemsincremental improvement not enough to solve persistent problems

transformative change is neededtransformative change is needed

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fundamental change of structure, culture and practices in fundamental change of structure, culture and practices in

societal (sub)systemsocietal (sub)system

• structure:structure: physical infrastructure, economic infrastructure physical infrastructure, economic infrastructure (market, consumption, production), institutions(market, consumption, production), institutions

(rules, regulations, collective actors)(rules, regulations, collective actors)

• culture:culture: collective set of values, norms, perspectivecollective set of values, norms, perspective(shared orientation), paradigm (defining(shared orientation), paradigm (definingproblems and solutions)problems and solutions)

• practices:practices: routines, behaviour, ways of handling,routines, behaviour, ways of handling,implementation at the individual levelimplementation at the individual level

incumbent structure, culture and practices need to be brokenincumbent structure, culture and practices need to be brokendown and new (sustainable) ones need to be built up down and new (sustainable) ones need to be built up

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20 - 30 years

Acceleration phasePredevelopment phase

20 – 30 years

Breakthrough to sustainable society

”

Widespread application

of new paradigms

Distribution and diffusion of societal advantages

Tipp

ing

Poin

t

Battle between old and

new paradigm

Build up and decay

of institutions

energy

Time

We are here

Consolidatiion

transport

fisheries

health care

agriculture

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Multiple LevelsMacro-levelautonomous trends, paradigms, slow developments

Meso-levelregime: dominant structures, cultures and practices (but also niche regimes)

Micro-level fast developments: innovative ideas, projects, techniques, niche actors

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Examples of transitions

• from coal energy supply to gas energy supplyfrom coal energy supply to gas energy supply

• from extensive to intensive agriculturefrom extensive to intensive agriculture

• from an industrial - to service - to knowledge economyfrom an industrial - to service - to knowledge economy

• from fossil fuel based energy supply to renewablefrom fossil fuel based energy supply to renewableenergy supply energy supply

not spontaneous processesnot spontaneous processes

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Water transition: from stemming water to accomodating water

• Strategy of Pumping-Draining-Diking turned out unsustainableStrategy of Pumping-Draining-Diking turned out unsustainableincreasing pressure from land onto water and from water to landincreasing pressure from land onto water and from water to land

• This has lead to a change in perspectiveThis has lead to a change in perspectivefrom controlling water to giving water more spacefrom controlling water to giving water more space

• Seed for change in perspective arose decades ago within a small Seed for change in perspective arose decades ago within a small group of people from outside the water worldgroup of people from outside the water worldvisionaries from nature development and spatial planningvisionaries from nature development and spatial planning

• Implementation of transition water policy is still difficult Implementation of transition water policy is still difficult many practical barriers hinder implementationmany practical barriers hinder implementation

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Why do transitions often fail?

game, rules and playersgame, rules and players

transition requires a new structure, culture and practicestransition requires a new structure, culture and practices

transition requires new rules, new players and new gametransition requires new rules, new players and new game

dominant players have too many interests to defend anddominant players have too many interests to defend anddondon’’t want to change the rules drasticallyt want to change the rules drastically

only new players can only new players can ‘‘break openbreak open’’ the game and change the game and changethe rulesthe rules

more, different, bettermore, different, better

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Multi-Phase concept

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Transition patterns

regime:regime: dominant structure, culture and practices with powerdominant structure, culture and practices with powerat systems levelat systems level

niche:niche: upcoming, diverging structure, culture and practicesupcoming, diverging structure, culture and practicesat lower scale levelat lower scale level

pattern:pattern: built up of mechanisms and a manifestation of such a built up of mechanisms and a manifestation of such a pattern is a pathway. pattern is a pathway.

Key pattern: niches Key pattern: niches emergeemerge and and clustercluster and by and by empoweringempowering a niche a nichecluster a cluster a niche-regimeniche-regime unfolds. The niche-regime becomes more unfolds. The niche-regime becomes more powerful powerful whereas the regime is weakening and finally the niche-regime whereas the regime is weakening and finally the niche-regime takes overtakes over the incumbent regime that is transformedthe incumbent regime that is transformed

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Transition patterns

regime will try to maintain and defend its existing power regime will try to maintain and defend its existing power and will try to eliminate or assimilate niche-regimeand will try to eliminate or assimilate niche-regime

regime has diverse defence mechanisms in the form ofregime has diverse defence mechanisms in the form ofresistances: institutional, governance, technological, economicresistances: institutional, governance, technological, economicand social resistanceand social resistance

especially newcomers (niches), together with ‘change-inclined’especially newcomers (niches), together with ‘change-inclined’regime actors can break through the existing order and structure regime actors can break through the existing order and structure

transition = regime-shifttransition = regime-shift = shift in power = shift in power

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TRANSITION GOVERNANCETRANSITION GOVERNANCE

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Transition management

new governance mode that attempts to resolve persistent societal new governance mode that attempts to resolve persistent societal problems. Full command-and-control of these problems is notproblems. Full command-and-control of these problems is notpossible. However, what we can do is ‘manage’ these problemspossible. However, what we can do is ‘manage’ these problemsin terms of adjusting, adapting and influencing by organizing a in terms of adjusting, adapting and influencing by organizing a joint searching and learning process, focused on sustainable waysjoint searching and learning process, focused on sustainable ways(Rotmans, 2005)(Rotmans, 2005)

rooted in two different strands of sciencerooted in two different strands of science

complex systems science and new governance theoriescomplex systems science and new governance theories

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Transition managementprinciplesprinciples

- put energy in frontrunners and not in the packput energy in frontrunners and not in the pack

- bring frontrunners together in protected spaces bring frontrunners together in protected spaces

- develop a long-term agenda, incl. vision + pathwaysdevelop a long-term agenda, incl. vision + pathways

- start with portfolio of transition experimentsstart with portfolio of transition experiments

- create new coalitions around pathways & experimentscreate new coalitions around pathways & experiments

searching, learning, experimentingsearching, learning, experimenting

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Transition approach cycle

vision, pathways,transition

agenda

transition arena

transition experiments

evaluation, monitoring

learning

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society

Transition arenasRegular policy arena- Short term- Peloton - Incremental change- Problem- and goal oriented

- Long term- Innovators - System-innovation- Problem- and goal searching

The transition arena space for experimenting and envisioning

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Transition experimentsssocietal experiments with high risks (chance of failure) and ocietal experiments with high risks (chance of failure) and a high potential to contribute to a transition processa high potential to contribute to a transition process

how to manage portfolio of transition experiments?how to manage portfolio of transition experiments?

- deepeningdeepening [learn as much as possible from an experiment][learn as much as possible from an experiment]

- broadeningbroadening [repeating an experiment in a different context][repeating an experiment in a different context]

- scaling upscaling up [anchoring of an experiment in the regime[anchoring of an experiment in the regime]]

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Transition Experiments• energy delivering greenhouseenergy delivering greenhouse

• rush hour avoidancerush hour avoidance

• electric vehicleselectric vehicles

• CCS close to residential areaCCS close to residential area

• sustainable roofssustainable roofs

• regulatory free zonesregulatory free zones

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Ongoing transition processes

• six Dutch ministries have official transition policysix Dutch ministries have official transition policy• Water transitionWater transition• Energy transitionEnergy transition• Construction sector transitionConstruction sector transition• Mobility transitionMobility transition• Biodiversity transitionBiodiversity transition• Health care transitionHealth care transition

• regional governments experiment with transition policyregional governments experiment with transition policy• Provinces Zeeland, Flevoland, North-HollandProvinces Zeeland, Flevoland, North-Holland• Regions such as Zuidvleugel, Texel, Haarlemmermeer, TwenteRegions such as Zuidvleugel, Texel, Haarlemmermeer, Twente• Cities such as Almere, Rotterdam Cities such as Almere, Rotterdam

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Conclusions

• sustainable development is a contested notionsustainable development is a contested notion

• sustainability assessment is pluralistic and context-dependentsustainability assessment is pluralistic and context-dependent

• transition thinking offers new perspective for persistent problemstransition thinking offers new perspective for persistent problems

• transition management seems a promising new governance modetransition management seems a promising new governance mode

• principles underlying transition management are universal but principles underlying transition management are universal but

the application is context-specificthe application is context-specific

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ROTTERDAM CITY PORTROTTERDAM CITY PORT

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Rotterdam City Port

= 1600 ha of Rotterdam in transition

= long term transformation [25-50 jaar]

= experimental garden for innovation of the city and harbour

= long term sustainability vision City Port [2030]

= execution programme 2010-2020

= 12 business cases

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Rotterdam City Port organic development trajectoryorganic development trajectory

sustainability vision sustainability vision

arenas with frontrunnersarenas with frontrunners

rules for developmentrules for development

iconsicons [floating pavillion, clean tech delta] [floating pavillion, clean tech delta]

vision-action intertwinedvision-action intertwined

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Sustainability Rules for City Port top 10top 10

1. energy neutral building1. energy neutral building

2. climate proof building2. climate proof building

3. development on the water3. development on the water

4. reuse of existing materials/products4. reuse of existing materials/products

5. green als carrier of development5. green als carrier of development

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Sustainability Rules for City Port top 10top 10

6. diversity as starting point6. diversity as starting point

7. human standard as starting point7. human standard as starting point

8. building in cultural historical perspective 8. building in cultural historical perspective

9. sustainable exploitation and maintenance9. sustainable exploitation and maintenance

10. sustainable knowledge as economic driver10. sustainable knowledge as economic driver

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Sustainability Rules for City Porttranslation into scale levelstranslation into scale levels

• cascade of sustainability rules of gamecascade of sustainability rules of game

• translation into 4 different scale levelstranslation into 4 different scale levels

• the sub city port level [large sub areas]the sub city port level [large sub areas]

• the district / neighbourhoood levelthe district / neighbourhoood level

• the building / house level the building / house level

[the Rotterdam Energy Approach][the Rotterdam Energy Approach]

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Icons

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incubator for new economy in Rotterdam and the Netherlands

will be located in Merwe/Vierhavens

started by business companies (frontrunners) and municipality

upcycling of waste, clean water, energy production, biomass

living lab = breeding place

Clean Tech Delta

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floating pavilion is learning exercise for floating district

stepping stone

floating district will be a learning exercise for floating city

learning-by-doing and doing-by-learning

Floating Pavillion

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Dutch Research Institute For Transitions

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Dutch Research Institute For Transitions

Floating City

water recreation

ecology:wetlands

technology: floating foundation

energy: decentral heat/cold storage

mobility: floating

highway, water taxi

living / working units

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ition

s (w

ww

.ksi

netw

ork.

nl)

Kno

wle

dge

netw

ork

for S

yste

m In

nova

tions

and

trans

ition

s (w

ww

.ksi

netw

ork.

nl)Objectives

• in 2010 a Floating Pavillionin 2010 a Floating Pavillion

• in 2015 a Floating Districtin 2015 a Floating District

ca. 2.5000 inhabitantsca. 2.5000 inhabitants

• in 2020 a Floating Cityin 2020 a Floating City

ca. 10-15.000 inhabitantsca. 10-15.000 inhabitants

a floating china town?a floating china town?

Knowledge network for System Innovationsand transitions (www.ksinetwork.nl)LITTLE CHINA

ARENA SESSIE M4HAVENS 102310


ARENA SESSIE M4HAVENS 102310 LITTLE CHINA


ARENA SESSIE M4HAVENS 102310 LITTLE CHINA

Kno

wle

dge

netw

ork

for S

yste

m In

nova

tions

and

trans

ition

s (w

ww

.ksi

netw

ork.

nl)

Conclusions

• clean tech will be the motor of a new, sustainable economyclean tech will be the motor of a new, sustainable economy

• City Port Rotterdam is transformed into a sustainable living,City Port Rotterdam is transformed into a sustainable living,

working and recreation area working and recreation area

• this transition process takes about 30 years and requires anthis transition process takes about 30 years and requires an

organic development trajectoryorganic development trajectory

• floating city might become thfloating city might become théé icon of a sustainable City icon of a sustainable City

Port RotterdamPort Rotterdam

Technology

Sustainable development & governance